Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
44
Gilbert Conort
Montrouge, France
Chris Lenn
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Brad Roscoe
Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
Oilfield Review
,,,,,
,,,,,
,
,,,,,
,,,
,,
,,,
Fault
Stagnant gas
Gas
Failed external
casing packer
Formation
instability
Oil layer
Cuttings
Fractures
Water
Winter 1996
circulating current that often causes a backflow along the lower side (see Fluid Flow
Fundamentals, page 61).
Depending on the borehole deviation, the
velocity and holdup of the different phases
can change dramatically for any given flow
rate. In these circumstances, traditional PL
measurements may become unreliable. 3
This article looks at how new techniques are
helping to shed light on flow in complex
vertical wells, and to deliver PL measurements in deviated and horizontal wells.
1. Wade RT, Cantrell RC, Poupon A and Moulin J: Production Logging (The Key to Optimum Well Performance, Journal of Petroleum Technology 17 (February 1965): 137-144.
2. For an authoritative treatment of multiphase flow: Hill
AD: Production Logging-Theoretical and Interpretative Elements, SPE Monograph 14, 1990.
3. Brown G: Using Production-Log Data From Horizontal Wells, Transactions of the SPWLA 36th Annual
Logging Symposium, Paris, June 26-29, 1995, paper SS.
45
X25
Zone
X50
1:200 m
Radius of Bit
0
10
GR (C.H.)-GR (O.H.)
10
0
Openhole Sw
1993
100
p.u.
Casing Wall
Assumed Cement
Sheath
Formation
Perforated Zone
Scales
Openhole Sw
1996
Borehole Water
Borehole Oil
Openhole Porosity
50
100
p.u.
Openhole Porosity
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
50
p.u.
Shale 1
Shale 2
Feldspar
Quartz
Calcite
Water
RST Oil
1996
Nonmovable Oil (O.H.)
Water
Oil
Gas
Openhole CPLT-RST evaluation from South China Sea. Track 1 (left) contains a well
sketch with casing (black) and a cemented casing-formation annulus (gray hatching).
Uranium scale was indicated by the difference in natural gamma ray activity between
the openhole and most recent cased-hole gamma ray survey. Track 2 contains the openhole log and the latest RST water saturation analysis. Track 3 shows the production logs
and static-fluid volume analysis in the formation. The top of Zone 3 at X41 and the top
half of Zone 2 at X47 still shows some unproduced oil. Zones 1 and 4 are completely
depleted. The production logs shows most of the water production coming from the top of
Zone 2 at X46 m.
46
Oilfield Review
Winter 1996
47
200 GR
Gas
Oil
160
Water
200
60
API
Reconstructed Reconstructed
Fluid Velocity Fluid Density
ft/min
gm/cm3
0
125
0.0
1:200
125
6000.0
1500 Near
125
125
243
245
WFL
Water Flow Rate
BWPD
0.0
6000.0
80
40
80
0
0
900
24
36
48
60
48
60
0
0
300
12
40
600
Zone
0
12
Time, sec
120
120
1200
Measured
Measured Fluid Measured Fluid Temperature
3
F
Velocity ft/min Density gm/cm
Far
160
GR
0
Downhole
Flow Rate
B/D
12
24
24
36
36
48
48
60
60
X370
50
GR
40
30
X380
200 Far
20
160
10
120
0
X390
80
500
400
Near
12
24
36
40
0
0
12
24
48
36
60
300
200
100
0
0
12
Time, sec
48
24
36
48
60
Oilfield Review
400
240
160
80
12
24
36
Time, sec
Water flow
Gas flow
320
,,,,
,,,,
,,,,
,,,,
,,,,
48
60
1760
1320
880
440
0
12
24
36
Time, sec
48
60
Winter 1996
Again, channeling behind casing was suspected. This time, the WFL measurements
showed this, and confirmed the PLT measurements in a difficult environment. The spinner
tool data below X050 indicated downflow,
the temperature gradient suggested possible
upward fluid movement and the gradiomanometer tool showed a single-phase
fluid below X050a very confusing picture.
The spinner measurement was presumed
unreliable in this zone, as it had insufficient
resolution to measure low apparent flow.
The thermometer was affected by fluid
movement inside and outside the casing,
but could not differentiate between the two
flow regions. The WFL data helped resolve
the dilemma, by distinguishing between
flows inside and outside the casing (above
left). In this case, water was flowing outside
(continued on page 52)
7. In this article, the range of deviated wells will include
moderate to the so-called high angle 30 to 85
from vertical; horizontal wells range from 85 to 95.
8. Brown G, reference 3.
9. Spinner turn rates are calibrated by logging at different
cable speeds.
49
Near count
rate
Far count
rate
GR count
rate
Oil
Water
WFL Water Flow Log Measurements. A short burst of neutrons activates oxygen
in the surrounding water, and flowing water carries the activated cloud at the water
velocity. Source-detector distances and time-of-flight are used to determine the
water velocity.
Marker signal
10
20
30
Oil-miscible marker
40
50
Time, sec
60
70
80
90
RST tool
Casing
Water
The RST-WFL technique may be used to measure other parameters. The total activation count
rate is proportional to the volume of water activated by the neutron burst, and therefore is a measure of the water holdup in the pipe. The time profile, or shape, of the activation count rate
distribution carries information about whether the
PVL Phase Velocity Log technique. A slug of oil-miscible marker fluid is injected
into the flowing oil phase, and is detected by the RST tool. The time-of-flight
between injection and slug detection along with the distance between the injector
tool and RST detector gives the oil velocity. The same process is used for water
phase-velocity measurements except a water-miscible marker compound is injected
into the heavier phase.
activated water is flowing near the tool in the borehole or behind the casing pipe in the annulus.
50
Oilfield Review
144
300
490 ft/min
200
ft/min
ft/min
142
140
100
ft/min
Raw Data
Filtered Data
50
ft/min
12 ft/min
138
136
134
132
130
Oil
Water
200
0
10
15
20
25
60
80
100
120
750 BOPD
Time, sec
100
cause large changes in fluid holdup and the velocities of different phases, making it necessary to
know all fluid velocities. Spinners are usually not
applicable in stratified flow, and radioactive tracers are useful useful only for water-velocity measurements, because there are no oil-miscible
forms available. Radioactive tracers also have
strict procurement and safety issues.
The PVL Phase Velocity log also uses a time-offlight method to measure both oil and water velocities.3 This technique uses a chemical marker that
is injected into either the oil or water stream. The
time the marker takes to reach the detector is a
measure of fluid velocity (previous page, bottom).
1500 BOPD
400
100
300
0
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Velocity, ft/min
200
200
2300 BOPD
100
200
200
3000 BOPD
100
The chemical marker contains a high concentration of the element gadolinium, which has a large
thermal neutron absorption cross section. The RST
Winter 1996
100
3800 BOPD
0
85
87
89
91
93
Deviation, degree
51
the casing below X050 m causing the temperature to change faster than the local
geothermal gradient. Above X050 m, the
WFL data revealed flow inside the casing, in
good agreement with the production logging interpretation (right).
The WFL interpretation helped pinpoint
the three-phase production to Zones 2 and
3. Only gas and oil enter the well from
Zone 1. The WFL data show that water, from
below Zone 5, flowed behind the casing.
With a clear understanding of the production problems in the well, the operator
could choose between two remedial treatmentseliminating all water production by
closing Zones 2 and 3, simultaneously cutting potential oil production by a third; or
simply decreasing water cut by repairing the
cement below X050 m.
The next field example shows how a new
PL holdup and velocity imaging tool
helped determine the correct remedial
action for a well on the North Slope,
Alaska, USA operated by ARCO Alaska Inc.
and BP Exploration (next page, left).10
The 49 deviated well, was flowing at
1141 BOPD [181 m3/d] with 82% water cut
at surface and a GOR of 2583 ft3/bbl. Four
zones were originally perforated, and traditional PL interpretation based on density,
velocity and temperature indicated mixed
water and oil production in the lower three
zones, and gas in the top two. For example,
in the lowest perforated zone, the gradiomanometer showed a reduction in fluid
density, usually interpreted as first hydrocarbon entry. Based on traditional PL measurements and interpretation, only this lowest
zone would be produced, and all upper
zones would have been plugged.
A completely different picture emerged
using the recently introduced FloView imaging tool (see, Advantages of Holdup and
Bubble Imaging in Production Logging,
page 54). The FloView water holdup curve
remained at 100% in the lower zone. The
density drop measured by the traditional gradiomanometer probably occurred when the
tool moved from a dense sump fluid lying
below the lowest perforated zone into lighter
water produced from the first set of perforations. Next, the FloView holdup detected a
small hydrocarbon entry in Zone 2, and a
large entry in Zone 3, as seen in the FloView
holdup map.
10. Vittachi A and North RJ: Application of a New
Radial Borehole Fluid Imaging Tool in Production
Logging Highly Deviated Wells, paper SPE 36565,
presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October
6-9, 1996.
52
Shale
Perforations
Production
Cement
Matrix
Well Sketch
15
in.
-15
-25
WFL GR red
ft/min 100
Theor.Dens
WFL Far blue
1.10
-25 ft/min 100 6.6
gm/cm3
WFL Near green
-25 ft/min 100 Fluid density
0.6
1.10
Fluid Vel
gm/cm3
-25 ft/min 100
0
0
X025
3
X050
Ou
vel tside
oci
ties
Flo
wo
uts
ide
X075
5
Water flow logs at different depths in a deviated well. Track 1 (left) shows a well sketch
and perforations at each zone. Track 2 shows WFL velocity results. The next three tracks
show PL density, temperature and pressure measurements. Results of flow model analysis
are shown in Track 6 (right). The reconstruction of PL measurements (dashed red) based
on the flow model analysis is shown along with the original (solid black) PL measurements in Track 5. Three detectors were used by the WFL to cover a wide range of flows.
Water velocities inside the casing, derived from the near detector are shown as green circular tadpoles, while the far detector readings are shown in blue and the gamma ray
readings in red. The triangular-shaped tadpoles represent readings for flow outside the
casing. In this display, the 45 angle of the tadpole tails show an upflow in the well.
Downward flow would be indicated by tails pointing 45 downward.
Oilfield Review
FloView
Holdup
Perfs
GR
0
150
API
1:600 ft
0.5
v/v
FloView
Velocity (up)
Oil
1
FloView
Holdup Map
Temperature
218
223
Gradio Density
0.6 gm/cm3 1.1
Conventional PL Results
Gas
FloView
Hydrcarb.
Velocity (down)
0
0.6
ft/min
FloView
Velocity Map
350
25 ft/min 375
350
ft/min
Gas
Oil
Water
Downhole Flow
Profile
0
Zone
Casing
Water
10,000
B/D
1000
2000
3000
4000
Production, B/D
X800
Gas
Zone
Oil
3
Water
X900
1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Production, B/D
3
X1000
Identifying fluid entry. The holdup map in Track 2 and the hydrocarbon velocity map
in Track 4, from an Alaskan well show the first hydrocarbon entry in Zone 3. The center
of each map track represents the high-side of the casing. The difference between the up
(dashed red) and down (solid red) passes of the FloView imaging tool in Track 3 indicates
backflow (shaded grey area where curves cross over) at X900, and hydrocarbon
production (unshaded crossover) in Zones 3 and 4.
In addition, the FloView bubble (or hydrocarbon) velocity map pinpointed the first
significant hydrocarbon entry midway up
Zone 3. The caliper readings, shown as a
casing cross-section profile, supported the
idea that the gradiomanometer interpretation was adversely influenced by changes in
casing diameter between Zones 1 and 3. A
restriction in the casing at X900 ft caused an
increase in both spinner and FloView velocity measurements.
Just above X900 ft, between Zones 3 and
4, there was a reduction in average FloView
bubble velocity. The FloView images
showed a narrow band of hydrocarbon in
this section of the welllow water holdup
Winter 1996
53
Probe
Ceramic
insulator
Connector
Casing
Conductive
tip
Probe holding
bracket
Probe
Probe
FloView images
Water holdup
uous phase, or conversely, water in an oil-continuous phase (next page, left). Assuming the fluids
are distinct and not in an emulsion form, and that
the bubble size is larger than the tip of the probe
0.5
Flow rate
1500 B/D
0.71
0.58
0.48
0.44
probe.1
80
89
90
91
Deviation
from vertical
count comes from the average frequency of the output. In a water-continuous phase, an increasing
bubble count means an increasing hydrocarbon
velocity, and vice versa in an oil-continuous phase.
Flow-imaging tool and holdup images. The FloView imaging tool has four probes, which map the local water
holdup in the borehole (inset above). FloView images show increasing water holdup as deviation decreases
and correlate well with flow loop photos.
gradiomanometer response.
response. The gradiomanometer does not measure density directly, but measures the gravitation
pressure gradient with differential sensors over a
known vertical height difference. For this reason,
54
Oilfield Review
Probe output
Probe
Not
conducting
Conducting
Friction
effects
Third oil
entry
Second
oil
entry
Jetting,
venturi
effects
First oil
entry
Flow
Water
entry
FloView
bubble
count
FloView
holdup
Stagnant
water
Mud
Oil
Time
Gas
Principle of local probe measurement. Oil and gas do not conduct electric
current, but water does. Water holdup is determined by the fraction of time
the probe tip is conducting. Bubble count is determined by counting the
nonconducting cycles.
Winter 1996
Gradio
55
CPLT Combinable
Production Logging Tool
Pressure and temperature
FloView tools
Bubble velocity
Water holdup
Fluid marker
injector
Gamma ray
detector
CPLT
GR
RST
FloView Plus tool
WFL Water Flow Log
Water velocity
Water holdup
Water flow-rate index
Spinner
The PL Flagship tool string. This composite string consists of the CPLT Combinable Production Logging Tool, an RST module with an
extra gamma ray tool, used for water flow logging and PVL Phase Velocity Logging, a FloView Plus fluid imaging tool, a fluid marker
injector tool used with the PVL, and a total flow rate spinner tool. The two imaging FloView tools are mounted with their probes aligned
for enhanced coverage of the borehole cross section.
56
Water holdup
Above
0.94
0.88 - 0.93
0.82 - 0.87
0.76 - 0.81
0.71 - 0.75
0.65 - 0.70
0.59 - 0.64
0.53 - 0.58
0.47 - 0.52
0.41 - 0.46
0.35 - 0.40
0.29 - 0.34
0.24 - 0.28
0.18 - 0.23
0.12 - 0.17
0.06 - 0.11
Below
0.5
Holdup image from Wytch Farm 1F-18SP well. Multiple positions of the imaging probes
provide a detailed local holdup image. From this image, the local holdup profile is combined with the different phase velocities to determine multiphase fluid-flow rates.
reservoir zones and to monitor the movement of OWCs. This information is used to
determine future well trajectories, optimize
standoff from the OWC and target future
well intervention needs, such as to shut off
water and add secondary perforations.
Oilfield Review
Winter 1996
Casing
Inelastic Spectrum
YG
Gas
YG
RST
Tool
oil
oil
ole
tion
YW
eh
or
ma
Water
Energy
For
YO
Oxygen
For
wa matio
ter
n
Carbon
Counts
ate
le w
ho
re
Bo
Multiphase holdup from RST tool. Inelastic spectra (left) lead to carbon-oxygen ratios and near-and-far
detector count rates. The crossplot of near and far C/O ratio responses are determined primarily by oil holdup
YO in the borehole (lower right plot) and oil volume in the formation. The near-to-far inelastic count rate ratio
(upper right plot) primarily depends on the overall borehole density which is related to the borehole gas
holdup, YG.
57
Log Inputs
58
Depth Matching
Data Editing
7600
Depth Matching
7700
7800
Fluid Velocity
Calibrations
Spin - rpm
Stacking
Bot. Top
Cable
Speed
Slope Intercept
7750 7700
7800 7750
.21
.22
.02
.03
Calibrations
Initialization
Reconstruction
Flow
Blocking
Flow Model
Velocity Temp
7600
Tool Model
Flow Rate
Solution
7700
Tool
Incoherence
7800
S
o
l
v
e
r
Final Results
Tool
Incoherence
Report and Well Sketch
Inputs
7600
Gas
Oil
Water
Upper
perfs
7700
7800
Lower
perfs
BorFlo overview. The PL interpretation program allows the engineer to do log stacking,
calibrations and define well and fluid characteristics interactively. The interpretation
matches the PL measurements with those determined by a fluid-flow model based on different flow conditions occurring at each interval.
Oilfield Review
Vo
Vw
Tow
Ti
finding technique.
6000 B/D [953 m3/d] for each phasethe limit
wall for oil Tow and water Tww, and the shear stress
The steady-state model simply sets the pressure in the oil Po equal to the pressure drop in
the water Pw, by defining a function
F = Po Pw = 0.
In this model, the function F depends on dynamic
parameters such as flow rates and holdup, as
well as static parameters, such as flowing diam-
Winter 1996
ate as the mixing layer grows. The model accurately accounts for the variation in holdup at different borehole angles and flow rates (right).
1. Theron BE and Unwin T: Stratified Flow Model and
Interpretation in Horizontal Wells, paper SPE 36560,
presented at the 1996 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October
6-9 1996.
Gravity (,devi)
Stratified flow model. The flow model for twophase flow equates the pressure difference due to the
hydrostatic head (which depends on borehole deviation angle ), h, and the wall, Tw, and interfacial, Ti,
friction components for each of the two fluids.
Flow model
Flow model
Flow=800 B/D
1.0
Pressure Drop
Tww
Flow=7000 B/D
0.8
Water holdup
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
87
88
89
90
91
92
Deviation, deg
59
The Outlook
Technology Forum
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Oilfield Review announces its first online technology discussion.
The Production Logging Web-Forum
is an interactive site for comments on this article, inquiries about technology, or open
discussions concerning production logging tools, interpretation and applications.
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60
Oilfield Review