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Measurement Illustration
ShaftX,YVibration(RadialVibration)
ShaftX,YVibrationisforshaftdynamicmotion
whichisgenerallymeasuredinadirection
perpendiculartotheshaftaxis,itisalsocalled
radialvibrationorlateralvibration.Itisindicated
byPKPKwithunitmorMil.5mmor8mm
proximityprobesareoftenusedtoobserveShaftX,
YVibration.ProvibTechsproximityprobe
TM0105(5mm)andTM0180(8mm)willsupply
completesolution.

PleaserefertotheFigure1.1andFigure1.2.Theyareshowingthetypicalwayforprobeinstallation
forRadialVibration.

ApartfromtheinstallationwayofFigure1.1and
Figure1.2,theresanotherinstallationway,please
refertoFigure1.3.ProbeXishorizontallyinstalled
andProbeYisverticallyinstalled.

Sometimes,proximityprobeswillbemounted
insidethemachinebyprobeclamp,andsometimesprobeswillbemountedwithhelpofprobe
holder.ProvibTechsTM0393Xsupplyaverycost
effectivesolutionformountingtheproximityprobes
forthesemachineswhateverfornormalpressureor
highpressurepurpose.Customercanreplacethe
probewithoutopeningthemachinecasewhichtakes
greatconvenienceandsavelotsoftimeand
maintenancecost.Adjustablepenetrationdepth
+/13mm(0.512)makestheinstallationveryflexible.
PleaserefertoFigure1.4andFigure1.5for
installationreference.

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ThrustPosition(AxialPosition)
ThrustPositionistomeasurethemovementofshaftin
theaxialdirectionwithrespecttosomefixedreference.
Typically,thereferenceisthethrustbearingsupport
structureorothercasingmembertowhichthe
displacementprobeismounted.Theprobeisgenerally
toobservethethrustcollardirectlyoraxialshaftsurface.
ThrustPositionisalsocalledAxialPosition,anditis
indicatedbyaveragewithunitmorMil.5mmor8mm
proximityprobes
areoftenusedto
observeThrustPosition.ProvibTechsproximityprobe
TM0110(11mm)andTM0180(8mm)willsupplycomplete
solution.

DueThrustPositionisveryimportantforsomeessential
machines,itisstronglyrecommendedtousedualproximity
probestomonitorThrustPositionastheredundancywill
increasethereliabilityofthemonitoring.
PleaserefertoFigure2.1andFigure2.2.

SeismicVibration(CasingVibration)
SeismicVibrationmeasurestheabsolutevibrationofmachinecaseorstructure.Thismeasurement
doesntrequireotherobjectspositionormovementasareference.Accelerometersandvelocity
sensorsareoftenusedforSeimicVibration.ItisalsocalledCasingVibration.Itwillbeindicatedby
PKorPKPKorRMS.
Theinstallationdirectioncouldbehorizontalorvertical.PleaserefertoFigure3.1.

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RotationSpeed
Rotorspeedisimportantmeasurementsduringnormalmachineoperatingconditionsaswellas
duringstartupandcoastdown.Suddenunexpectedchangesinrotorspeedmaybeanindicationof
machineryorprocessmalfunction.

OverSpeed
OverSpeedprotectionsystemismandatoryforcriticalmachinesespeciallylikesteamturbines.Due
therotationspeedforthesteamturbineisthemostimportantfactor,sogenerallyweusetwo
proximityprobesorthreeproximityprobestocomposeasystem.Itcouldbe2outof 2or2outof
3.

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ReverseRotation
Forboilerfeedpumporsomemachines,ReverseRotationmonitoringisnecessaryasthereverse
flowwillcausethetotalmachineshutdownfinallystopwatersupplying.TypicallyReverseRotation
requirestwoproximityprobestomountonthegearorshaftwithanotch.Pleaserefertobelow
Figure6.1fordetails.

ZeroSpeed
Whenthesteamturbineormachineisunderturningstate,therotationspeedshouldnotbevery
slow.Ifitrotatesslowerthanitshouldbe,thenitwilltrip.ZeroSpeedissimilarlikespeed
monitoring,butSpeedmonitoringistotripwhenitrotatetoofastthanitshouldbe,andZeroSpeed
monitoringistotripwhenitrotatetooslowthanitshouldbe.

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PhaseReference
PhaseReferenceisatransducerthatproducesavoltagepulseforeachturnoftheshaft.Thissignal
isusedprimarilytomeasureshaftrotativespeedandservesasareferenceformeasuringvibration
phaselagangle.Typicallyproximityprobe,magneticpickup,opticalpickupareusedformeasuring
PhaseReference.
PleaserefertobelowFigure7.1fordetails.

DifferentialExpansion
DifferentialExpansionistomeasuretheaxialpositionoftherotorwithrespecttothemachine
casingatsomedistancefromthethrustbearing.DifferentialExpansionisusuallymeasuredwhen
machinestartupandshutdownasthemachinehasabigthermalexpansionduringthatperiod.

Themeasurementistypicallymadewithaproximityprobetransducermountedtothemachine
casingandobservinganaxialoftherotor.

Theproximityprobecouldbemountedbytwoways.Oneisbynormalshaftdirection,pleaserefer
tobelowFigure9.1.

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Anotherwayismountedbyrampshaftdirection.PleaserefertobelowFigure9.2.

CaseExpansion
CaseExpansionistomeasureaxialpositionofthemachinecaserelativetoafixedreference,usually
thefoundation.Changesincasingaxialpositionaretheresultofthermalexpansionandcontraction
ofthecasingduringstartupandshutdown.ItisgenerallymeasuredbyLVDT(LinearVariable
DifferentialTransformer).
PleaserefertobelowFigure10.1forCaseExpansion.

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Eccentricity
Eccentricityisveryimportantformonitoringturbinerotorbow.PT2060/10PROXproximitymodule
canprovidesophisticatedonlineeccentricitymonitoring.Themonitorissuitableforvirtuallyall
typesofrotatingmachineryintermsofeccentricity.ThePT2060/10PROXproximitymodulewillbe
continuouslymeasureandmonitoringinuptotwochannelspermodule.

Eccentricitymeasurementsindicatethedeviationoftherotorphysicalcenterandthetheoretical
center.Thedifferencehastobesmallenoughtoallowmachinestartupwithoutcausingdamage.
ThePT2060/10PROXproximitymoduleprovidespeaktopeakeccentricitymeasurement,which
measurethedifferencebetweenthepositiveandthenegativeextremesoftherotorbow.Italsohas
onemorechannelthatoutputthepositionoftherotor.

Operatorsuseeccentricitymeasurementstodeterminewhenacombinationofslowrollandheating
havereducedtherotoreccentricitytothepoint
wheretheturbinecansafelybebroughtupto
speedwithoutdamagefromexcessivevibrationor
rotortostatorcontact.
EccentricityisthemeasurementofRotorBowat
rotorslowrollwhichmaybecausedbyanyora
combinationof
Fixedmechanicalbow
Temporarythermalbow
Gravitybow

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ValvePosition
ValvePositionistomeasurethepositionoftheprocessinlet
valvesonamachine,usuallyexpressedasapercentageof
thevalveopening;zeropercentisfullyclosed,100percentis
fullyopen.

PleaseseebelowFigure12.1forValvePosition.

Temperature
Temperaturemonitoringisalsoanimportantparameterto
monitorthemachinehealthstatus.Whensomethingwrong
insidethemachine,itwillcausemorefrictionwhichwillcausetemperaturegettinghigher.Typically
welluseRTD/TCsensortoacquiretheprocesssignalandtransfertotransmitters/monitors,finally
transfertoconditionmonitoringsystem.
FlowRate,Pressureandotherprocessvariables
Alltheseparametersareliketemperatureastheyareprocessvariables,andthesearetocontrol
somethingorfeedbackthehealthstatusofthemachine.Typicallywellusedifferentkindsof
sensorstogettheprocesssignalsandfinallytransfertoconditionmonitoringsystem.