Statistical Control Charts

Basic Concepts
Mean Chart
Range Chart
C Chart
P Chart
NP Chart
Basic Concepts
Control Charts form an integral part of
production process.
Samples taken continuously on a regular
basis and data analysed statistically which
will give a valued information.
Advantages
Anticipating trouble during production in the
form of deterioration in quality of materials,
properties or process characteristics and
predicting well in time so that the causes
can be identified and remedial or corrective
action taken in time.
Reduction in rejection rates thereby
enhancing production.
Reducing cost of inspection.
Advantages
Narrowing down the specifications, thus
enabling higher quality of production
without increasing cost of production.
Allowing efficient use of materials.
Reducing cost of production and affecting
large savings.
Providing sound & scientific altering for
specification for high productivity and better
economy.
Fool proof method for past & present
performance.
Mean Chart
Control limits are shown by two limits, one
upper, and other lower, indicating that the
distribution of points should not occur out
side these two limits.
If the tendency for the points to go out of the
upper or lower limits persists there would be
a problem of arising and the process going
out of control.
The control limits are called warning limits
and the other action limits.
Mean Chart
If the points are dispersed within warning
limits, the process is said to be stable and
under control.
If the points cross both limits, it shows real
danger, warranting immediate action by
stopping the process to prevent any
damage.
Range Chart
Range Charts are a set of control charts for
variables data (data that is both quantitative
and continuous in measurement, such as a
measured dimension or time)
The Range chart monitors the variation
between observations in the subgroup over
time.
Range Chart
Used when you can rationally collect
measurements in groups (subgroups) of
between two and ten observations.
The charts' x-axis are time based, so that
the charts show a history of the process. It
is necessary to have data that is time-
ordered; that is, entered in the sequence
from which it was generated
C Chart
C Chart
The final product is still useful but are with
numbered defects.
For example: steel sheets, wood furniture
etc
P Chart
In this chart, we plot the percent of
defectives (per batch, per day, per machine,
etc.) as in the C chart.
The control limits in this chart are not based
on the distribution of rare events but rather
on the binomial distribution (of proportions).
Is mostly applicable to situations where the
occurrence of defectives is not rare (e.g.,
we expect the percent of defectives to be
more than 5% of the total number of units
produced).
NP Chart
Is used to determine if the rate of
nonconforming product is stable, and
will detect when a deviation from
stability has occurred .
There should only be an Upper
Control Limit (UCL), and not a Lower
Control Limit (LCL) since rates of
nonconforming product outside the
LCL is actually a good thing.
NP Chart
There is a difference between a "P Chart"
and an "Np Chart". A P chart is one that
shows the fraction defective (p), whereas
the Np chart shows the NUMBER of
defectives (Np).
They are practically the same thing with the
exception that an Np chart is used when the
size of the subgroup (N) is constant, and a
P chart is used when it is NOT constant.
NP Chart
STEP #1 - Collect the data recording the
number inspected (N) and the number of
defective products (Np). Divide the data into
subgroups. Usually, the data is grouped by
date or by lot numbers. The subgroup size
(N) should be over 50, and it is strongly
recommended you stick with the constant
sample size of 100 for subgroups.
STEP #2 - Record the number of defectives
on a chart or spreadsheet, along with the
subgroup size.
STEP #3 - Record the number of defectives
for each subgroup and record on the data
sheet.