Problem 1

An electrical system consists of five components. The system works if all of these conditions
hold:
component A works,
either of the components B or C work,
component D works, and
component E works.
For components A-E, let the letter (such as A) represent the event that the component works.
Assume that the components work independently.
Below is a diagram which shows the system components and their reliabilities.

(a) What is the probability that the entire system works?
P(BC)=P(B)+P(C) - P(
=0.8+0.8-(0.8*0.8)
=1.6-0.64
=0.96
P(system works)=P( ( ( ( ( (
P(system works)=0.9*0.96*0.9*0.9
P(system works)=0.7

(b) What is the probability that component Bdoes not work, given that the entire system
works?


P(system works)=P( ( ( ( (
P(system works)=0.9*0.8*0.9*0.9
P(system works)=0.58
(c) What is the probability that components B and C both work, given that the entire system
works?
(a) What is the probability that the entire system works?
P(BC)=P(B)+P(C) - P(
=0.8+0.8-(0.8*0.8)
=1.6-0.64
=0.96
P(system works)=P( ( ( ( ( (
P(system works)=0.9*0.96*0.9*0.9
P(system works)=0.7


Problem 2
A statistics class for engineers consists of 8industrial, 10 mechanical, 10 electrical and
25civil engineering students. As an alternative to a 10 page written report, the professor
offers the class the option of a 15 minute oral presentation, an d is surprised to find that
every student wants to make the oral presentation. Unfortunately, there is only time for 4
so she decides to randomly select 4 students from this class for an oral presentation.


(a) How many different ways can she choose 4 students from this class?
Here
n=8+10+10+25=53students
r=4 are selected
ways =

(b) How many different ways can she choose a student from each of the four engineering
fields?

(c) What is the probability that she will choose one from each field?

(d) She is hoping that she wont pick all four from the same field. What is the probability
that she will end up with 4 civil engineering students?

(d) She wants to make sure that there are 2 civil engineering students. How many
different ways can she randomly pick 4 and end up with 2 that are from CE?
(

(e) Six industrial engineering students came forward and told the professor that they did
not want to be considered for the oral presentation after all. What is the probability
that the professor will randomly select 4 students and 2 will be from industrial
engineering?

(g) Continuing from (f), what is the probability that she will select 1 from ME, 1 from EE
and 2 from CE?

Problem 3
A population of 600 semiconductor wafers contains wafers from three lots. The wafers
are categorized by lot and by whether they conform to a thickness specification. The
following table presents the number of wafers in each category.

For the problems that follow, consider the following two events:
A= event that a randomly selected wafer from this population is from Lot A
N= event that a randomly selected wafer from this population is Nonconforming in
thickness
For full credit you must express the requested probabilities in terms of these events and
compute the value.
(a) What is the probability that it is conforming in thickness?
(

(
(b) What is the probability that it is from Lot A and is Nonconforming?

(

(
(b) What is the probability that it is from Lots B or C and is Conforming?
( ( ( (
(

(
(
(d) What is the probability that it is from Lots B or C or Nonconforming?
( ( ( (
(

(
(
(f) If the wafer is from Lot A, what is the probability that it is conforming?

(

(
(g) If the wafer is conforming, what is the probability that it is from Lot A?

(

(
(h) If the wafer is conforming, what is the probability that it is not from Lot A?

(

(
(h) Are A and N independent events? Explain
An events those are not affected by previous events are called independents events so
A and N are independent events.
Problem 4
A researcher for an automobile safety institute was interested in determining whether or not the
distance that it takes to stop a car going 60 miles per hour depends on the brand of the tire. The
researcher measured the stopping distance (in feet) of ten randomly selected cars for each of five
different brands. So that he and his assistants would remain blinded, the researcher arbitrarily
labeled the brands of the tires as Brand1, Brand2, Brand3, Brand4, and Brand5. The figure below
summarizes their findings.

(a) What type of figure is this, and what five statistics does it show?
It appears that the box plots for Brand1 and Brand5 have very little, if any, overlap at all. The
same can be said for Brand3 and Brand5. Here are some summary statistics of the data
Brand N Mean SD
1 10 188.20 3.88
2 10 195.20 9.02
3 10 187.40 5.27
4 10 191.20 5.55
5 10 200.50 5.44

(b) For each brand, provide the value of a measure of central tendency, and show them from
smallest to largest.
It appears that the sample means differ quite a bit. For example, the average stopping
distance of Brand3 is 187.4 feet (with a standard deviation of 5.27 feet), while the average
stopping distance of Brand5 is 200.5 feet (with a standard deviation of 5.44 feet). A
difference of 13 feet could mean the difference between getting into an accident or not. But,
of course, we can't draw conclusions about the performance of the brands based on one
sample. After all, a different random sample of cars could yield different results. Instead, we
need to use the sample means to try to draw conclusions about the population means.
(c) Calculate the distance range statisticforeach ofthe 5 brands, and show them from smallest
to largest. What type of statistical measure is this?
Brand N Mean SD
1 10 188.20 3.88
2 10 195.20 9.02
3 10 187.40 5.27
4 10 191.20 5.55
5 10 200.50 5.44

It appears that the sample means differ quite a bit. For example, the average stopping
distance of Brand3 is 187.4 feet (with a standard deviation of 5.27 feet), while the average
stopping distance of Brand5 is 200.5 feet (with a standard deviation of 5.44 feet). A
difference of 13 feet could mean the difference between getting into an accident or not. But,
of course, we can't draw conclusions about the performance of the brands based on one
sample. After all, a different random sample of cars could yield different results. Instead, we
need to use the sample means to try to draw conclusions about the population means.
(d) Calculate the interquartile distancerange for each of the 5 brands, and show them from
smallest to largest. What type of statistical measure is this?
In this lesson, we are going to learn how to use a method called analysis of variance to
answer the researcher's question. Jumping right to the punch line, with no development or
theoretical justification whatsoever, we'll use an analysis of variance table, such as this one:
Source DF SS MS F P
Brand 4 1174.8 293.7 7.25 0.00
Error 45 1661.7 36.9
Total 49 2836.5

(e) What do measures of dispersion say about stopping distance for the 5 tire brands?
To draw conclusions about the equality of two or more population means. And, as we always
do when performing hypothesis tests, we'll compare the P-value to , our desired willingness
to commit a Type I error. In this case, the researcher's P-value is very small (0.000, to three
decimal places), so he should reject his null hypothesis. That is, there is sufficient evidence,
at even a 0.01 level, to conclude that the mean stopping distance for at least one brand of tire
is different than the mean stopping distances of the others. So far, we have seen a typical null
and alternative hypothesis in the analysis of variance framework, as well as an analysis of
variance table. Let's take a look at another example with the idea of continuing to work on
developing the basic idea behind the analysis of variance method.