Mesh Overview

malla general

Una vez definidos todos los lmites, la malla de elementos finitos se puede crear.
Phase2 incorpora un 2 generador estado-of-the-art dimensional automtico finito
malla de elementos, que puede generar mallas basadas en cualquiera de los
elementos finitos triangulares o cuadrilteros.
El algoritmo de mallado avanzado utilizado en Phase2 simplifica enormemente la
tarea de generacin de mallas para el usuario - una malla de alta calidad puede
ser generado con un solo clic del ratn !!
Para dar al usuario la mxima flexibilidad en la definicin de la malla, el
procedimiento de generacin de mallas consiste en dos pasos generales:
discretizacin
mallado
Los principales parmetros que controlan la discretizacin y mallado, se
encuentran en el cuadro de dilogo de configuracin de malla (por ejemplo, tipo de
malla, tipo de elemento). Varias otras opciones se pueden utilizar para
personalizar la malla, si es necesario, y la calidad de la malla se puede comprobar.
Discretizar
Antes de que se genera la malla de los lmites deben primero ser discretizada.
Este proceso se subdivide los segmentos de lnea de contorno en discretizaciones
que constituir el marco de la malla de elementos finitos. Para discretizar las
fronteras, seleccione la opcin Discretizar.
malla
Despus de discretizing, la malla de elementos finitos puede ser generada. La
malla se basa en la discretizacin de las fronteras, y los tipos de malla y
elementos seleccionados en el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin de malla. Para
generar la malla, seleccione la opcin de malla.
Discretizar y Mesh
Un acceso directo para discretizar y Mesh es seleccionar la opcin Discretizar y
Mesh. Esto discretizar automticamente los lmites y generar la malla, con un solo
clic del ratn. Esto es til si no necesita personalizar la discretizacin, o para
rpidamente volver a aplicar la discretizacin y malla para que si ya se ha
personalizado.
Personalizacin de la malla
Varias opciones estn disponibles para la personalizacin de la malla, que le dan
el control total del usuario sobre la discretizacin y mallado. Esto incluye las
siguientes opciones:
Custom Discretizar
Advanced gorro Regiones (en el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin de malla)
Aumentar Discretizacin Densidad
Aumentar elemento de densidad
Meshing asignada
Meshing asignada

Las opciones en el submen Meshing asignada le permiten generar un (mapeado)
de malla regular de tringulos o cuadrilteros dentro de cualquier regin de 3 lados
o 4 lados del modelo
malla Calidad

Las opciones en el submen Mesh Calidad le permiten comprobar la calidad de la
malla, y las reas problemticas de relieve que puede necesitar discretizacin o
edicin de los lmites de la costumbre de evitar elementos de mala calidad (es
decir, elementos largos y delgados que pueden conducir a problemas numricos).
Project Settings
Configuracin del proyecto general

Las siguientes opciones estn disponibles en la pgina General del cuadro de dilogo
Configuracin del proyecto.

Tipo de anlisis

Hay dos tipos generales de modelos que pueden ser creados y analizados en Phase2:

deformacin plana

En la mayora de los casos el modelo Phase2 representar un anlisis de deformacin plana. Un
modelo de deformacin plana asume que las excavaciones son de longitud infinita en la direccin
fuera del plano, y por lo tanto la tensin en la direccin fuera del plano es cero.

axisimtrico

Un anlisis simetra axial permite analizar un modelo 3-dimensional que es rotacionalmente
simtrica alrededor de un eje (por ejemplo, el final de un tnel circular). Aunque la entrada es de 2
dimensiones, los resultados del anlisis se aplican al problema de 3 dimensiones.

Para obtener ms informacin, consulte la deformacin plana y temas de anlisis de simetra axial.

Tipo Solver

El Tipo Solver determina cmo resuelve Calcular la matriz que representa el sistema de ecuaciones
definidas por el modelo. Hay tres mtodos disponibles:

Eliminacin de Gauss

Gradiente Conjugado iteracin

Gradiente Conjugado iteracin preacondicionados

El mtodo por defecto es la eliminacin de Gauss, pero tenga en cuenta:

Para la solucin de grandes problemas, puede que tenga que utilizar una de las tcnicas de
solucin de conjugado de gradiente, desde el intercambio de disco (intercambio entre el disco y la
memoria durante el anlisis) se activa con los mtodos de gradiente conjugado. Intercambio de
disco NO est disponible con Gaussian Eliminacin.

Si todos sus materiales son elsticos, el tiempo de solucin ser ms rpido con las tcnicas de
gradiente conjugado.

Unidades de medida

Una variedad de unidades de medicin mtricas e imperiales estn disponibles en Phase2. Las
unidades utilizadas para un modelo se determinan mediante la seleccin de la unidad de medida
deseada estrs en el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin del proyecto. Usted puede seleccionar una
de las siguientes opciones:

Las unidades mtricas (estrs) - MPa, kPa, toneladas / m2

Unidades imperiales (estrs) - ksf, PSF, toneladas / ft2

Todos los parmetros de entrada en el programa (por ejemplo, las propiedades del material, la
tensin de campo) correspondern a la unidad de medida del estrs seleccionado. Las unidades de
longitud, la fuerza, el estrs y la unidad de peso se indican en el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin
del proyecto, justo debajo de las unidades de la lista desplegable. Una lista ms completa de los
parmetros de entrada y las unidades correspondientes, se puede conseguir, con solo pasar el
puntero del ratn sobre la lista de unidades en el dilogo - ver una informacin de herramientas
emergente con una lista ms completa de los parmetros de entrada y unidades.

NOTA: cada vez que el sistema unitario se cambia en el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin del
proyecto, las unidades actualmente seleccionadas se convierten automticamente en el sistema
de unidad predeterminada para todos los archivos NUEVO.


Stages
STAGES O ETAPAS
Configuracin del proyecto general

Las siguientes opciones estn disponibles en la pgina General del cuadro de dilogo
Configuracin del proyecto.
etapas

Si va a crear un modelo de etapas mltiples en Fase 2, es necesario definir el nmero de etapas en
el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin del proyecto. Para definir o editar el nmero de etapas,
seleccione la pgina Etapas del cuadro de dilogo Configuracin del proyecto. Las siguientes
opciones estn disponibles.

Nmero de Etapas

Si va a crear un nuevo modelo entonces simplemente entre el nmero de etapas en el cuadro de
edicin o utilizar el control de nmero para aumentar o disminuir el nmero. La rejilla en la parte
izquierda del cuadro de dilogo se actualizar para reflejar el nmero de etapas. A continuacin,
puede introducir los nombres artsticos definidos por el usuario si lo desea, o utilizar los nombres
artsticos por defecto (es decir, Etapa 1, Etapa 2 ...)

Si est editando un modelo existente, y que desea aadir o eliminar etapas del final de la lista
actual de las etapas, a continuacin, puede cambiar el nmero de etapas para el nmero deseado.
Se aadirn o eliminarn del final de la lista actual de etapas Etapas.

El nmero mximo de etapas permitido es 300.

Editar Etapas

Si est editando un modelo existente, y que desea aadir o eliminar etapas comenzando en algn
momento INTERMEDIO, entonces usted debe utilizar la opcin Editar Etapas.

Para agregar etapas, haga clic en un nombre artstico y seleccione Insertar antes o Insertar
despus los botones para insertar el nmero deseado de etapas antes o despus de la etapa
seleccionada.

Para eliminar etapas, haga clic en un nombre artstico y seleccione Suprimir.

Las etapas se denominan automticamente de acuerdo con el nmero de etapa (es decir, Etapa 1,
Etapa 2 ...)

Una vez creados etapas puede cambiarles el nombre segn sea necesario, o utilizar los nombres
predeterminados.

Si agrega o elimina las etapas intermedias de un modelo existente, usted debe comprobar el
modelo de cuidado para asegurarse de que todas las excavaciones, el apoyo, propiedades, etc, son
asignados en las fases deseadas. Puede que tenga que editar el modelo despus de aadir o
eliminar pasos intermedios para alcanzar las asignaciones etapa deseados.

Escenario Nombres

Los nombres artsticos se pueden personalizar en cualquier momento:

en el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin del proyecto

haciendo clic derecho en una ficha escenario y seleccionando Cambiar nombre en el men
emergente

haciendo doble clic en una ficha escenario.

NOTA: si personaliza un nombre artstico, a continuacin, en la ficha correspondiente etapa
todava le indicar el nmero de la etapa, que aparece antes del nombre.


Stress Analysis Settings
ANLISIS DE ESFUERZOS.

Configuracin de anlisis de tensin

Las siguientes opciones estn disponibles en la pgina de Anlisis de tensin del cuadro de
dilogo Configuracin del proyecto. Estas opciones se pueden utilizar para personalizar los
parmetros que controlan el anlisis de elementos finitos en el estrs Phase2.

Nmero mximo de iteraciones

El nmero mximo de iteraciones controla el nmero mximo de iteraciones permitidas en cada
fase de carga. El valor por defecto es 500.

Tolerancia

El valor de tolerancia define el punto en el que se considera la solucin de elementos finitos
haber convergido. La tolerancia para el anlisis de tensin es un parmetro adimensional que
representa la energa desequilibrada admisible en el sistema, y se corresponde con el criterio de
convergencia (absoluta Energa o la raz cuadrada de la Energa). Para un paso de carga dada:

Si el desequilibrio de la energa de un estado actual (iteracin) es menor que el valor de
tolerancia, entonces la solucin se considera que ha convergido, y las iteraciones se detienen.

Si el valor de tolerancia no se logra dentro del nmero mximo de iteraciones especificado (es
decir, el desequilibrio de la energa sigue siendo mayor que el valor de tolerancia), entonces el
proceso de solucin se considerar que no han convergido, para los parmetros de convergencia
especificados.

Para obtener ms informacin acerca de la Tolerancia y la convergencia, vase el documento de
criterios de convergencia en la seccin de teora Phase2.

La tolerancia por defecto es 0.001. El rango recomendado de valores es 0,01 a 0,001. Si su
modelo est experimentando problemas de convergencia, puede intentar aumentar el valor de
tolerancia con el fin de lograr la convergencia. Sin embargo, usted debe ser consciente de que no
puede haber muchas razones por las que un modelo no es convergente (a menudo relacionado
con la incorrecta procedimientos de modelado o parmetros de entrada), y el aumento de la
tolerancia no necesariamente le dar una respuesta correcta, si su modelo es correcto. Los
valores de tolerancia ms grandes (por ejemplo, 0,01) acelerar el tiempo de solucin, pero
pueden dar una solucin menos precisa. Los valores ms pequeos (por ejemplo, 0,0001)
pueden dar una solucin ms precisa, sin embargo, esto puede variar dependiendo del
problema, y aumentarn el tiempo de clculo.

NOTA: para un anlisis elstico (es decir, todos los materiales son elsticos), la tolerancia no se
utiliza ya que la solucin es "exacta". La tolerancia slo se utiliza para el anlisis de la plasticidad
(es decir, al menos un material se define como tener las propiedades del material plstico).

Pasos de carga

Por defecto, el nmero de fases de carga utilizados por COMPUTE en cada etapa se determina
automticamente por Phase2 (Nmero de pasos de carga = Auto). El usuario puede forzar
COMPUTE utilizar un pre-determinado nmero de fases de carga, mediante la introduccin de
un nmero de 1 a 30 en la opcin Nmero de Pasos de carga de Ajustes del proyecto.

Nota:

Cuando Nmero de fases de carga = Auto, el nmero de fases de carga utilizado en cada etapa
no ser necesariamente el mismo.

Cuando se introduce una definida por el usuario Nmero de fases de carga, este nmero se
utilizar en cada etapa del clculo.

En general, se recomienda que la licencia de usuario Nmero de fases de carga = Auto.
Introduccin de una definida por el usuario Nmero de fases de carga se recomienda slo para
usuarios avanzados.

Tipo Convergencia

Usted puede elegir entre Absoluto Energa o la raz cuadrada de la Energa como el criterio de
convergencia utilizado para el anlisis de elementos finitos estrs. Para ms detalles vase el
documento Criterios de Convergencia en la seccin de teora Phase2.

La falta de traccin reduce la resistencia al cizallamiento de Residual

Hay dos posibles modos de fallo de un elemento slido en Phase2: traccin o cizalladura.
Cualquiera o ambos de estos modos pueden ocurrir en un elemento dado.

Si el fallo de traccin reduce la resistencia a la cizalladura se selecciona a casilla de verificacin
residual en Configuracin del proyecto, a continuacin, si el fallo se produce a la traccin en un
punto en un material (y el fracaso de cizallamiento ya no se ha producido), la resistencia al corte
del material en ese punto se reducir automticamente a los parmetros de resistencia al corte
residuales para ese material. Esta es una suposicin realista para hacer, en particular para
materiales frgiles.

Es importante tener en cuenta que esta opcin slo es aplicable para los materiales, donde el
tipo de material = plstico, y los parmetros de resistencia residual son menos de los
parmetros de resistencia pico.

Esta opcin no tendr ningn efecto para los materiales con los siguientes parmetros:

tipo de material = elstico, o

tipo de material = plstico, pero los parmetros de resistencia residual son iguales a los
parmetros de resistencia pico (es decir, propiedades de los materiales perfectamente plstico).

Si no se selecciona la casilla de verificacin, a continuacin, los parmetros de resistencia al
corte no se reducir si el fallo de traccin se produce en un material (es decir, la resistencia a la
traccin y los modos de fallo de corte sern independientes entre s).

NOTA: esta funcin se introdujo como una opcin configurable por el usuario en Phase2 versin
5.047. En versiones Phase2 5.045 y 5.046, la opcin se activa de forma automtica en el motor
de clculo Phase2, pero no pudo ser apagado por el usuario (es decir, la casilla de verificacin en
Configuracin del proyecto no estaba disponible). Antes de la versin 5.045, no exista la opcin
(es decir, equivalente a la casilla de verificacin que se ha desactivado). Si tiene archivos
guardados con versiones anteriores de Fase 2, se debe ejecutar el anlisis con esta opcin en
OFF y luego volver a ejecutar el anlisis con la opcin activada, para ver si los resultados del
anlisis se ven afectados.

La tensin conjunta Reduce Conjunto Rigidez

La tensin articular Reduce opcin conjunta rigidez le permite especificar un factor de reduccin
de la rigidez articular normal y cizalladura, si un elemento de unin se somete a esfuerzos de
traccin normal a la articulacin. Por defecto esta opcin est activada con un factor de
reduccin por defecto de 0,01.

Si esta casilla de verificacin se desactiva entonces el esfuerzo de traccin no afectar la rigidez
articular.

El fracaso a la traccin Reduce Hoek-Brown Resistencia a la traccin a cero

Si se selecciona esta casilla de verificacin y est utilizando el Hoek-Brown o generalizado de
Hoek-Brown criterio de falla, entonces el fracaso a la traccin de un elemento slido reducir
automticamente la resistencia a la tensin a cero.

Utilice Anlisis de tensin efectiva

Si se selecciona la casilla de verificacin Anlisis de tensin Uso eficaz, entonces la deformacin
es el resultado de los cambios en la tensin efectiva. Este es un anlisis parcialmente acoplada
donde los cambios en la presin de poro, y el estrs por lo tanto, afectan a la deformacin
efectiva pero los cambios en la deformacin o la carga no afectan a la presin de poro. Esta
opcin se introdujo en Phase2 versin 8.0.

Si no se selecciona esta casilla de verificacin, a continuacin, la deformacin es el resultado de
los cambios en la tensin total (es decir, anlisis desacoplado - los cambios en la presin de poro
no afectan a la deformacin y los cambios en la carga o deformacin no afectan a la presin de
poro) tal como se aplican en la Fase 2 de la versin 7.0 y anteriores versiones.

Strength Reduction Analysis
ANLISIS DE REDUCCIN DE RESISTENCIA

La opcin de reduccin de resistencia en el cuadro de dilogo Configuracin del proyecto le
permite realizar un anlisis de estabilidad de elemento finito pendiente usando el mtodo de
reduccin de resistencia al corte (SSR). Para una visin general del mtodo de SSR en Phase2 ver
la resistencia al corte Reduccin general tema.

Para habilitar el mtodo de reduccin de resistencia al cizallamiento:

Seleccione la Determinacin Fuerza Factor de Reduccin de casilla de verificacin en la pgina de
reduccin de resistencia del cuadro de dilogo Configuracin del proyecto.

Usted puede personalizar los parmetros de anlisis se describen a continuacin, o utilizar los
valores predeterminados.

Estimacin inicial de SRF

La estimacin inicial de la Fuerza Factor de reduccin para la primera iteracin del anlisis de
SSR. Por defecto se establece en 1.

Paso automtico Tamao

El Paso El tamao es la diferencia en la Fuerza Factor de reduccin entre dos iteraciones del
anlisis de SSR.

Si Step Size = Automtico (esta es la opcin por defecto), un tamao Paso apropiada se
determina automticamente por Phase2, y puede variar de una iteracin a otra (es decir, se
puede aumentar o disminuir entre dos iteraciones).

Tolerancia (SRF)

Si Step Size = Automtico, el Tolerancia (SRF) determina la convergencia (final de anlisis) para
el mtodo de SSR. La tolerancia (SRF) se implementa como sigue:

Cuando la diferencia de SRF entre dos iteraciones del mtodo de SSR es menor que la tolerancia
(SRF), Y ...

El Anlisis de tensin ha convergido para la iteracin SSR con el SRF inferior, pero no converge
para la iteracin SSR con el SRF superior, ENTONCES ...

El anlisis de SSR se considera que ha convergido. El valor crtico de SRF es la iteracin SSR con el
SRF inferior.

Custom Step Size

Si Step Size = Personalizado, esto permite al usuario definir los valores finales SRF Tamao Paso
y. En conjuncin con la estimacin inicial del valor SRF (ver arriba), esto determina totalmente el
nmero de iteraciones y el valor de SRF en cada iteracin.

Con la opcin de tamao personalizado Paso, Paso del tamao es uniforme y aumenta
montonamente entre la SRF inicial y los valores lmite de SRF.

Con la opcin de tamao personalizado Paso, la SRF crtico es simplemente el valor ms bajo de
la SRF para que el anlisis de tensin convergente (es decir, se logr el equilibrio).

Opciones avanzadas SSR

Las siguientes opciones avanzadas de anlisis de SSR se pueden configurar seleccionando el
botn Opciones avanzadas en la ficha de reduccin de resistencia en Configuracin del proyecto.

Reducir el nmero de iteraciones tras una cada

Por defecto, Phase2 reducir automticamente el nmero mximo de iteraciones permitidas
para el anlisis de tensin, si se produce un fallo (es decir, el modelo se convierte en inestable y
no se logra la convergencia), para una iteracin dada del anlisis SSR. Esto disminuye el tiempo
de clculo necesario, y por lo general no afecta a los resultados finales del anlisis de SSR.

Si usted NO desea Phase2 para reducir automticamente el nmero mximo de iteraciones
despus de la falla, a continuacin, desactive esta casilla. Phase2 entonces utilice siempre el
mismo valor para el nmero mximo de iteraciones permitidas para la convergencia del anlisis
de estrs, independientemente de si es o no el fracaso se ha producido por una determinada
iteracin del anlisis de SSR. En algunos casos esto puede mejorar la precisin del anlisis de
SSR. Sin embargo, esto depender de su modelo en particular. Si no est seguro acerca de los
resultados del anlisis de SSR, puede intentar volver a ejecutar el anlisis con esta opcin en
OFF, para ver si esto tiene algn efecto sobre los resultados. En general, esto aumentar el
tiempo de clculo requerido.

Parmetros de convergencia

Por defecto Phase2 determinar automticamente los parmetros apropiados de convergencia
(Tolerancia, mximo nmero de iteraciones, Tipo Convergencia) para el anlisis de tensin SSR.
Si se desea, los parmetros de convergencia puede ser mediante la seleccin de la opcin de
parmetros de convergencia definido por el usuario definidos por el usuario. Los siguientes
parmetros de convergencia puede ser definido por el usuario.

Tolerancia (Anlisis de tensin)

La definicin de este parmetro es el mismo que el descrito para el parmetro Tolerancia en el
anlisis de tensin (Configuracin de proyecto) Tema. La nica diferencia es que este valor de
tolerancia se aplica a la tensin Phase2 anlisis que se calcula durante cada iteracin del anlisis
de SSR.

Nmero mximo de iteraciones

La definicin de este parmetro es el mismo que el descrito para el nmero mximo de
iteraciones de parmetros en el anlisis (Configuracin de proyecto) Tema estrs. La nica
diferencia es que este valor se aplica a la tensin Phase2 anlisis que se calcula durante cada
iteracin del anlisis de SSR.

Tipo Convergencia

En Phase2, usted puede elegir entre Absoluto Energa o la raz cuadrada de la Energa como el
criterio de convergencia utilizado para el anlisis de elementos finitos estrs. Para ms detalles
vase el documento Criterios de Convergencia en la seccin de teora Phase2.

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Moosavi, M. , Bawden, W.F. and Hyett, A.J., (1996), "A comprehensive
laboratory test programme to study the behaviour of modified geometry cable
bolt support", Rock mechanics, tools and technics, Proceedings of the 2nd North
American Rock Mechanics Symposium, Montreal.
Hyett, A.J., Moosavi, M and Bawden, W.F., (1996), "Load distribution along fully
grouted bolts, with emphasis on cable reinforcement", Int. J. of Num. & Anal.
Meth. in Geomech. Vol 20, pp 517-544.
Hyett, A.J, Bawden, W.F., MacSporran, G.R., and Moosavi M., (1995), "A
constitutive law for bond failure of fully grouted cable bolts using a modified
Hoek cell", Intl. J. Rock Mech. and Mining Sci. & Geomechanics Abstracts, Vol 32,
No.1, pp 11-36.
Interpolation Methods
Chugh, A.K. (1981). "Pore Water Pressure in Natural Slopes." International
Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 5, 449
454, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Franke, Richard (1985). "Thin plate splines with tension." Computer Aided
Geometric Design 2, 87 95, North-Holland.
Shepard, D. (1968). "A two dimensional interpolation function for irregularly
spaced data." Proc. 23rd Nat. Conf. ACM, 517 524.
Liners
Owen, D.R.J. and Hinton, E. (1986). Finite elements in Plasticity theory and
practice, Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Swansea, UK,
Pineridge Press Limited, Swansea, UK. (Chapter 5.5).
Smith, I.M. and Griffiths, D.V., Programming the finite element method, Second
ed., University of Manchester, UK, John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Chapter 4).
Geosynthetics
Esterhuizen, J., Filz, G.M. and Duncan, J.M. (2001). Constitutive Behaviour of
Geosynthetic Interfaces, Journal of GeoTechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, October 2001, pp 834-840.
Forsman, J. and Slunga, E. (1994). The Interface Friction and Anchor Capacity
of Synthetic Georeinforcements, Fifth International Conference on Geotextiles,
Geomembranes and Related Products, Singapore.
Bolt Properties
Atlas Copco (2006), personal communication.
Tomory, P. (1997). Analysis of Split Set Bolt Performance, M.A.Sc. Thesis
(Chapter 2), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Probabilistic Analysis
Rosenblueth, E. (1972), Point estimates for probability moments. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. 10, 1972, pp 3812-3814.

hase2 FAQs: Theory
Below are answers to Theory FAQs for Phase2. Click on the question to read the
answer.
1. What assumptions are being made in a two-dimensional Phase2 analysis?
Phase2 uses a plane strain analysis where two principal in-situ stresses
are in the plane of the excavation and the third principal stress is out of
plane. This is rarely the case so you have to make some assumptions and
decompose the true 3D-stress tensor into 3 orthogonal stresses which are
aligned with the 2D model of your excavation (2 in-plane and 1 out-of-
plane).
You are also assuming that the cross-section of the excavation is constant
and the excavation is of infinite length out of plane. Therefore 3-
dimensional end effects are not accounted for in the Plane Strain analysis.
A Plane Strain analysis assumes that there are no shear stresses or
strains in the out-of-plane direction.
2. What does isotropic, homogeneous mean?
Uniform material with one Young's modulus and one Poisson's ratio. The
properties are not dependent on directionality or location within the
material.
3. What is the "dilation" material strength parameter?
Dilation is a measure of how much volume increase occurs when the
material is sheared. For a Mohr-Coulomb material, dilation is an angle
that generally varies between zero (non-associative flow rule) and the
friction angle (associative flow rule). For Hoek-Brown materials, dilation is
defined using a dimensionless parameter that generally varies between
zero and m. Low dilation angles/parameters (i.e. zero) are generally
associated with soft rocks while high dilation angles/parameters (i.e. phi
or m) are associated with hard brittle rock masses. A good starting
estimate is to use 0.333*m or 0.333*phi for soft rocks and 0.666*m or
0.666*phi for hard rocks.
In the case of a very weak rock in which elastic-perfectly plastic
behaviour is assumed, it is also generally assumed that there is no
volume change. In other words, the dilation angle is zero for this case.
If you wish to use a strain softening model with dilation then the dilation
angle should be smaller than the friction angle (for Mohr Coulomb) or m
(for Hoek-Brown) - otherwise the analysis will be numerically unstable.
What proportion of the friction angle or m should be used is very much a
matter of debate and there are no clear guidelines. I generally use
something between 1/3 and 1/2 but I have to admit that this is a pure
guess. I try to check the sensitivity of the factor but it is sometimes hard
to tell whether it makes any significant difference. This is because the
process of fracture propagation is very complex and dilation is only one of
the factors involved. It probably depends upon the brittleness or ductility
of the rock mass as well as the extent of the failure propagation.
4. How does Phase2 take into account the longitudinal (out-of-plane) spacing of
bolts?
The cross-sectional area of a bolt is divided by the out-of-plane spacing to
get the effect of the bolts per unit out-of-plane dimension of the model.
Note: when the final bolt results are reported in the Phase2 Interpret
program, the bolt results (e.g. axial force) apply to an individual bolt (i.e.
the out-of-plane bolt spacing is again used to determine the force and
stress per individual bolt).
5. The program needs the peak capacity of the bolts, when defining fully bonded
bolts. Is this the yielding point of the bolt or the maximum capacity at failure?
It is the maximum capacity at failure. The load bearing capacity of the
bolt never exceeds this value.
6. The fully bonded bolts require a residual capacity. Is this considered to be a
part of the peak capacity or an addition to it? Can you give a definition of the
residual capacity as it is implemented in the program code?
After a bolt fails (force in the bolt exceeds its peak capacity) the load
bearing capacity of the bolt is dropped to the residual capacity values. If
the residual capacity is less than the peak, the excess load is transferred
back into the rock.
7. I attempt to lock a joint from deforming by specifying a large cohesion and/or
friction angle but I still notice some relative shear displacement. Why?
A joint is composed of two faces that are attached to each other by
normal and shear springs at the nodes. Shear and Normal displacement
at the node is composed of both elastic (spring) and plastic (slip)
components. What you are seeing is most likely the elastic spring
displacements. Think of a joint with infilling of some material, the joint
can actually shear elastically with the displacements being a function of
the shear modulus of the infilling material. In short, to completely lock
the joint, set a very high value of spring stiffness. Also, the slip in the
joint occurs when the forces in the shear springs exceed the slip criterion
that you set. This results in plastic slip displacement. The combination of
both the elastic and plastic gives you the total shear displacement in a
joint.
8. Does a change in cohesion and friction lead to a change in the stresses and
displacements in a Phase2 analysis?
Yes, the program does plasticity so changes in the strength of materials
can have a dramatic effect on both the stresses and displacement.
If stresses are entirely within the strength envelopes defined by the
cohesion and friction angle (i.e. no yielding is occurring, displacements
are elastic), then changing the cohesion and friction angle will have no
effect on stresses or displacements (unless the stress exceeds the
strength envelope of a material).
9. What is the shear stress convention used in Phase2 (solid finite elements)?
What is the stress and moment convention used in the liner elements?
The stress conventions used by Phase2 can be found in the following
document:
Conventions
Note: the bending moment convention for liners can actually be specified
by the user with the Reverse Liner Orientation option.
10. In one of my stages I reduce the modulus of one of the materials yet I see no
change in displacement or stress in the stage. Why?
The finite element method requires that there be a change in load state,
thus putting the model out of equilibrium in order for there to be a
change in stresses or displacements. It is inherent in the finite element
formulation that if a model is in equilibrium, changing the modulus of a
material will not result in any deformation or change in stresses.
11. I am trying to model the tunnel face by reducing the modulus of the material
inside the excavation over a number of stages. Why am I not seeing a change
in displacements or stresses?
First read the preceding question. In order to get deformation, just
reducing the modulus is not enough. You also need a change in loading.
To accomplish this you can try two methods. First, you could replace the
material inside the excavation with a series of distributed loads that get
relaxed over a number of stages. Second, each softened material that you
are using in each stage should have the Initial Element Loading option set
to None. This will have the effect of resetting the internal stresses in each
element at the beginning of the stage. This puts the model out of
equilibrium and will correctly simulate the behavior you are seeking.
Also see the following links:
Phase2 Developer's Tip:
3D tunnel simulation using the Material Softening method in Phase2
Phase2 Tutorial:
3D Tunnel simulation using Material Softening
12. Where can I find more information on the plasticity models used in Phase2?
The following document describes the equations used for the failure
surfaces (Mohr-Coulomb, Hoek-Brown, Drucker-Prager, Cam-Clay) and
plastic potential flow surfaces in Phase2 :
Plasticity Models in Phase2
Here are some references that detail how we implement the plasticity
algorithm:
W.F. Chen, Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete, (Chapters 5 & 6),
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982.
Owen, D. R. J. and Hinton, E., Finite Elements in Plasticity - Theory
and Practice, Pineridge Press, Swansea, 1986, 594 pp.
13. Where can I find more information on the bolt models used in Phase2?
The following document gives a description of the implementation of bolts
in Phase2 :
Bolt Formulation.pdf
14. Where can I find more information on the Plain Strand Cable bolt model used
in Phase2?
The following document gives a list of references for the model:
cableref.pdf
15. Where can I find more information on the equations used to calculate strength
factor and number of load steps in Phase2?
See the following document:
Strength Factor Equations
16. Where can I find more information on the joint model used in Phase2? What is
initial joint deformation?
The joint formulation in Phase2 is one with normal and shear springs that
allow the joint nodes to move relative to each other thus creating normal
and shear displacement between once coincident joint nodes. The joints
can also behave plastically (they can have shear strength parameters)
allowing for slip between the two sides of the crack. References for the
finite-element formulation are:
R.E. Goodman et al., "A Model for the Mechanics of Jointed Rock",
Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, SM3,
May 1968.
J. Ghaboussi et al., "Finite Element for Rock Joints and Interfaces",
Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,
SM10, Oct 1973.
C. Desai et al., "Thin Layer Elements for Interfaces and Joints",
International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in
Geomechanics, vol. 8, 19-43, 1984.
The concept of initial joint deformation comes from a boundary element
book by Crouch and Starfield "Boundary Element Methods in Solid
Mechanics" page 217 which we incorporated originally in our Examine2D
program. The joint springs can either have an initial force in them or not.
If the initial force is such that the joint is in equilibrium with the
surrounding solid elements then it does not deform. This is the case of no
initial joint deformation. If the joint has no initial force in the springs then
the joint will deform due to the initial stresses in the adjoining elements.
This is the case of initial joint deformation.
17. I have a near surface excavation. The surface is not horizontal but slopes from
right to left. I've defined my ground surface elevation to be the y coordinate of
the top of the slope. Why when I do the analysis, the total displacements are
upwards?
The reason the displacements are upward is rebound. The initial stress
due to the gravity loading for a particular element is higher than the body
force due to the elements above it. This can be because 1) the unit
weight you're using for gravity loading is higher than the material unit
weight used for body forces and 2) the ground surface elevation is at the
top of the slope. If the initial stress is higher than the weight of the
material above a certain element it will expand. This is why the surface
moves up and is a common phenomenon when modeling surface
excavations. Generally, what people do is use the first stage to get the
initial condition correct then look at relative displacements between
stages. You can do this through the Data->Stage Settings option in
Interpret.
Also see:
Phase2 Developer's Tip:
Setting up the Initial Stress State for Surface Models
Also see the Gravity Field Stress topic. The Use Actual Ground
Surface option can now be used to obtain a much better estimate of the
initial stress field under a non-horizontal ground surface. Previously it was
only possible to define a single datum elevation from which to measure
the vertical stress.
18. How can I convert between Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager strength
parameters for use in Phase2?
The following document gives the equations:
Calculating_Drucker.pdf
19. How is liner plasticity (yielding) implemented in Phase2?
Phase2 uses the layered beam approach described in Owen and Hinton
(1986). See the following document for more information:
Liner Yielding
20. How does the sliding gap option for liners work? If I specify Strain at Locking =
0 percent, why are the results not the same as a regular liner (with no gap)?
If the liner strain after a particular stage is less than the strain at locking,
then the liner will have zero axial stiffness in the NEXT stage. Thus in the
NEXT stage the liner will have zero axial force in it (moments are not
affected). If the liner strain is greater than or equal to the strain at
locking after a stage, then the axial stiffness is set to that defined by the
user (EA/L) for the NEXT stage and the liner will generally have axial
forces in it after the NEXT stage. So for the sliding gap liner to work
correctly, you have to have multiple stages with the liner installed and in
general relax the boundary stresses (using tractions or core material
softening) over a number of stages.
A sliding gap liner with Strain at Locking = 0, is NOT equivalent to a
regular liner (i.e. no sliding gap), because for a sliding gap liner, the axial
stiffness is always set to zero in the installation stage regardless of the
strain at locking value. A sliding gap liner can only develop axial load
AFTER the installation stage.
For more information see Tutorial 20 (Liner with Sliding Gap) and
the Liner Type: Beam topic.



Phase2 FAQs: General
Below are answers to General FAQs for Phase2. Click on the question to read the
answer.
1. The program is not behaving correctly. It either doesn't start, crashes all the
time, or doesn't work as defined in the manual. What's wrong?
If you are getting errors and you're running an older operating system
(Windows 9x/NT), then the reason is most likely to do with an
incompatibility between Rocscience software and older operating system
files. Rocscience software requires up to date operating system files in
order to run properly. As a rule, Rocscience does NOT change or alter
your operating system files and puts the onus on you to maintain up to
date operating system software.
This problem can easily be fixed by downloading the latest Microsoft
system file updater from our
website:http://www.rocscience.com/downloads/general/vcredist.exe
Download the file by clicking on the above link. Save
the vcredist.exe file to your computer and then run it. Follow the
directions.
Note: It is always advisable to make a backup before installing software
that modifies system files.
2. I was computing a 5-stage model but I had to stop the run after Stage #4. Is
there a way to restart computing the model from Stage#4 and continue the
analysis from where I stopped it?
Unfortunately you have to start from the beginning. Phase2 does not have
a restart capability.
There is a Pause option in the Compute dialog, which allows you to
temporarily stop the computation. However, you cannot exit the analysis,
and resume it at a later time.
3. Is it possible to modify the number of load increments used in the plasticity
analysis?
Yes, in the Project Settings dialog you can specify the number of Load
Steps. By default the number of Load Steps is automatically determined,
but it can be user-defined.
4. I have multiple Phase2 files that I would like to compute overnight. Is it
possible to set up a batch file to do this?
Yes, if you run the Phase2 Compute program from the
Windows Start menu it will run as a standalone program and allow you to
select multiple files to compute.
1. Select: Start > Programs > Rocscience > Phase2 > Utilities >
Compute.
2. Select the Open button in the Compute dialog, and add the
desired files to the queue. Note: you can hold down the SHIFT
and/or CTRL key(s) on the keyboard to select multiple files.
3. Select the Compute button in the dialog, and all files in the queue
will be run one after another.
TIP: you can use the Execution Priority option in the Compute dialog to
run the compute at a low priority (e.g. Idle or Lowest) so your computer
doesn't slow down, if you want to use your computer while the compute is
being processed.

Phase2 FAQs: Modeling
Below are answers to Modeling FAQs for Phase2. Click on the question to read the
answer.
1. How do I use Phase2 to do slope stability?
As of version 6, Phase2 has built-in, fully automated slope stability using
the SSR method. See the Shear Strength Reduction Overview topic for
more information.
Also see the Phase2 Slope Stability Verification manual for many
examples of slope stability analyses using Phase2. The example files are
installed with the program so that you may run the verification examples
yourself.
2. How do I simulate the three-dimensional advance of a tunnel using Phase2?
How do I get the proper deformation prior to support installation?
See this Phase2 Developer's Tip:
3D tunnel simulation using the Material Softening method in Phase2
and this tutorial:
3D Tunnel simulation using Material Softening
3. How do I define the initial stress field under a non-horizontal ground surface?
How do I set up the initial stress field under an embankment using Phase2.
See this Phase2 Developer's Tip:
Setting up the Initial Stress State for Surface Models
Also see the Gravity Field Stress topic. The Use Actual Ground
Surface option can now be used to obtain a much better estimate of the
initial stress field under a non-horizontal ground surface. Previously it was
only possible to define a single datum elevation from which to measure
the vertical stress.
4. Is it possible to model hardening of Shotcrete in Phase2?
It is possible in Phase2 to change the properties of a material (modulus,
strength etc.) between stages. However, remember that changing the
modulus in a finite-element scheme has no effect if the model is in
equilibrium in that stage. You must also have a change in loading or
excavation in which case the incremental deformation will be a function of
the new properties. Phase2 has the ability to do load splitting between
stages to allow you to simulate such a case.
5. Is it possible to model contact between structural members, e.g. between
primary shotcrete and secondary concrete lining?
You can model a liner/joint/liner scenario if you model one (or both)
layers as a solid layer of finite elements, and then use joint (slip)
elements as the interface between the 2 materials.
You can model a joint/liner/liner... scenario using the Composite
Liners option.
You can model a joint/liner/joint scenario using the Structural
Interface option.
6. Does Phase2 provide a material model for concrete?
The Drucker-Prager material strength model could be used for modeling
concrete properties. You could also use Mohr-Coulomb or Hoek-Brown
criteria.
7. Can you define your own material model?
It is not currently possible in Phase2 to define your own material model.
However, you can take a Shear-Normal strength function, and use the
program RocData to convert this to an equivalent Generalized Hoek-
Brown function, which could then be used in Phase2.
8. Can Phase2 model bolts with attached face plates and pre-tensioning?
Yes, in Phase2 there are 3 different bolt models which allow for faceplates
and pretensioning: Plain Strand Cable, Swellex/Split Set, and Tieback.
9. How do I model steel sets embedded in shotcrete?
The issue of the modeling of composite support systems such as steel
sets and concrete/shotcrete is currently being considered with the
purpose of defining a method that people can use in Phase2. Currently
you may use a tributary area method over a meter length of your tunnel
to generate a single liner material that models the composite system.
The following document discusses how to obtain equivalent liner
properties for composite support systems such as steel sets embedded in
shotcrete.
Equivalent Properties for Steel Set / Shotcrete Liners
10. How can groundwater be modeled in Phase2?
There are several ways of modeling groundwater in Phase2:
Phase2 has steady state finite element seepage analysis built right
into the program.
You can also model groundwater pore pressure using piezometric
lines, a water pressure grid, or Ru values.
If groundwater is incorporated in the analysis, Phase2 will use the pore
pressure information to calculate effective stress.
11. How can 3D-stress and displacement distributions at the face of a tunnel be
modeled with Phase2?
For simple cross-sections a rough estimate of the displacements and
stresses can be determined from an axisymmetric analysis.
Also see FAQ #2.
12. What external loading is possible in Phase2?
Phase2 handles body forces, initial stresses, distributed loads (pressures),
concentrated loads, pseudo-static seismic load, ponded water load,
groundwater pore pressure etc. Basically any type of
stress/force/displacement boundary condition.
13. Can large strain be considered in Phase2?
In general, NO. The finite-element engine uses a small strain formulation.
14. Is there any restriction as to the number of elements or nodes that can be
used?
There is no restriction on the number of elements or nodes.
15. What is the difference between the unit weight entered for a material with body
force and the unit weight entered for a gravitational stress field?
The initial stress state for elements with these loading conditions is a
combination of the initial stress and the self-weight of the material. The
gravitational initial stress in an element is a function of the unit weight
and depth below surface while the self-weight (body force) of the material
is also a function of the unit weight. Since body force and initial stress are
separate loading mechanisms, the unit weight is defined separately for
each. This also ensures that different materials can have different unit
weights.
Also see FAQ #17.
16. Can I build the external surface up in layers to model the construction of a
retaining wall?
Yes, this could be done in various ways, using stage boundaries and/or
material boundaries.
For an example of a retaining wall model, see the following tutorial:
Retaining Wall Tutorial
Note that the external boundary is used to enclose all other boundaries,
so that you can freely define the retaining wall and backfill using any
combination of material and/or stage boundaries, and carry out the
construction of the model over any number of stages.
17. What is the logic behind the Initial Element Loading for materials and how does
this relate to the Field Stress defined in the Loading menu?
See the Initial Element Loading help topic for a discussion of this issue.
Also see FAQ #15.
18. I'm having trouble importing DXF files into Phase2. Do you have any
suggestions for making DXF import easier?
See the Import DXF topic for complete details about importing DXF files
and troubleshooting problems with DXF import.
19. Are material properties saved with DXF files?
DXF files only store the geometrical information associated with the object
stored. Material properties are not stored.
20. When we apply a distributed load to a stage boundary, the load is still visible
even when the elements on the boundary have been excavated at a later stage.
How can these loads be removed?
Stage the load. When you add a distributed or line load, there is a check
box in the dialog which allows you to stage the load. Set the Stage Factor
= 0 for stages after the boundary has been excavated.
See the Add Uniform Load help topic for more information.
21. What guidelines are there for determining an Expansion Factor for the external
boundary?
The External boundary should be at least three typical diameters away
from the zone of interest (i.e. Expansion Factor = 3). A typical diameter
being the diameter of a circle that encloses the zone, or excavation, of
interest. This is based on experience and analytical solutions (such as the
Kirsch solution) which show that typical induced displacement profiles die
out in around 3 diameters. NOTE: if there is plasticity and a failed zone in
your model, then the typical circle diameter should include the zone of
plasticity.
If you are concerned that the proximity of the External boundary may be
influencing the analysis results, then try a larger Expansion factor (e.g.
Expansion Factor = 5), to verify that the boundary conditions are not
significantly influencing the excavation behaviour. The only drawback to
using larger Expansion factors is the increased number of elements,
leading to increased computation time and larger file sizes.
22. How do you select the most appropriate mesh type, element type, gradation
factor, discretization etc?
We always recommend that you experiment with these parameters in
order to review the issue of mesh sensitivity. Basically how sensitive are
your results to the finite element mesh? This is a common issue in finite
element modeling and is well documented in the literature. There are
many tools available in Phase2 for customizing the mesh, see the Mesh
Overview topic for more information.

Phase2 FAQs: Interpret
Below are answers to Interpret FAQs for Phase2. This section answers questions
related to data interpretation and analysis results. Click on the question to read the
answer.
1. I notice that I am not getting the exact stresses I anticipate on the boundary.
Why?
For three noded constant strain/stress triangular finite elements the
stresses are calculated at the center of the element. We then use nodal
averaging to get the stresses at a node. The nodal averaging takes the
stresses from all attached elements and averages it. As a result, stresses
at boundary nodes are calculated from stresses computed just inside the
rock mass. In areas of high stress gradient you will not see the exact
stress on the boundary as a result. Going to quadrilateral elements or
elements with midside nodes should improve your results.
2. I notice a stress jump across material boundaries even though I would expect
equilibrium and stress continuity across the boundary. Why?
There are two issues with this. First, make sure you are looking at the
normal stress across the boundary. The normal stress is continuous but
the tangential stress might not be due to different modulus. Often people
look at principal stresses that are not normal to the boundary and have
different directions on both sides of the interface. These will not be
continuous. Second, Phase2 calculates stresses for 3 noded triangles and
4 noded quadrilaterals in the center of the element. Quite a bit of nodal
averaging and interpolation goes into calculating the stress contours. This
can also be a source of error.
3. While visualizing strength factor with ubiquitous joints present there are 2
options: 1) Strength Factor: Joints Only, 2) Strength Factor: Joints and Rock.
Could you please explain what Phase2 does exactly in each of the above
mentioned options?
See the Ubiquitous Joints help topic.
4. In Interpret, I've entered Ubiquitous joint inclinations of -80 degrees, 100
degrees, and 280 degrees. Since these angles are all 180 degrees apart I would
expect the results to be the same, but they are not. Why?
The Ubiquitous joints dialog (in Interpret, select Data->Ubiquitous Joints)
allows inclinations to be entered from -360 degrees to +360 degrees.
There is a bug in version 4.x of Phase2, so that inclinations greater than
180 degrees or less than 0 degrees may display incorrect results.
Work-around in version 4.x: Use inclination values in the range 0 to +180
degrees.
This problem has been fixed since version 5 of Phase2.
5. Is there any direct way to get the actual spring reaction force at each stage?
(instead of finding the corresponding deformation at each node and calculating
reaction forces).
In Interpret, turn on the Line Loads checkbox in the Display Options
dialog. This will display the spring force.
6. Why am I not seeing any load in my rock bolts or a change in factor of safety
when I added rock bolts?
Bolts require a certain amount of strain from one end to the other in order
to create load in the bolt. The amount of strain to create a certain load
depends on the modulus and stiffness that you enter for the bolt.
Whether the load in the bolt produces any effect on the rock mass
depends on the current state of stress and deformation in the rock mass.
In the case of an elastic analysis, the strains are generally (but not
always) too small to cause enough strain in the bolt to have a significant
effect on the overall analysis. If there is a significant amount of overstress
in the rock mass, a plastic analysis should be done to account for the
failure and stress redistribution. Generally, but not always, higher strains
will result in the rock mass and result in significantly higher loads in the
support system. If the rock mass is not overstressed, obviously the elastic
and plastic analyses will be identical and there will be no difference in the
loads in the support system.
7. What is the best way of measuring the change in the internal diameter of a pipe
with successive stages and loadings?
You can do this a number of ways, but one method is to construct a
simple User Data equation using the Data > Define User Data option in
thePhase2 Interpreter.
Assuming that the pipe is modeled as a circular excavation boundary, the
equation for radial closure at a point is simply:
ux*((xc-x)/r) + uy*((yc-y)/r)
where ux,uy is the displacement vector at a point, xc,yc is the center
coordinate of the pipe, x,y are the coordinates of a point, r is the radius of
the pipe.
For example, if the center of the pipe is at (0.0, 0.0) and the pipe radius
= 1.0, then you could construct the following User Data equation
inPhase2 Interpret:
dx*((0.0-x)/1.0) + dy*((0.0-y)/1.0)
If you plot the above radial closure equation (i.e. view the contours of the
user data variable you have defined), you can then query the boundary
(right-click on the pipe), or use View > Data Tips > Query Data Tips, or
graph the boundary. This gives you a distribution of radial closure.
Depending on the stress field and the complexity of the model, this will
vary along the surface of the pipe. The change in diameter is the radial
closure of two opposite sides of the pipe.
For information on how to define User Data variables, see the User
Data help topic.
Note: this equation assumes that the pipe center coordinates do not
change (e.g. the pipe is subjected to a constant field stress). If the entire
excavation boundary moves in a particular direction, then the above
equation will not give exact results. In this case, you would have to
compute the relative displacement of points on opposite sides of the pipe
diameter.
8. Are the bolt results (e.g. axial force) per individual anchor, or are they
normalized per unit out-of-plane depth?
The bolt results (e.g. axial force) reported in the Phase2 Interpret
program, are the results for an individual bolt.
During the Phase2 analysis (compute), the out-of-plane bolt spacing is
used to normalize the bolt properties per unit out-of-plane depth. This
allows the bolts to be incorporated in the 2-dimensional analysis.
However, when the final bolt results are reported in the Phase2 Interpret
program, the bolt results (e.g. axial force) apply to an individual bolt (i.e.
the out-of-plane bolt spacing is again used to determine the force and
stress per individual bolt).
9. How can I construct a flow net after a groundwater seepage analysis?
See Tutorial 13 and Tutorial 21.
10. My model is completely symmetric, but the analysis results are not symmetric.
Why?
This usually occurs because the finite element mesh is not symmetric (a
typical graded mesh is not symmetric). Unless the finite element mesh is
symmetric (i.e. a structured mesh) the analysis results will in general not
be exactly symmetric (e.g. stress contours, support forces etc). Also, the
density of the mesh may affect the symmetry of results (a coarse random
mesh is likely to give less symmetric results than a finer mesh).