Chapter 6.

Oxidation Reduction Reactions

Achmad Rochliadi
Program Studi Kimia
Institut Teknologi andung
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Summary Highlights
!
Oxidation"Reduction #e$inition. %&oss and 'ain o$
(lectron) &(O %&oss (lectron * Oxidation) + '(R
%'ain (lectron * Reduction)
!
Oxidation State, Oxidation -um.er.
!
alancing Redox e/uation 0 Ion (lectron 1ethods.
!
1etal"Acid Reactions
!
1etal"#isplacement Reactions
!
Oxidation .2 1olecular Ox2gen
!
Redox Titration.
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3
Oxidation Reduction Reactions
!
Oxidation"Reductions A&4A5S in6ol6e trans$ers
o$ (lectrons.
!
In6ol6e t7o processes0

Oxidation the loss o$ electrons %-a 8 -a

9
9 e
"
)

Reduction the gain o$ electrons %Cl

:
9 :e
"
8 :Cl
"
)
Ca
%s)
9 : ;
:
O
%l)
8 Ca%O;)
:%s)
9 ;
:%g)
!
Oxidizer * Oxidizing agent * recei6ed the electrons
!
Reducer * Reducing agent * donated the electrons
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<
Hierarchy for applying oxidation number0
=. The sum o$ all oxidation num.ers o$ the atoms in a molecule
or pol2atomic ion must e/ual the charge on the particle
:. The atom o$ an2 $ree element is >ero
3. 1etal in 'roups =A, :A and Al ha6e 9=, 9: and 93
respecti6el2.
?. ; and @ in compound ha6e 9= and "=, respecti6el2, in h2drida
; is "=
<. Ox2gen has a ": Oxigen -um.er
6. 'roup o$ AA, 6A and <A ha6e "=, ": and "3, respecti6el2.
A. I$ there is a con$lict or a.iguit2 .et7een rules, appl2 the lo7est
num.er and ignore the con$licting rules.
Oxidation Numbers
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6
Special Rules
!
I$ there is a con$lict .et7een t7o rules apply the rule
with the lower number and ignore the conflicting rule
!
In .inar2 ionic compounds 7ith metals, the nonmetals
ha6e oxidation num.ers e/ual to the charges on their
anions
!
-ote that $ractional 6alues o$ oxidation num.ers are
allo7ed
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A
Assign Oxidation States To All Atoms:
! @e
:
O
3

O0 ":+ @e0 93
! -a
:
CO
3

-a
0
9=+ O0 ":+ C0 9?
! B%O;)
3

O0 ":+ ;0 9=+ B0 93
! K
:
Cr
:
O
A

K0 9=+ O0 ":+ Cr0 96

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C
our Turn!
4hat is the oxidation num.er o$ @ atoms in @
:
OD
A. 9=
. 9:
C. 93
#. 9?
(. none o$ these
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E
our Turn!
4hat is the oxidation num.er o$ P in ;
3
PO
3
D
A. 9=
. 9:
C. 93
#. 9?
(. none o$ these
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=F
our Turn!
4hat is the oxidation num.er o$ O atoms in

;
:
O
:
D
A. "=
. ":
C. "3
#. "?
(. none o$ these
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==
"alancing Redox Reactions: #on$%lectron &ethod
=. Identi$2 the hal$"reactions
:. alance each atom in the hal$ reaction,
sa6ing ; and O $or last
3. alance O .2 adding = 7ater molecule $or
each needed O
?. alance ; .2 adding = ;
9
ion $or each
needed ;
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=:
"alancing Redox Reactions: '(ont)*
<. alance charges .2 adding electrons to the
more positi6e side
6. @ind the least common multiple o$ electrons $or
the t7o hal$" reactions. 1ultipl2 each reaction
.2 the $actor needed to achie6e the &C1 %&east
Common 1ultiplier) o$ electrons
A. Add the hal$ reactions, canceling like
su.stances that appear on .oth sides
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=3
!
The simplest 7a2 to .alance reactions in .asic
solution is to $irst .alance them as i$ the2 7ere in
acidic solution, then Gcon6ertH to .asic solution
!
Additional Steps $or asic Solutions
C. To .oth sides o$ the e/uation, add the same
num.er o$ O;
"
ions as there are ;
9
.
E. Com.ine ;
9
and O;
"
to $orm ;
:
O
=F. Cancel ;
:
O molecules that are on .oth sides o$
the reaction.
"alancing "asic Reactions
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<.: The ionelectron method creates .alanced net ionic e/uations $or redox reactions =?
! 1nO
?
"
9 C
:
O
?
:"
8 1nO
:
9 CO
3
:"
1nO
?
"
9 ?;
9
93e
"
8 1nO
:
9 :;
:
O
C
:
O
?
:"

9 :;
:
O 8 :CO
3
:"
9 ?;
9
9:e
"
:1nO
?
"
9 C;
9
96e
"
9 3C
:
O
?
:"

9 6;
:
O 8 :1nO
:
9
?;
:
O 9 6CO
3
:"
9 =:;
9
96e
"
:1nO
?
"
9 3C
:
O
?
:"

9 :;
:
O 8 :1nO
:
9 6CO
3
:"
9 ?;
9
"alance+ ,sing the #on$%lectron &ethod
!
% )I:
!
% )I3
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<.: The ionelectron method creates .alanced net ionic e/uations $or redox reactions =<
! 1n
%s)
9 Cu
:9
%a/)
8 Cu
%s)
9 1nO
:%s)
%.asic)
1n 9 :;
:
O 8 1nO
:
9 ?;
9
9 ?e
"
Cu
:9
%a/)
9 :e
"
8 Cu
%s)
1n 9 :;
:
O 9 :Cu
:9
%a/)
9 ?e
"
8 1nO
:
9 ?;
9
9 ?e
"

9
:Cu
%s)
1n 9 :;
:
O 9 :Cu
:9
%a/)
8 1nO
:
9 ?;
9
9 :Cu
%s)
1n 9 :;
:
O 9 :Cu
:9
%a/)
9?O;
"
%a/)
8 1nO
:
9 ?;
9
9 ?O;
"
%a/)
9 :Cu
%s)
1n 9 :Cu
:9
%a/)
9?O;
"
%a/)
8 1nO
:
9 :;
:
O
%a/)
9 :Cu
%s)
"alance+ ,sing the #on$%lectron &ethod
% )I=
% )I:
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<.: The ionelectron method creates .alanced net ionic e/uations $or redox reactions =6
! ;
:
SO
3%a/)
9 ;
:
CO
3%a/)
8;
:
C
:
O
?%a/)
9 SO
?
:"
%a/)
;
:
SO
3%a/)
9 ;
:
O 8 SO
?
:"
%a/)
9 ?;
9
%a/)
9 :e
"
: ;
:
CO
3%a/)
9 : ;
9
9 :e
"
8;
:
C
:
O
?%a/)
9 :;
:
O
;
:
SO
3%a/)
9 : ;
:
CO
3%a/)
8;
:
C
:
O
?%a/)
9 SO
?
:"
%a/)
9 ;
:
O
9 : ;
9

"alance+ ,sing the #on$%lectron &ethod
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<.: The ionelectron method creates .alanced net ionic e/uations $or redox reactions =A
ClO
"
9 BO
3%a/)
"
8ClO
3
"
%a/)
9 B%O;)
3%s)
%.asic)
ClO
"
9 :;
:
O 8ClO
3
"
%a/)
9 ?;
9
9 ?e
"
3;
9
9 :e
"
9 BO
3
"
%a/)
8 B%O;)
3%s)
ClO
"
9 :;
:
O 9 :;
9
9 :BO
3
"
%a/)
8 ClO
3
"
%a/)
9 :B%O;)
3%s)
ClO
"
9 ?;
:
O 9 :BO
3
"
%a/)
8 ClO
3
"
%a/)
9 :B%O;)
3%s)
9 :O;
"
"alance+ ,sing the #on$%lectron &ethod
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<.: The ionelectron method creates .alanced net ionic e/uations $or redox reactions =C
our Turn!
4hat is the coe$$icient indicated 7hen the $ollo7ing
is .alancedD
1nO
?
"
%a/)
9 Cr
%s)
8 Cr
:
O
A
:"
%a/)
9 D 1nO
:%s)
A. =
. :
C. 3
#. ?
(. none o$ these
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<.: The ionelectron method creates .alanced net ionic e/uations $or redox reactions =E
our Turn!
4hat is the coe$$icient indicated 7hen the $ollo7ing
is .alancedD
D P.SO
?%s)
8P.
%s)
9 P.O
:%s)
9 ;
:
SO
?%a/)
A. =
. :
C. 3
#. ?
(. none o$ these
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:F
Reactions Of &etals #n Non$oxidi-ing Acids
!
1etals can .e replaced in a compound .2 h2drogen
ion 7hen the2 react 7ith acid
!
In this case, ;
9
is reduced so that the metal can .e
oxidi>ed
!
Onl2 metals more acti6e than ; can undergo this
single"replacement t2pe reaction
!
Jn
%s)
9 :;Cl
%a/)
8 JnCl
:

%a/)
9 ;
: %g)
! Cu
%s)
9 ;
9
8-R
! @e
%s)
9 :;
9
%a/)
8@e
:9
%a/)
9 ;
:%g)
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::
Oxidi-ing Acids (an React &ost &etals
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<.? A more acti6e metal 7ill displace a less acti6e one $rom its compounds :3
Single .isplacement 'Replacement* Reaction
!
A + BC AC + B
!
1etal A can replace metal i$ it is a more active
metal, or
!
-onmetal A can replace nonmetal C i$ it is more
acti6e than C.
!
An activity series arranges metals according to
their ease o$ oxidation %Ta.le <.:)
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<.? A more acti6e metal 7ill displace a less acti6e one $rom its compounds :?
/earning (hec0: &etal Acti1ity
Mg > Zn > H > Cu
!
Ksing the $ollo7ing o.ser6ations, rank these
metals $rom most reacti6e to least reacti6e
! Cu
%s)
9 ;Cl
%a/)
8 no reaction
! Jn
%s)
9 :;Cl
%a/)
8 JnCl
:%a/)
9 ;
:%g)
! 1g
%s)
9 JnCl
:%a/)
8 1gCl
:%a/)
9 Jn
%s)
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:<
Acti1ity Series
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<.? A more acti6e metal 7ill displace a less acti6e one $rom its compounds :6
/earning (hec0:
Predict the Products o$ the @ollo7ing0
! Jn 9 CuSO
?
8
! Cu 9 JnSO
?
8
! Ag-O
3%a/)
9 Cu
%s)
8
!
Solid magnesium and a/ueous iron%III) chloride
!
Solid nickel and a/ueous sodium chloride
-R
Cu
%s)
9 JnSO
?%a/)
Ag
%s)
9 Cu%-O
3
)
: %a/)
-R -i
s)
9 -aCl
%a/)
8
1gCl
:%a/)
9 @e
%s)
1g
%s)
9 @eCl
3%a/)
8
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<.? A more acti6e metal 7ill displace a less acti6e one $rom its compounds :A
our Turn!
4hich o$ the $ollo7ing 7ill react 7ith Cu
%s)
D
A. ;-O
3
%conc)
. JnCl
:%a/)
C. Ag-O
3%a/)
#. -one o$ these
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<.< 1olecular ox2gen is a po7er$ul oxidi>ing agent :C
The products depend, in part, on ho7 much ox2gen
is a6aila.le
!
Com.ustion o$ h2drocar.ons
O
:
plenti$ul+ C;
?
9 :O
:
8 CO
:
9 :;
:
O
O
:
limited0 :C;
?
9 3O
:
8 CO 9 ?;
:
O
O
:
scant0 C;
?
9 O
:
8 C 9 :;
:
O
!
Organic compounds containing O also produce
car.on dioxide and 7ater
C
:
;
<
O;

9 3O
:
8 :CO
:
9 3;
:
O
Oxygen Reacts 2ith &any Substances
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<.< 1olecular ox2gen is a po7er$ul oxidi>ing agent :E
!
Organic compounds containing S produce sul$ur
dioxide
:C
:
;
<
S; 9 EO
:
8?CO
:
9 6;
:
O 9 : SO
:
!
1an2 metals corrode or tarnish 7hen exposed to
ox2gen
?@e 9 3O
:
8:@e
:
O
3
?Ag 9 O
:
8:Ag
:
O
!
1ost nonmetals react 7ith ox2gen directl2
Plenti$ul0 C 9 O
:
8CO
:
&imited0 :C 9 O
:
8CO
Other Oxygen Reactions
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<.< 1olecular ox2gen is a po7er$ul oxidi>ing agent 3F
/earning (hec0: (omplete the 3ollowing
Reactions
!
Aluminum metal and ox2gen gas $orms aluminum oxide
solid.
! Solid sul$ur %S
C
) .urns in ox2gen gas to make gaseous
sul$ur trioxide
!
Copper metal is heated in ox2gen to $orm .lack copper%II)
oxide solid.
S
C

%s)
9 =: O
:%g)
8CSO
3%g)
:Cu
%s)
9 O
:%g)
8:CuO
%s)
?Al
%s)
9 3O
:%g)
8:Al
:
O
3%s)
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<.< 1olecular ox2gen is a po7er$ul oxidi>ing agent 3=
our Turn!
4hat is the coe$$icient on O
:
7hen octane, C
C
;
=C
is
com.usted 7ith scant ox2genD
A. =
. :
C. 3
#. ?
(. none o$ these
: C
C
;
=C
9 :< O
:
8=6 CO
:
9 =C ;
:
O
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<.< 1olecular ox2gen is a po7er$ul oxidi>ing agent 3:
our Turn!
4hat is the coe$$icient on O
:
7hen iron com.usts
7ith plenti$ul ox2gen a6aila.le D
A. =
. :
C. 3
#. ?
(. none o$ these
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<.6 Redox reactions $ollo7 the same stoichiometric principles as other reactions 33
Ore Analysis
A F.3FFF g sample o$ tin ore 7as dissol6ed in acid solution
con6erting all the tin to tin%II). In a titration, C.FC m& o$
F.F<FF & K1nO? 7as re/uired to oxidi>e the tin%II) to
tin%IB). 4hat 7as the percentage tin in the original
sampleD
O ?; :1nO 3Sn C; :1nO 3Sn
: :
? "
?
:


L F . :? =FF
3FFF . F
) =F % =E3C . A
) =F % =E3C . A
mol
==C.A=g
1nO mol :
Sn mol 3
m& =FFF
1nO mol F.F<FF
=
m& C.FC
:
:
?
:
?

g
g
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<.6 Redox reactions $ollo7 the same stoichiometric principles as other reactions 3?
our Turn!
A :<.F g sample o$ granite contains a 6ein o$ copper.
4hat is the L o$ Cu present i$ :<.FF m& o$
concentrated =< 1 ;-O
3
are reactedD
Cu
%s)
9 :-O
3
"
%a/)
9 ?;
9
%a/)
8:-O
:%g)
9 :;
:
O
%l)
9 Cu
:9
A. =:
. 3C
C. ?C
#. E<
(. none o$ these
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