Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A REEPORT
O
ON
THE M
MARKEET RESEA
ARCH O
ON HNI CLIENTTS AND
PR
RIVATE EQUITY
Y IN IND
DIA
By
B
HITESH
H PANAR
RA
ORGANIZATION
ICICI GROUP
P|GLOB
BAL PRIVATE C
CLIENTSS
A REEPORT
O
ON
THE M
MARKEET RESEA
ARCH O
ON HNI CLIENTTS AND
PRIV
VATE EQ
QUITY IIN INDIA
B
By
HITESH
H PANAR
RA
ORGANIZATION
ICICI GROUP
P|GLOB
BAL PRIV
VATE CLIENTS
009
Date:‐ 18/05/200
Autho
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Acknowledgements
¾ The project I have designed and developed is the fruits of many unseen
hands. I am highly thankful to ICICI GROUP to give me such an important
project.
PANARA HITESH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Authorization…………………………………………….03
Acknowledgments…………………………………....04
Abstract…………………………………………………….06
1. Introduction………………………………………07
1.1 purpose of the report…………………..08
1.2 scope of the study………………………..09
1.3 limitation……………………………………..10
2. Industrial Analysis………………………………11
3. Investment scenario…………………………..16
4. Project Description…………………………….21
5. Investment Option……………………………..23
6. Conclusion………………………………………….41
7. Private Equity…………………………………….43
8. Private Equity Deal Structure……………..
ABSTRACT
¾ In this world everybody wants to invest their savings to make their
future bright but unfortunately I had started my research in such a
bad scenario that everybody is afraid of investing.
¾ Here I have done my research on only those clients who are already
affluent and still starving for more affluence, so to become more
affluent what they exactly are looking for? Whether they are risk
appetite or not? According to them what are the safe investment
avenues in present scenario? I mean to say that there are different
risk profiles for different investors.e.g Risk-averse, Conservative,
Balanced and Growth, Aggressive etc.
¾ As we know that risk and return have been always in same direction.
There are various options available to the investors to invest but it
totally depends on the investor’s risk profile and investors.
INTRODUCTION
¾ The project is all about the market research on the HNI
clients and private equity in India. Here I have separated my
whole project in to two parts. 1) Doing research on HNIs, 2)
doing research on private equity.
¾ Now first of all let me tell you that HNI means HIGH
NETWORTH INDIVISIUALS, Who are affluent and coming
from aristocracies.
¾ The project will describe about the behavior of HNIs. It will
take you in the depth knowledge of different investment
product in which they want to invest.
¾ In this project I have tried to define that what is HNIs and
what are their views regarding different investment options
available in the market.
¾ Apart of all these this project will make you understand all
about the private equity in India. Still India is not that much
familiar with this word but it has started becoming popular.
¾ There are so many investors in India looking for the private
equity and they have started investing in private equity.
Purpose of the report
¾ The main purpose of writing a report is to study the HNI
client’s risk profile and different investment avenues in to
which they want to invest along with the current status of
private equity in India.
¾ The 2nd basic purpose to write this report is that, I have to
also find out the HNI client’s investment behavior. How
quickly they switch from one investment plan to another, or
traditional to modern investment plan for example post
office saving or fixed Deposit to share market or Mutual
Funds.
¾ If on one hand market and economy both are against
growth, does it make any impact on investment rate or how
people’s behavior is changed about the investment?
Scope of the study
¾ With the help of the given Project, I have found out the
different Investment products which are to be offered to
HNIS and the investment behavior of the customers. How
many of these products have core benefit in front its
competitors, how many don’t have??
¾ If any company will be very clear about the market
segmentation, its target customers and their need, their
investment behavior, their
SWOT analysis and their competitor’s strategy, then it can
promote its product aggressively and wisely
.
¾ With the help of project, I could find out which age group is
most appropriate to which product category. I did it with
the help of Questionnaire and daily interaction with HNI
clients, which helped me a lot to understand the investment
behavior and their interest to different investment product
category
Limitations
¾ It is very difficult to take the appointment of HNI CLIENTS as
they are much busy in their busy schedule.
¾ It is very tough to get the positive response from the clients
as the competition does exist in the market.
Method of collecting Data and their Sources
1. Primary sources:
• Primary sources are the original works for any market
research. Such as memos, letter, a complete interview or
speeches etc.
• For my Project, primary sources are “Walk‐in customer”
and “Phone Call”.
• I have found some HNI’s list from the CII’s directory with
the details note of their business also.
Company introduction
¾ ICICI Bank is India's second‐largest bank with total assets of
about Rs. 2,513.89 bn (US$ 56.3 bn) at March 31, 2006 and
profit after tax of Rs. 25.40 bn (US$ 569 mn) for the year
ended March 31, 2006 (Rs. 20.05 bn (US$ 449 mn) for the
year ended March 31, 2005).
¾ ICICI Bank has a network of about 614 branches and
extension counters and over 2,200 ATMs.
¾ ICICI Bank offers a wide range of banking products and
financial services to corporate and retail customers through
a variety of delivery channels and through its specialized
subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of investment banking,
life and non‐life insurance, venture capital and asset
management.
¾ ICICI bank set up its international banking group in fiscal
2002 to cater the cross border needs of clients and leverage
on its domestic banking strengths to offer products
internationally
¾ ICICI Bank currently has subsidiaries in the United Kingdom,
Russia
and Canada, branches in Singapore, Bahrain, Hong Kong, Sri
Lanka and Dubai International Finance Centre and
representative offices in the United States, United Arab
Emirates, China, South Africa and Bangladesh.
¾ At ICICI Bank, it cares about all needs of different group
customers. Along with Deposit products and Loan offerings,
ICICI Bank assists customers to manage their finances by
providing various investment
options ranging from ICICI Bank Tax Saving Bonds to Equity
Investments through Initial Public Offers and Investment in
Pure Gold.
LETS SEE HOW ICICI GROUP SRENGTHS IN INDIA
¾ ICICI bank
¾ ICICI prudential‐mutual fund
¾ ICICI prudential‐life insurance
¾ ICICI Lombard‐general insurance
¾ ICICI venture
¾ ICICI securities
¾ ICICI home finance
¾ ICICI direct.com
¾ ICICI GROP|GLOBAL PRIVATE CLIENTS
ICICI GROUP|GLOBAL PRIVATE CLIENTS
¾ When there is synchronization within, the possibilities are
infinite. when strengths and abilities are seamlessly
interwoven, no goal is too big
¾ No matter what your financial goals are, we can bring closer
to them.ICICI group global private clients draws on the
collective strengths of the ICICI group companies to offer
you a powerful range of financial solutions.
¾ Our strong grounding in India, worldwide presence and
impeccable pedigree opens the doors to a range of global
investment opportunities.
¾ At ICICI Group Global Private clients, we believe in providing
solutions that take care of all financial needs. Our powerful
vantage point in India gives us the ability to 0offer
innovative products and services that cater the full spectrum
of your financial needs.
¾ At ICICI Group| Global Private Clients we value our
relationship with clients and strive them better. Our
investment process starts with understanding our client’s
background, investment objective, risk tolerance and
existing investment pattern.
¾ This understanding forms the basis of disciplined needs. It
helps in creating an appropriate balance between safety,
liquidity and potential to enhance yield through a mix of
different asset categories. These include;
• Sacred Instruments like bank fixed deposit
• Equity Instruments
• Debt Instrument
• Alternate Investment
Each of these options has different risk‐return
characteristics.
Based on individual risk profile I have classified assets in to
four classes.
a) Sacred assets‐Bank fixed deposits and money market
instruments (No risk on capital and very low risk on income)
b) Serious Assets‐Fixed income plans of mutual funds (Low risk
on capital and medium risk on income)
c) Aggressive assets‐Direct Equity and equity related plans of
mutual funds (High risk on capital and income)
d) Alternate Assets‐Varying level of risk‐return and liquidity‐
private Equity, Art fund, Real Estate etc.
¾ As recession becomes deeper and prolonged, investors
become more concern about the return and capital
appreciation. As we want to continue our relationship with
our clients we offer such products which give steady and
safe return to them.
¾ Now here I am going to explain the risk profile and different
investment options in which HNI does invest.
INVESTMENT SCENARIO
¾ Economic liberalization and globalization of the Indian
markets began in 1991. This meant that the Indian
consumers had access to imported goods resulting in a fall in
prices due to competition
¾ This also meant lower interest rates and more importantly,
the transfer of risk from the Government to the individual,
forcing the individual to protect his investments himself.
¾ Many had made investments with UTI, NBFCs, Company
fixed deposits and Bank fixed deposits that were offering
high returns that slowly began falling after liberalization and
globalization.
¾ There are some investors who are active. They are the ones
who act promptly and make educated and informed
decisions about the market, understand the implications and
review their portfolios.
¾ There are others who are apprehensive and will take action
only when they can see tangible merits of change.
¾ There are still few who are in denial and are dormant
waiting for their depleted funds to come back.
Investment in India
¾ India, among the European investors, is believed to be a good
investment despite political uncertainty, bureaucratic hassles,
shortage of power and infrastructure deficiencies.
¾ India presents a vast potential for overseas investment and is
actively encouraging the entrance of foreign players into the
market. No company, of any size, aspiring to be a global
player can, for long ignores this country, which is expected to
become one of the top three emerging economies.
Success in India
¾ Success in India will depend on the correct
estimation of the country’s potential;
underestimation of its complexity or
overestimation of its possibilities can lead to
failure.
¾ While calculating, due consideration should be
given to the factor of the inherent difficulties and
uncertainties of functioning in the Indian system.
¾ Entering India’s marketplace requires a well‐
designed plan backed by serious thought and
careful research.
MARKET POTENTIAL
¾ India is the fifth largest economy in the world
(ranking above France, Italy, United Kingdom and
Russia) and has the third largest GDP in the entire
continent of Asia.
¾ It is also second largest among emerging nations.
(These indicators are based on purchasing power
parity)
¾ India is also one of the few markets in the world
which offers high prospects for growth and earning
potential in practically all areas of business.
¾ Yet, despite the practically unlimited possibilities in
India for overseas businesses, the world most
populous democracy has, until fairly recently,
Failed to get the kind of enthusiastic
Attention generated by other emerging economies
such as China.
¾ The reason being, after independence from Britain
50 years ago, India developed a highly protected,
semi‐socialist economy.
¾ Structural and bureaucratic impediments were
vigorously fostered, along with a distrust of foreign
business.
¾ Even as today the climate in India has been a sea
change, smashing barriers and actively seeking
foreign investment, many companies still see it as a
difficult market.
¾ India is rightfully quoted to be an incomparable
country and is both frustrating and challenging at
the same time.
¾ Foreign investors should be prepared to take India
as it is with all of its difficulties, contradictions and
challenges.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
¾ My work is, doing research on HNI (HIGH NETWORTH
INDIVIDUALS) Clients in Ahmadabad.
¾ Our philosophy is based on the tenets of trust, agility and
innovation. We build a relationship of trust because we
work with our client’s best interest at heart.
¾ Now we will see how this research is being done? Before
approaching these HNI clients I must be prepared with all
¾ Details (address, contact person, contact numbers, business
details, etc). To get all these details we must be having the
data of all HNI clients to whom we want to approach.
¾ How the selection of these people is being done? We
generally deal with only those people who are having net
worth of more than 1 corer.
¾ After making myself prepared for the research I start my
research by doing calls to my every client to take the
appointment.
¾ Once I get the appointment of any client, I do research of
that particular client, I go through the profile of that client
so I can come to know what could be the needs of that
person and for what he could be looking so I can suggest
something which is fit for that client.
¾ When I meet these people, I ask them to fill one
questionnaire so I can know client’s inner thoughts through
which I can get myself ready for further steps.
¾ By doing all these I came to know about the HNI’S
investment options in which they want to invest to diversify
their portfolio.
INVESTMENT OPTIONS
A. Shares market:
¾ Primary market investment in equity
¾ secondary market investment in equity
¾ derivatives and commodities investment
B. collective investment vehicles:
• mutual funds
• unit linked insurance plans
• pension funds
C. other investment options:
o property and real estate
o bonds and debentures
o bank fixed deposits
o company fixed deposits
o Infrastructure assets etc.
SHARES MARKET
¾ Equity share is a certificate or a book entry that represents
the single unit of ownership in a company or its business.
They are sold either directly by the company or they can be
acquired through a broker from the stock market.
¾ By purchasing a share, an individual gets ownership rights in
the company and a right to vote and share in the company’s
future profits/losses.
¾ 1) Primary Market Investment In Equity It is a place where
the new offerings by companies are made as an Initial Public
Offering (IPO). IPO’s are offering made by the company for
the first time.
¾ Such offers to the public can be at par or at premium. This
Initial Public Offering can be made through the fixed price
method, book building method or a combination of both.
Now days mainly book building process is used.
¾ Book Building is basically a capital issuance process used in
Initial Public. Offer (IPO), which aids price and demand
discovery. It is a process used for marketing a public offer
of equity shares of a company.
¾ It is a mechanism where, during the period for which the
book for the IPO is open, bids are collected from investors
at various prices, which are above or equal to the floor
price.
¾ The process aims at tapping both wholesale and retail
investors. The offer/issue price is then determined after
the bid closed date based on certain evaluation criteria.
¾ After the shares are allotted through the IPO, the stock is
listed on the stock exchange so that the shares can be bought
and sold.
¾ For retail investors, anyone whose bid amount is more than
50,000 is subject to capital gains tax, and such tax is levied at
10% of capital gains arising out of the income derived from
such investments.
¾ 2) Secondary Market Investment In Equity The stock
exchange is a place where buyers and sellers meet to trade in
shares in an organized manner.
¾ There are at present, 25 recognized stock exchanges in the
country and are governed by the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956. Investment in shares of companies
is investing in equities.
¾ Stocks can be bought/sold from the exchanges (secondary
market) or via IPO’s‐ Initial Public Offerings (primary
market). Stocks are the best long term investment options
wherein the market volatility and the resultant risk of
losses, if given enough time, is mitigated by the general
upward momentum of the economy.
¾ There are two streams of revenue generation from this
form of investment.
Dividend: Periodic payments made out of the
company’s profits are termed as dividends.
Growth: The price of a stock appreciates
commensurate to the growth
By the company resulting in capital appreciation. On an
average an investment in equities in India has a return of
25%. Good portfolio management, precise timing may
ensure a return of 40% or more.
Picking the right stock at the right time would guarantee
that your capital gains i.e. growth in market value of your
stock possessions, will rise.
3) Derivatives, Futures and Options Derivative is a
contract/product that has no independent value i.e. it
derives its value from the underlying assets.
Underlying assets can be securities, commodities, bullion,
currency, livestock or anything else. Though the use of
derivative products, an investor can transfer the price risk
by locking‐in asset prices.
¾ Let us take an example of a simple derivative contract: Mr. A
buys a future contract. He will make a profit of rs.1000 if the
price of TISCO rises by rs.1000 If the price is unchanged Mr. A
will receive nothing If the stock price of TISCO falls by Rs.600
he will lose rs.600 As we can see, the above contract
depends upon the price of the TISCO scrip, which is the
underlying security. Similarly, futures’ trading has already
started in the Sensex futures and Nifty futures.
¾ The Underlying security in this case is the SSE Sensex and NSE
Nifty. Derivatives are basically of 3 types:
1. Forwards and Futures
2. Options
3. Swaps
Forward Contract: A forward contract is the simplest mode
of a derivative transaction. It is an agreement to buy or sell an
asset (of a specified quantity) at a certain future time for a
certain price. No cash is exchanged when the contract is
entered into.
EXAMPLE: Mr. A wants to buy a TV, which cost Rs 20000 but
he has no cash to buy it outright. He can only buy it 3 months
hence. He, however, fears that prices of television will rise 3
months from now. So in order to protect himself from the rise
in prices he enters into a contract with the TV dealer that 3
months from now he will buy the TV for Rs 20000. What Mr.
A is doing is that he is locking the current price of a TV for a
forward contract. The forward contract is settled at maturity.
The dealer will deliver the asset to Mr. A at the end of 3
months and Mr. A in turn will pay cash equivalent to the TV
price on delivery. The difference between a share and
derivative is that shares/securities is an asset, while derivative
instrument is a contract.
4) Commodity Investments The past several decades have
been seen explosive growth in exchange traded commodity
future across the globe.
A wealth of researcher has conclusively established the
potential benefits of including exposure to Commodity in
traditional financial portfolio. Commodities have negative
correlation with stock and bonds and, therefore, improve the
risk‐adjusted return of the portfolio.
Liberalization process has exposed organization to newer
risk. One such risk is commodity price risk. Now, the
commodity prices are influenced by the global, not local,
demand‐supply factors.
In this context, it would be better for the corporate to
consider commodity derivatives markets as one of the
solution of the price risk.
Commodity exchange worldwide offer lot of economic
benefits in the form of greater price discovery enabling more
efficient pricing in underlying spot market, risk transfer
between various heterogeneous markets.
Future markets have drawn upon the success of nationwide
electronic trading on the equity market, and three new
exchanges have come about: National Commodity Derivatives
Exchange (NCDEX), Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) and
National Multi Commodity Exchange (NMCE). India has been
following a three‐pronged strategy to develop commodity
markets:
1) Removing the major legal, regulatory and policy
impediments
2) Upgrading the exchanges to best international
systems and practices
3) Creating competition by encouraging trade in
multiple commodities across multi‐commodity
exchange
Challenges:‐ Clearly, there is a huge potential for the Indian
commodity market. But to reap maximum benefits, there is a
lot more to be done in terms of improving infrastructure,
putting in place proper regulatory framework and allowing
institutional participation.
There is also a need to bring the retail investor and small
agriculturists on the top platform.
Today commodity exchanges have around 120‐150
warehouses, not owned but hired. The number of warehouse
has to increase considerably in order to enable even the small
farmer in every corner of the country to make use of the
future market.
(b) Collective Investment Vehicles
¾ 1) Mutual Fund:‐Mutual fund is comparatively a new entity in
the financial market. Mutual fund were introduced in India 40
years ago as an investment vehicle when UTI launched US‐64
India’s first and one of the most popular mutual fund
schemes.
¾ However as a financial services industry, mutual funds have
had a short history of the only 10 years as Morgan Stanley,
Kothari Pioneer mutual fund and Taurus Mutual fund
launched their maiden schemes in 1993‐94.
¾ Since then a lot of transformation has taken place and now
mutual fund are offering a wide range of new products to
their investors.
¾ In the last 10 years the industry has developed manifold and
is now managing assets worth Rs. 160000 cr.
¾ The mutual fund industry has now reached the crossroads
and is facing fierce competition from other investment
avenues available to the investor, such as National Savings
Certificates, Indira Vikas Patra, Kisan Vikas Patra, Public
Provident Fund and the bank deposits.
¾ Mutual fund is the most suitable investment vehicle for the
common man who desires to invest funds at regular interval
in a diversified portfolio.
¾ Such investment decisions offer an opportunity to invest in a
diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a
relatively low cost.
¾ Advantages of Mutual Funds Investments in stocks, bonds
and other financial instruments require considerable
expertise and constant supervision, to enable an investor to
take informed decisions.
¾ Small investors usually do not have the necessary expertise
and the time to undertaken any study that can facilitate
informed decisions.
¾ While this is the predominant reason for the popularity of
mutual funds, there are many other benefits that can accrue
to small investors. Some of these advantages are listed below:
¾ Diversification Benefits: Diversified investment improves
the risk‐return profile of the portfolio. Small investors may
not have the amount of capital that would allow optimal
diversification.
¾ Mutual fund is substantially big as compared to individual
investments, optimal diversification becomes possible. As the
individual investors’ capital gets pooled into a mutual fund, all
of them are able to derive the benefits of diversification.
¾ Low Transaction Costs: The transactions of a mutual fund are
generally very large. There large volumes attract lower
brokerage commissions and other costs, as compared to the
smaller volumes of the transactions entered into by individual
investors
¾ Availability of Various Schemes: Mutual funds generally offer
a number of schemes to suit the requirements of the
investors.
¾ Thus the investors can choose between regular income
schemes and growth schemes, between schemes that invest
in the money market and those that invest in the stock
market, etc. Some schemes provide some added advantages.
¾ Professional Management: Management of a
portfolio involves continuous monitoring of various
securities and the innumerable economic and non‐
economic variables that may affect the portfolio’s
performance.
¾ This requires a lot of time and effort on the part of
the investor, along with in‐depth knowledge of the
functioning of the financial markets.
¾ Mutual funds are generally managed by
knowledgeable, experienced professionals whose
time is solely devoted to tracking and updating the
portfolio.
¾ Thus, investment in a mutual fund not only saves
time and efforts for the investor, it is also likely to
produce better results
¾ Liquidity: Liquidating a portfolio is not always easy. There
may not be a liquid market for all the securities held.
¾ In case only a part of the portfolio is required to be liquidated,
it may not be possible to sell all the securities forming part of
the portfolio in the same proportion as they are represented
in the portfolio.
¾ These problems can be solved by investing in a mutual fund.
A mutual fund generally stands ready to buy and sell its units
on a regular basis.
¾ Tax Benefit: In India, dividend received by the investor is tax
free. This enhances the yield on mutual funds marginally as
compare to income from other investment option. Also, in
the case of long term capital gains, the investors need not to
pay tax for all the equity purchases after March 1, 2003.
¾ Flexibility: Mutual funds possess features such as regular
investment plan, regular withdrawal plans and dividend
reinvestment plan. Because of these features, one can
systematically invest or withdraw funds according to one’s
needs and convenience.
¾ Well Regulated: All mutual funds are registered with SEBI
and they function within the provision of strict regulations
designed to protect the interest of investors. The
operations are regularly monitored by SEBI.
¾ Disadvantages of Mutual Funds Investment in mutual
funds has its disadvantages as well. For one, the investors
cannot choose the securities they want to invest in, or the
securities they want to sell.
¾ Secondly, the investors face the risk of fund manager not
performing well. Also, if the fund manager’s compensation is
linked to the fund’s performance, he may be tempted to show
the good results in the short‐term without paying attention to
the expected long‐term performance of the fund.
¾ This would harm the long‐term interest of the investors.
Another disadvantage is the management fees charged by the
fund. It reduces the returns available to the investors.
¾ Lastly, while investors in securities can decide the amount of
earnings they want to withdraw in a particular period,
investors in a mutual fund have no such discretion as the
amount of the earnings that are to be paid out to the
investors in a particular year is decided by the mutual fund.
¾ Investment Avenues: The presence of certain investment
avenues makes mutual funds more attractive than direct
investment.
¾ One of such investment avenue is money market instruments.
These instruments generally involve a large minimum
investment which makes it impossible for a small investor to
invest directly.
¾ Another example is investment in real estate and some other
investment avenues require in‐depth knowledge say, for
example, securitized debt, derivatives, etc. Small investors
¾ May not have the knowledge to understand the complexities
of such instruments on their own, and may find it preferable
to depend on the expert knowledge offered by mutual funds
managers.
¾ Types of Mutual Funds Mutual funds differ from each other
on the basis of various factors like their term, investment
objectives, the type of investors and the load. The various
classes of funds are:
¾ 1. Term of the fund: The basic difference between two
mutual funds can be their term structure. A mutual fund may
either be open‐ended or close‐ended.
¾ Open‐ended fund: An open‐ended fund remains open for
issue and redemption of its shares throughout its unlimited
duration. Some examples of open‐ended mutual funds
schemes are Alliance‐95, Birla Advantage, Unit scheme 64, etc
¾ Close‐ended fund: A close‐ended fund can issue shares of
mutual fund only in the beginning, and cannot redeem them
or reissue them till the end of their fixed investment duration.
¾ Some examples of close‐ended mutual funds schemes are
UTI Master Equity Plan 98, Reliance FTS dividend, BOB EISS‐
9S, ICICI Power, etc.
¾ 2. Investment Objectives: Mutual funds are formed with
different investment objectives as given below:
¾ Growth Fund: The objective of a growth fund scheme is to
provide capital appreciation over the medium to long‐term.
These schemes normally invest a major portion of their funds
in equities and are willing to bear short‐term decline in value
for possible future appreciation in the net asset value of the
scheme.
¾ These schemes are not for investors seeking regular income
or needing their money back in the short‐term. Examples:
Reliance Growth, Tata GSF‐G, etc.
¾ Income Fund: The aim of such funds is to provide regular and
steady income to investors. These funds or schemes generally
invest in fixed incomes such as bonds and corporate
debentures.
¾ Capital appreciation in such schemes may be limited. These
are suitable for retired people and others with a need for
capital stability and regular income. Examples: HDFC Income,
Birla Income Plus‐D, etc.
¾ Balanced Fund: They aim to provide both growth and income
by periodically distributing a part of the income and capital
appreciation to the investors or reinvesting such income and
capital appreciation to enhance the net asset value of the
Fund. Such funds are suitable for those investors, who are
willing to take some risk and seek both income and capital
appreciation. Examples: DSPML Balanced‐G, JM Balanced‐G,
etc.
¾ Money Market Fund: They generally invest in short‐term
liquid assets like treasury bills, bankers acceptances,
negotiable certificates of deposit, repurchase agreements,
Certificate of Deposit (CD’s) or commercial papers.
¾ Capital is raised by selling shares to the investing public at a
price equal to asset value of the then existing shares
outstanding plus a loading fee or service charge.
¾ This is known as high liquid assets funds with very low risk
and virtually no capital loss. Examples: Reliance liquid plan,
BOB liquid fund, UTI money market fund, etc.
¾ Gilt Fund: These funds invest in different types of long and
medium term government securities and highly rated
corporate debt.
¾ Gilt funds differ from bond funds because bond funds invest
in corporate bonds, government securities and money
market instruments. Gilt funds stick to high quality‐low risk
debt, mainly government securities. Examples: DSP‐ML
Govt. Sec. Fund, Templeton India Govt. Sec. Fund, etc.
¾ Real Estate Fund: Real estate funds primarily invest in real
estate ventures. These funds are of close‐end type because
of long‐term investment in real estate. Such funds are of
various types depending upon real estate transactions.
¾ Tax Saving Fund: These funds offer tax rebates to the
investors under tax laws as prescribed from time to time.
This is possible because the Government offers tax
incentives for investment in specified avenues.
¾ The objective of these funds is to help the taxpaying
investors minimize their tax liability. Examples: Master
Equity Plan of UTI, Prudential ICICI Tax Saver Plan, GIC Tax
Saver, etc
¾ 3. Types of Investors: Some categories of funds are
different from other funds because of their investor
profile. An example of such funds is pension funds.
¾ These funds manage the pension moneys of their clients.
For example, Kothari Pioneer Pension Plan Fund.
¾ 4. Load: A fund incurs two types of costs – marketing costs
and operating costs. While the operating costs of the scheme
are charged to the scheme’s earnings, the marketing costs
may not be so charged.
¾ On the basis of chargeability of marketing costs to the
scheme, funds can be classified into load funds and no‐load
funds. Load funds charge marketing costs to the scheme,
while the no‐load funds do not.
¾ The no‐load funds recover the marketing costs as part of the
management fee. Load funds are of two types – front load
and back load. In a front load fund, the load is charged at the
time the investors invest in the fund.
¾ In the case of back load fund, investors are required to pay
the load charges while exiting from the fund.
¾ After going in to the depth of investment options now let’s
see how HNI clients behave in this recessionary phase.
CONCLUSION
¾ Because of volatility and uncertainty in the market most of
HNIs have started looking forward to the safe investment
options.
¾ Most of HNIs are more interested in protecting their
principles rather than having greed for more returns as we
know that risk and returns always have been in same
directions.
¾ Now I have found, most safe investment option according to
the HNIs is fixed deposits as they are getting fair return with
zero percent risk.
¾ Some HNIs just want to be separate from investment as they
have already experienced of worst market. They have started
thinking about the expansion of their own business.
¾ Still some HNIs are not afraid of investing in risky assets as
they are thinking that market would get revived very soon. So
they are taking risk by investing in risky assets like equities
with the hope of fair returns.
¾ These all I have found about the HNIs in Ahmedabad market.
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE EQUITY IN INDIA
¾ This is an exciting time to be involved in private equity in
India.
INTRODUCTION
¾ Private equity has arrived as a major component of the
alternative investment universe and is now broadly
accepted as an established assets class with in many
institutional portfolios.
¾ Many investors still with little or no existing allocation to
private equity are now considering establishing r
significantly their private equity programs.
¾ Private equity is often categorized an “alternative
investment” comprising a variety of investment techniques,
strategies and asset classes that are complimentary to the
stocks and bond portfolios traditionally used by the
investors.
Definition of private equity
¾ Private equity investing may broadly be defined as
“investing in securities through a negotiated process”.
¾ The majority of private equity investments are in
unquoted companies. Private equity investment is
typically a transformational, value added, and active
investment strategy.
THE MARKET AND THE OPPORTUNITY
¾ The main barriers to entry for PE in India are complex
regulatory issues and an increasing number of PE players
looking at the same investment opportunities.
BARRIERS TO INVESTMENT IN INDIA:
Competition……………………….37%
Fiscal regulatory issues.........42%
Corporate governance………..21%
Ethics………………………………….21%
Respondents were free to select multiple responses hence
numbers do not total 100%
¾ Although poor infrastructure will hold back the rate of
growth of PE investment, the infrastructure sector should
emerge as major PE destination.
¾ Capital is available in abundance and PE players need to
distinguish themselves to win deals.
¾ Key sector for investment in the future are infrastructure
and retail and consumer related.
¾ India is closing on china as an equity attractive PE
destination
EXITS AND RETURN ON INVESTMENT
¾ The initial public offering is a preferred exit option in
developed markets.
Preferred exit strategy
Opportunistic/best return…………………………..25%
Secondary sale……………………………………………15%
Strategic buyout………………………………………….20%
IPO……………………………………………………………….50%
¾ Reflecting the current vibrant capital markets and attractive
valuation in India, 50% of our PE respondents indicate that
an IPO is their preferred route for investment.
¾ Optimistic return expectations reflect current economy and
bullish markets.
¾ Fifty‐ five percent of respondents expect to achieve at least
their benchmark returns, with 45 percent of respondents
expecting a much return on their existing portfolio.
¾ The question for PE house is how much longer they will wait
to enter the Indian market to take the advantage of the
opportunities already existing in the market.
INVESTMENT CATAGORIES
¾ VENTURE CAPITAL is investing in companies that have
undeveloped or developing products or revenue.
o Seed stage financing provided to research, assess and
develop an initial concept before a business has
reached the start‐up phase.
o Start‐up stage financing for product development and
initial marketing.
o Company may be in the process of being set up or may
have been in business for a short time, but have not
sold their products commercially and are not yet
generating a profit.
o Expansion stage financing for growth and expansion of
a company which is breaking even or trading
profitability.
o Capital may be used to finance increased production
capacity, market or product development and to
provide additional working capital. This stage includes
bridge financing and rescue or turnaround investment.
¾ Replacement capital purchase of shares from another
investor or to reduce gearing via the refinancing of debt.
¾ Buy out a buyout fund typically targets the acquisition of a
significant portion or majority control of business which
normally entails a change of ownership. Buyout fund usually
invest in mature companies with established business plans
to finance expansion, consolidations, turnarounds and sales.
Private Equity Deal Structure
¾ Term Sheets are brief preliminary documents designed to
facilitate and provide a framework for negotiations between
investors and entrepreneurs.
¾ A term sheet generally focuses on a enterprise’s valuation
and the condition under which investors agree to provide
financing.
¾ The term sheet eventually forms the basis of several formal
agreements including the “stock purchase agreement,”
which is a legal document that details who is buying what
form whom, at what price and when.
Valuation
¾ Traditionally, companies in the industry assign value to
enterprises as the result of a financing event. This approach
on a per‐share value and the valuation is on a fully diluted
basis.
¾ Pre‐money value is the valuation of a company immediately
before an injection of capital occurs. The pre‐money value
be calculated as follows:
Pre‐money value=Total number of old shares *share price
Pre‐money value=Post money value‐New investment
¾ Post‐money value is the valuation of a company including
the capital provided by the current round of financing.
EXAMPLE
Startup Company is a private company that is wholly owned
by its founders, as shown below:
Owners Security Shares Investment Share price
Founders Common 6,000,000 $50,000 $0.0083
The founders need additional capital to expand the business
and arrange venture capital financing:
Investors Security Shares Investors Share price
Series A Convertible 4,000,000 $2,000,000 $0.50
preferred
Now let’s see how the pre‐money and post‐money
valuations are being done?
Post‐money=$2,000,000(investment)/40 %( ownership
acquired) =$5,000,000
Post‐money=10,000,000(new total shares)*$0.50(share
price) =$5,000,000
Pre‐money=6,000,000(previous total shares)*$0.50(share
price) =$3,000,000
Pre‐money=$5,000,000(post‐money valuation)‐
$2,000,000(investment) =$3,000,000
Step‐up=$0.50(new round share price)/$0.0083(previous
share price) =60
Step‐up=$3,000,000(new round pre money)/$50,000(last
round post money) =60
CONCLUSION AND SUMMERY:
¾ The Indian market for PE remains very positive with
infrastructure, retail and consumer related media and
financial services being sectors of focus going forward.
¾ However most PE funds managers believe that the returns
on investment earned in the past will not be possible going
forward. Therefore PE houses are lowering their return
expectations from India.
¾ PE houses expect increasing competition, so establishing
local presences in India and identifying the right country
head is important for future success in this market.
¾ Regulations appear to be a key concern for PE. As is
restrictions in investments in certain sectors such as retail,
insurance, banking and finance and others.
¾ Although tax is seen as a key regulatory concern, India’s
current tax regime for the PE investment is actually more
favorable that several other emerging economics.
References
1) Investment review by ICICI Group
2) Markets at glance by ICICI Group
3) Economic Times
4) www.icicibank.com
5) Case study of ICICI VENTURE