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UNIX and Shell Scripting module 2: UNIX Operating system Architecture Upon completing this module, the learner will be able to: - Describe Onion Architecture of UNIX.
UNIX and Shell Scripting module 2: UNIX Operating system Architecture Upon completing this module, the learner will be able to: - Describe Onion Architecture of UNIX.
UNIX and Shell Scripting module 2: UNIX Operating system Architecture Upon completing this module, the learner will be able to: - Describe Onion Architecture of UNIX.
Module 2: UNIX Operating System Architecture Training Partner Module 2 Objectives Upon completing this module, the learner will be able to: Describe Onion Architecture of UNIX Operating System Explain the Interaction of User App with Kernel Describe the Hierarchical Structure of UNIX File System (Virtual File System) Describe the Physical file System Define a Program Define a Process Summarize the difference between Program and Process Describe working of Shell Describe different flavors of UNIX List the services offered by UNIX Operating System
Training Partner Module 2 Agenda Topic Name Duration Introduction to UNIX OS Architecture 30 min UNIX File System 20 min Processing Environment 35 min Operating System Services 25 min Training Partner
4 Introduction to UNIX OS Architecture An Operating System (OS) is a software component of a computer system, which: Shares the limited resources of the computer Coordinates and manages the various activities Offers a number of services to application programs and users Acts as a host for Applications that are run on the machine
Printer Monitor Applications Disk Drive Keyboard Operating System Training Partner Discussion: Features of UNIX OS (1 of 2) Discussion topic: What are the features of UNIX OS?
Discussion time: 5 minutes
Instructions: Ask students about their experience/opinions. Write them on a flip-chart. Training Partner Features of UNIX OS (2 of 2) Multi-user, Multi-tasking, Time sharing system File structure Modularity Input/Output Redirection and Pipes Consistent Peripheral Interface Security Communication and Networking UNIX Utilities and Software Development Tools
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8 UNIX Onion Architecture (1 of 2)
8
Shell Shell User Process Shell User Process Shell Everything below the system call interface and above the physical hardware is the KERNEL. It provides file system, CPU scheduling, memory management, and other OS functions using system calls. Training Partner
9 UNIX Onion Architecture (2 of 2)
Shell Shell User Process Shell User Process Shell The system call interface layer converts a process running in user mode to a protected kernel mode process. System call provides a programming interface that allows user programs to access kernel functions. Training Partner User Application and Kernel Interaction Kernel controls the underlying hardware. The kernel provides low-level device, memory, and processor management functions. Shell is a command interpreter of UNIX. Utilities are set of UNIX commands and Programs. Hardware Kernel The Operating System Shell Utility Applications User Applications are different softwares run on UNIX. Users enter UNIX commands or run different software applications. Training Partner Knowledge Check (1 of 3) Which of the following are true about the operating system?
1. It manages memory. 2. It manages processor. 3. It manages Input/Output devices.
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12 Knowledge Check (2 of 3) The operating system comprises a set of software packages that can be used to manage interactions with the hardware. The elements that are generally included in this set of software are listed below. Which is the odd one out?
1. Input/Output Devices 2. Shell 3. File System 4. Kernel
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13 Knowledge Check (3 of 3) What are system calls? Describe their uses.
Training Partner
14 Module 2 Agenda Topic Name Duration Introduction to UNIX OS Architecture 30 min UNIX File System 20 min Processing Environment 35 min Operating System Services 25 min Training Partner UNIX File System (1 of 3) What is a file? A collection of data items stored on a disk
What is a file system? A group of files and relevant information regarding them Each file system is stored in a separate whole disk partition UNIX supports variety of files Ordinary file Directory file Special files Character special files Block special files
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16 Demonstration: UNIX File System (2 of 3) For slide 17
This topic includes demonstration related to login to the UNIX system and files in a directory. It will be conducted in the following manner: Instructions: Explain the command with demonstration. Ask participants to execute the same. Discuss the related slide.
Note: The commands would be used by the faculty and participants simultaneously.
Training Partner
17 UNIX File System (3 of 3) $ ls l Gives long listing of files
Character In the first column represents that it is an ordinary file. Character l in the first column represents TestFln is link for TestF1. Character d in the first column represents directory file. Training Partner
18 UNIX System Directories (1 of 4)
bin directory contains the commands and utilities used by user day to day. These are executable binary files The directory is located at the top of the UNIX file system. It is represented by the "/" (forward slash) character. This directory contains special files used to represent real physical devices such as printers and terminals. For non-existent device null is used
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19 UNIX System Directories (2 of 4)
For system administration, this directory contains various commands and files. One of these files, motd, contains a 'message of the day, which is displayed whenever we log into the system. For each user of the system, this directory contains a home directory. This directory contains libraries that are used by various programs and languages. Training Partner
20 UNIX System Directories (3 of 4) Kernel is loaded in whenever the system is started up called booting of the system It is at the core of each UNIX system It manages the entire resources of the system, presenting them to you and every other user as a coherent system. This directory acts as a area to store files on temporary basis by any user. Typically Application programs, language dictionaries, and on-line manual pages reside in this directory. This also contains system files and directories which user wants to share with other users. Training Partner
21 UNIX System Directories (4 of 4) Under the root directory, subdirectories organize the files and subdirectories on the system. These subdirectories might be of any name. The diagram below represents file structure as inverted tree.
/ etc bin tmp users src webmin usb tdlibuser User 1 User 2 Training Partner Physical File System Storage space on a computer usually resides on several devices and encompasses different types of media, including hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and floppy drives. Each of these devices has a distinct physical file system associated with it. There are numerous types of physical file systems found under UNIX, including: ufs The standard UNIX File System bffs The Berkeley Fat Fast File System, an improvement over the original UNIX file system cd9660 The ISO-9660 file system for CD-ROM drives The types of file systems available vary from OS to OS and cover a wide variety of devices and media. Training Partner
23 Module 2 Agenda Topic Name Duration Introduction to UNIX OS Architecture 30 min UNIX File System 20 min Processing Environment 35 min Operating System Services 25 min Training Partner
24 Discussion: Program in Execution (1 of 3) Discussion topic: What kind of programs have you written?
Discussion time: 5 minutes
Instructions: Ask students about their experience/opinions. Write them on a flip-chart. Training Partner Program in Execution (2 of 3)
List of Processes Before Running program List of Processes After Running program New process Created for the running program Training Partner
26 Demonstration: Program in Execution (3 of 3) This topic includes demonstration on Program (Focus: Functionality). It will be conducted in the following manner: Instructions: Explain the command with demonstration. Ask participants to execute the same. Discuss the related slide.
Note: The commands would be used by the faculty and participants simultaneously.
Training Partner
27 Processing Environment A program is a set of instructions written to perform a specific task.
A process is: An operation which takes the instructions given and does the manipulations or anything that is instructed in the code itself The single executable module that runs concurrently with other executable modules A program in execution Training Partner
28 Shell as Command Interpreter Each line that shell reads from standard input is called a pipeline. Shell as a command interpreter: Reads lines from standard input (each of these line is called pipeline) Splits the command into tokens Checks the token to see if its a keyword Checks the first word for alias Performs command substitution for any $(string) Performs wildcard expansion Looks at first word as build-in command Runs the command
For example, following command on command prompt: ll $(whence cc) /etc/pass* will change to ls l /bin/cc /etc/passwd if ll is alias to ls l cc is in /bin directory /etc directory has only one file starting with string pass Training Partner
29 Knowledge Check (1 of 5) Find the odd one out:
1. Block Special Files 2. Character Special Files 3. Disk Files 4. Ordinary Files 5. Directory Files Training Partner
30 Knowledge Check (2 of 5) State whether the following statements are True or False:
1. When you log into your UNIX account, you are placed in your pwd directory. 2. The types of file systems available vary from OS to OS. Training Partner
31 Knowledge Check (3 of 5) Which of the following command should be used to move to the directory above the current directory?
1. cd 2. cd .. 3. cd.. 4. None Training Partner Knowledge Check (4 of 5) What is the command used to see all the processes running currently?
1. ps 2. ls 3. cd 4. ls l
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33 Knowledge Check (5 of 5) State whether the following statements are True or False:
1. Basic and other commands are available in bin directory. 2. Shell is also a program which keeps on running till user login. 3. Every word written on command line is command for shell. 4. UNIX allows other processes to run while running one. 5. Process is an executable module. Training Partner
34 Module 2 Agenda Topic Name Duration Introduction to UNIX OS Architecture 30 min UNIX File System 20 min Processing Environment 35 min Operating System Services 25 min Training Partner
35 Discussion: UNIX Variants (1 of 3) Discussion topic: How many different UNIX variants have you heard of?
Discussion time: 5 minutes
Instructions: Ask students about their experience/opinions. Write them on a flip-chart. Training Partner
36 UNIX Variants (2 of 3) UNIX Variants Year UNIX Variant Features 1957 BESYS At Bell Labs To run batch jobs 1965 MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) Adopted third generation computer equipments 1969 UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service) To play space travel on another smaller machine (DEC PDP-7) 1971 UNIX The first edition of the "UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL By K. Thompson [and] D. M. Ritchie; included over 60 commands Training Partner
37 UNIX Variants (3 of 3) UNIX Popular Variants
UNIX Variant Features AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) Developed By IBM in 1990 Shells available (Korn, Bourne, C) Default Korn shell BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) Developed at the Computer System Research Group (CSRG) Sun Solaris Sun company's UNIX variant operating system MINIX A free UNIX clone written from scratch Small size Micro kernel-based design and simple documentation Suited for personal computer Training Partner LINUX Developed by Linus Torvalds
Freely available multitasking and multi-user operating system
Placed under General Public License
Variants Caldera Linux Debian Linux Kondara Linux Red Hat Linux Mandrake Linux SuSE Linux
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39 UNIX Flavors All proprietary UNIX flavors and their names are respective trademarks of the originating entity/vendor.
Originator Proprietary Name U. Cal. Berkley BSD Sun Solaris IBM AIX HP HP - UX SGI IRIX Digital Equipment 2 DEC UNIX Compaq Tru64 UNIX 3 Apple MacOS X 4 L. Torvalds/GNU 5 Linux 6 Training Partner Kernel (1 of 2) Kernel is the heart of OS and performs various operations on behalf of the user processes, like: Permitting process controlled access Devices like terminals Disk and tape drives Network drives Controlling the process execution Creation Termination Suspension Communication Training Partner
41 Kernel (2 of 2) Efficient retrieval and storage of user data By allocating storage By reclaiming unused storage Protecting Time sharing Suspending the process Rescheduling the processes Sharing of main memory Swapping system Training Partner Knowledge Check (1 of 2) Which one from the following service support more than one user to use the UNIX system at the same time?
1. Modularity 2. File Structure 3. Multitasking 4. Input-Output Redirections and Pipes Training Partner
43 Knowledge Check (2 of 2) State whether the following statements are True or False:
1. Portability is the ability of software to operate on different types of machines (often called platforms). 2. In UNIX systems, a user can initiate more than one task to run at a time from the same terminal. 3. UNIX has a hierarchical file structure. It is like an inverted tree, having the Child at the top. 4. A UNIX system consists of various tools that help the programmers to develop different applications. Training Partner Module 2 Summary Upon completing this module, you should now be able to: Describe Onion Architecture of UNIX Operating System Explain the Interaction of User App with Kernel Describe the Hierarchical Structure of UNIX File System (Virtual File System) Describe the Physical file System Define a Program Define a Process Summarize the difference between Program and Process Describe working of Shell Describe different flavors of UNIX List the services offered by UNIX Operating System Training Partner Questions and Comments What questions or comments do you have?