EC2405 - OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE

LABORATORY (MANUAL)

ESTHER FLORENCE S
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
SSN College of Engineering

Note:
1) Please include model graphs in the record.
2) Plot the graph on the sheets provided in the record book
3) Write a brief theory about the components/experiment not less than
2 sheets.
4) 3D- Diagrams of microwave components used must be drawn.
5) Model calculation must be included under the tabulation
6) Result must be a conclusion of concepts observed in the laboratory
(not less than 3 lines).
7) Optical experiments can be written from the manual given during
lab hours



CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON
Aim:
To study the mode characteristics of a Reflex Klystron source.
Apparatus Required:
1.Reflex Klystron power supply
2.Reflex Klystron source
3.Isolator
4.Attenuator
5.Frequency Meter
6.Slotted Line section
7.Detector
8.CRO

Procedure:
Initial Settings:
1. Ensure that the Beam voltage is minimum and the Repeller
voltage is maximum before switching ON the power supply.
2. Amplitude of AM modulation should also be set at minimum
condition.
3. After switching on the power supply, set the Beam voltage to
260V and Repeller voltage to about 70V.
4. Set the modulation to AM
5. Also set the amplitude of the AM knob to maximum position.
6. Release the attenuator knob such that it is at minimum attenuation
position.
7. Tune the knob in the slotted line section and adjust the same to get
maximum square wave output.


Experiment:

1. Now vary the repeller voltage and note down the output power in
the CRO and the corresponding dip frequency.
2. Continue until you have noted three distinct Modes.
3. Plot the graph
(i) Repeller voltage versus output voltage.
(ii) Repeller voltage versus Dip frequency.


Block Diagram:

















Reflex
Klystron
Power Supply
Reflex
Klystron
Source
Frequency
Meter

Attenuator
Slotted Line
Section

Detector

CRO

Isolator

Tabular Column:

Characteristics of Reflex Klystron
Repeller Voltage (V) Output Power(W) Dip Frequency(GHz)











Result:



Resonant frequency:




STUDY OF GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Aim:
To study the voltage-current characteristics of Gunn Diode.

Apparatus Required:
1) Gunn Diode and Power Supply
2) PIN Modulator
3) Isolator
4) Attenuator
5) Frequency Meter
6) Slotted Line Section
7) Detector
8) CRO

Procedure:
Initial Settings:

Gunn Diode Setup
1) Before switching on the main switch, ensure that all knobs in
Gunn power supply is in zero position.
2) Ensure that the attenuation knob is in minimum position.
3) Switch on the main power supply and set the Gunn voltage to 7V
and modulation at AM.
4) Keep the modulation frequency and PIN bias knob in maximum
position.





Experiment:

To measure VI Characteristics:

1) Vary the Gunn bias voltage in steps of 0.5V upto 7V and measure
the corresponding current value.
2) Plot the graph of voltage vs. current

Block Diagram:



















Gunn Diode
Power Supply
Gunn
Source

Attenuator

Isolator
Frequency
Meter
Slotted
Line
Section

Detector
PIN
Modulator

CRO

Tabular Column:

VI Characteristics
Voltage(V) Current(A)



















Result:
Peak voltage V
p
=
Valley voltage V
v
=



VSWR, FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
MEASUREMENT

Aim:
To measure the frequency and the wavelength of the microwave
signal and also to measure VSWR at various loads.

Apparatus Required:
1) Reflex Klystron Power Supply
2) Reflex Klystron Source
3) Isolator
4) Frequency Meter
5) Attenuator
6) Slotted Line Section
7) Detector
8) CRO
Procedure:
Initial Settings:
1. Ensure that the Beam voltage is minimum and the Repeller
voltage is maximum before switching ON the power supply.
2. Amplitude of AM modulation should also be set at minimum
condition.
3. After switching on the power supply, set the Beam voltage to
260V and Repeller voltage to about 70V.
4. Set the modulation to AM
5. Also set the amplitude of the AM knob to maximum position.
6. Release the attenuator knob such that it is at minimum attenuation
position.

7. Tune the knob in the slotted line section and adjust the same to get
maximum square wave output.
EXPERIMENT:
To measure VSWR:

1) The carriage of the slotted line section is moved in order to get the
first minima and maxima and note down the values of P
max
and
P
min
.
2) Now without disturbing the setup, replace the detector with various
loads and note down its corresponding P
max
and P
min
and hence
calculate VSWR using the formula.
VSWR = sqrt(P
max
/P
min
)

To measure Frequency and Wavelength:

1) By adjusting slotted line section knob,measure the distance
between successive maxima or minima.
2) Twice the distance between the minimas/maximas gives the guided
wavelength (
g
).
3) Calculate the wavelength of the microwave signal using the
formula 1/
0
2
= 1/
g
2
+ 1/
c
2
where
c
= 2xa (The value of a is
the width of the waveguide)
4) Calculate the corresponding frequency using the formula
f
t
=c/
o









Block Diagram:












Tabular column:
VSWR Measurement
S.No Loads P max
(W)
P min
(W)
VSWR=sqrt(P
max
/P
min
)
1 Matched
Termination

2 Horn antenna
3 Movable short
4 Isolator
5 Circulator


Reflex
Klystron
Power Supply
Reflex
Klystron
Source
Frequency
Meter

Attenuator
Slotted Line
Section

Detector

CRO

Isolator


Frequency and Wavelength Measurement
Direct
Frequency
Reading (GHz)
d1
(cm)
d2
(cm)
g=2(d1-d2)
(cm)
1/
o

(1/cm)
Ft=c/
o

(GHz)















Result:

Frequency theoretical= ;Frequency practical= ;
Wavelength theoretical= ; Wavelength practical= ;





E PLANE TEE, H PLANE TEE AND MAGIC TEE

Aim:
To measure the distribution of microwave power in E Plane Tee, H
Plane Tee and Magic Tee.

Apparatus Required:
1) Reflex Klystron Power supply
2) Reflex Klystron source
3) Isolator
4) Frequency Meter
5) Attenuator
6) Slotted section
7) E Plane ,H Plane and Magic Tees.
8) Detector
9) CRO

Procedure:
Initial Settings:

1. Ensure that the Beam voltage is minimum and the Repeller
voltage is maximum before switching on the power supply.
2. Amplitude of AM modulation should also be set at minimum
condition.
3. After switching on the power supply, set the Beam voltage to
260V and Repeller voltage to about 70V.
4. Set the modulation to AM
5. Also set the amplitude of the AM knob to maximum position.

6. Release the attenuator knob such that it is at minimum attenuation
position.
7. Tune the knob in the slotted line section and adjust the same to get
maximum square wave output.

Experiment:

1. Mount the E plane Tee after the slotted line section and measure
the output at two arms when the input is given to third arm.
2. Repeat the same for all the available combinations of the arm.
3. Repeat the above two steps for H plane Tee and also Magic Tee
4. Calculate the S-Matrix for E-plane , H-plane and Magic Tee



Block diagram:















Reflex Klystron
Power Supply
Reflex Klystron
Source

Attenuator

Isolator
Frequency
Meter
Slotted
Line
Section

Detector

CRO

TABULAR COLUMN:
E Plane TEE:
Input
Port(P
i
)
Power at
input(W)
Output
Port(P
ij
)
Power at
Output(W)
S-Parameter=sqrt(P
ij
/P
i
)
Port 2 S
21
= Port 1
Port 3

S
31
=
Port 1

S
12
=

Port 2




Port 3
S
32
=
Port 1

S
13
=

Port 3
Port 2

S
23
=

S
11
= (VSWR
1
1) / (VSWR
1
+ 1)
S
22
= (VSWR
2
1) / (VSWR
2
+ 1)




H Plane TEE:
Input
Port(P
i
)
Power at
input(W)
Output
Port(P
ij
)
Power at
Output(W)
S-Parameter=sqrt(P
ij
/P
i
)
Port 2 S
21
= Port 1
Port 3

S
31
=
Port 1

S
12
=

Port 2




Port 3
S
32
=
Port 1

S
13
=

Port 3
Port 2

S
23
=

S
11
= (VSWR
1
1) / (VSWR
1
+ 1)
S
22
= (VSWR
2
1) / (VSWR
2
+ 1)



Magic TEE:
Input
Port(P
i
)
Power at
input(W)
Output
Port(P
ij
)
Power at
Output(W)
S-
Parameter=sqrt(P
ij
/P
i
)
Port 2

S
12
=

Port 3


S
31
=

Port 1
Port 4

S
41
=

Port 1

S
12
=

Port 3


S
32
=

Port 2




Port 4

S
42
=
Port 1

S
13
=
Port 2

S
23
=
Port 3
Port 4
S
43
=


Port 1

S
14
=

Port 2


S
24
=

Port 4
Port 3

S
34
=

S
11
=S
22
=S
33
=S
44
=0








Result:







ISOLATOR AND CIRCULATOR S PARAMETER
MEASUREMENTS

AIM: To characterize the S matrix of an isolator and circulator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Reflex Klystron power supply
2.Reflex Klystron source
3.Isolator
4.Attenuator
5.Frequency Meter
6.Slotted Line section
7.Detector
8.CRO

PROCEDURE:
Initial Settings:

1. Ensure that the Beam voltage is minimum and the Repeller
voltage is maximum before switching on the power supply.
2. Amplitude of AM modulation should also be set at minimum
condition.
3. After switching on the power supply, set the Beam voltage to
260V and Repeller voltage to about 70V.
4. Set the modulation to AM
5. Also set the amplitude of the AM knob to maximum position.

6. Release the attenuator knob such that it is at minimum attenuation
position.
7. Tune the knob in the slotted line section and adjust the same to get
maximum square wave output.

Experiment:

1. Mount the isolator and note the output at its output port (port2).
2. Repeat the above steps for all possible combinations of port inputs.
3. Repeat the experiment by replacing the isolator by a circulator.
4. Calculate the S matrix.


Block Diagram :















Reflex
Klystron
Power Supply
Reflex
Klystron
Source
Frequency
Meter

Attenuator
Slotted Line
Section

Detector

CRO

Isolator


Tabular Column:

Circulator Isolator
Input
Port
Output
Port
Output
Power(mW)
Input
Port
Output
Port
Output
Power(mW)



S Matrix Calculation





RESULT:


RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENT OF HORN ANTENNA
Aim:
To plot the radiation pattern of a horn antenna.

Apparatus Required:
1) Reflex Klystron Power supply
2) Reflex Klystron source
3) nIsolator
4) Frequency Meter
5) Attenuator
6) Slotted section
7) E Plane ,H Plane and Magic Tees.
8) Detector
9) CRO

Procedure:
Initial Settings:
1) Ensure that the Beam voltage is minimum and the Repeller
voltage is maximum before switching on the power supply.
2) Amplitude of AM modulation should also be set at minimum
condition.
3) After switching on the power supply, set the Beam voltage to
260V and Repeller voltage to about 70V.
4) Set the modulation to AM
5) Also set the amplitude of the AM knob to maximum position.
6) Release the attenuator knob such that it is at minimum attenuation
position.

7) Tune the knob in the slotted line section and adjust the same to get
maximum square wave output.
Experiment:

1. Mount the horn antenna after the slotted line section.
2. Place the receiving antenna in the far-field region at a distance
above R
min
=2D
2
/ (where D is the diagonal of the horn aperture)
3. Move the receiving horn towards the right and left in angles of 5
o

4. Measure the output power at every angle.
5. Plot the radiation pattern in a polar chart.
Block Diagram:



















Reflex
Klystron
Power Supply
Reflex
Klystron
Source
Frequency
Meter

Attenuator
Slotted Line
Section

Detector

CRO

Isolator

Transmitting
Horn

Receiving
Horn





Tabular Column: P
i
=
Angles to
the left
()
Output
Power(P
j
)
(W)
10log(P
j
/P
i
) Angles
to the
right ()
Output
Power(P
j
)
(W)
10log(P
j
/P
i
)














Result:

Beamwidth :


GAIN MEASUREMENT OF HORN ANTENNA
Aim:
To plot the radiation pattern of a horn antenna.

Apparatus Required:
1) Reflex Klystron Power supply
2) Reflex Klystron source
3) Isolator
4) Frequency Meter
5) Attenuator
6) Slotted section
7) E Plane ,H Plane and Magic Tees.
8) Detector
9) CRO

Procedure:
Initial Settings:
1) Ensure that the Beam voltage is minimum and the Repeller voltage is
maximum before switching on the power supply.
2) Amplitude of AM modulation should also be set at minimum
condition.
3) After switching on the power supply, set the Beam voltage to 260V
and Repeller voltage to about 70V.
4)Set the modulation to AM
5) Also set the amplitude of the AM knob to maximum position.
6) Release the attenuator knob such that it is at minimum attenuation
position.
7) Tune the knob in the slotted line section and adjust the same to get
maximum square wave output.


Experiment:

6. Mount the horn antenna after the slotted line section.
7. Place the receiving antenna at different distances from the
receiving antenna (S)
8. Measure the output power at every distance
9. Calculate the gain of the antenna using the formula

10. Plot the graph of Output Power vs. Distance.
Block Diagram:



















Reflex
Klystron
Power Supply
Reflex
Klystron
Source
Frequency
Meter

Attenuator
Slotted Line
Section

Detector

CRO

Isolator

Transmitting
Horn

Receiving
Horn

Tabular Column:

P
t =

Distance (S)
(cm)
Output Power (P
r
)
(W)
Gain = 10logG
(dB)













Result:










DIRECTIONAL COUPLER DIRECTIVITY, COUPLING
FACTOR AND S MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION
AIM: To characterize the S matrix of a directional coupler and find its
coupling factor and directivity.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Reflex Klystron power supply
2.Reflex Klystron source
3.Isolator
4.Attenuator
5.Frequency Meter
6.Slotted Line section
7.Detector
8.CRO

PROCEDURE:
Initial Settings:

1)Ensure that the Beam voltage is minimum and the Repeller voltage
is maximum before switching on the power supply.
2) Amplitude of AM modulation should also be set at minimum
condition.
3) After switching on the power supply, set the Beam voltage to 260V
and Repeller voltage to about 70V.
4) Set the modulation to AM
5) Also set the amplitude of the AM knob to maximum position.
6) Release the attenuator knob such that it is at minimum attenuation
position.

7) Tune the knob in the slotted line section and adjust the same to get
maximum square wave output.

Experiment:

1. Mount the directional coupler after the slotted line section and note
the output at its output ports.
2. Repeat the above steps for all possible combinations of port inputs.
3. Calculate the S matrix.


Block Diagram :


















Reflex
Klystron
Power Supply
Reflex
Klystron
Source
Frequency
Meter

Attenuator
Slotted Line
Section

Detector

CRO

Isolator

Tabulation:
Input Port Output Port Output Power (mW)






S Matrix Calculation:



Coupling factor = 10log(P
1
/P
4
)

Directivity = 10log(P
4
/P
3
)





Result:









ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

Aim:
To study the voltage-current characteristics of Gunn Diode.

Apparatus Required:
1) Gunn Diode and Power Supply
2) PIN Modulator
3) Isolator
4) Attenuator
5) Frequency Meter
6) Slotted Line Section
7) Detector
8) CRO

Procedure:
Initial Settings:

Gunn Diode Setup
1) Before switching on the main switch, ensure that all knobs in Gunn
power supply is in zero position.
2) Ensure that the attenuation knob is in minimum position.
3) Switch on the main power supply and set the Gunn voltage to 7V
and modulation at AM.
4) Keep the modulation frequency and PIN bias knob in maximum
position.





Experiment:

To measure attenuation Characteristics:

1) For various values recorded in the attenuator measure the
corresponding output power in CRO.
2) Attenuation is varied with the help of screw gauge in attenuator.
3) Plot the attenuation depth vs. output power.

Block Diagram:


















Gunn Diode
Power Supply
Gunn
Source

Attenuator

Isolator
Frequency
Meter
Slotted
Line
Section

Detector
PIN
Modulator

CRO

Tabular Column:

Attenuation Characteristics
Depth(mm) Output Power(mW)






Result: