GIS Terminologys

Geographical coordinate system:-

A geographical coordinate system is a system that uses latitude and longitude to
describe points on the spherical surface of the globe.
Types of Co-ordinates Systems: -
1. GS!": - orld Geodetic System 1#!"
$. %A&$': - %orth American &atum 1#$'
(. %A&!(: - %orth American &atum 1#!(
". )T*: - )ni+ersal Trans+erse *acerator
Types of ,ile ,ormats: -
TIG-.: - Topologically Integrated Geographic encoding and referencing.
TI,,: - Tagged Image ,ile ,ormat.
/0-G: - /oint 0hotographic -1perts Group
GI,: - Graphics Interchange ,ormat
2IS0: - 2ist 0rocessing 0rogramming
G0S: - Global 0ositioning System
&3,: - &ra4ing Interchange ,ormat.
*0-G: - *o+ing 0icture -1perts Group
&2G: - &igital 2ine Graphs
Types of Aerial Images: -
&igital ortho 5uadratic 5uard 666 &788 (fit9pi1
:.I 6666 high resolution images 1fit9pi1
&.G66666 digital raster graphic images
Specify soft4are e1tensions: -
1. Auto Cad: - .&G
$. Arc Info: - .AAT arc Info line data file
(. Arc ;ie4: - .shp
". Arc *ap: - .shp
<. *ap Info: - .*I&= .*I,
>. *icro station: - .&G%

Topology: - It represents actual features on earth surface.
2i?e grass= marsh= forest and mountains etc.
Geo coding: - Capturing of map entities or data as per geographic coordinates.
0ro@ection: - A Cylindrical or .ound surface transform into flat sheet.
a spherical surface Alat.9longB into 3C planer.
0ro@ections: *aps are called pro@ections because map-ma?ers ha+e to pro@ect a (-&
surface onto a $-& map. A pro@ection is a representation of one thing onto another=
such as a cur+ed (-&imensional surface Ali?e the -arthB onto a flat $-&imensional map.
1. hat is a map pro@ectionD
A map pro@ection is a mathematical e1pression that is used to represent the round= (-
dimensional surface of the earth on a flat= $-dimensional map.

Types of 0ro@ections: -
1. 0lanar pro@ection: - A planar pro@ection is a type of map in 4hich the details of the
globe are pro@ected onto a plane Aa flat surfaceB yielding a rectangular-shaped map.
Cylindrical maps ha+e a lot of distortion to4ards the edges.
$. Conic pro@ection: - A conic pro@ection is a type of map in 4hich a cone is 4rapped
around a sphere Athe globeB= and the details of the globe are pro@ected onto the conic
surface. Then= the cone is un4rapped into a flat surface.
(. Cylindrical pro@ection:- A cylindrical pro@ection is a type of map in 4hich a cylinder
is 4rapped around a sphere Athe globeB= and the details of the globe are pro@ected
onto the cylindrical surface. Then= the cylinder is un4rapped into a flat surface=
yielding a rectangular-shaped map. Cylindrical maps ha+e a lot of distortion in the
0olar .egions Athat is= the siEe of the 0olar .egions is greatly e1aggerated on these
mapsB.
$. hat is a *apD
A map is a graphic representation of a place. There are many different types of maps
that ha+e different uses. Since a map is $-dimensional representation of a (-
dimensional 4orld= compromises must be made.
(. hat is *ap ScaleD
The scale of a map is the ratio bet4een the distances bet4een t4o points found on
the map as compared to the actual distance bet4een these points in the real 4orld.
". hat is a 2egendD
The legend of a map Aalso called the ?eyB is a small table accompanying the map that
e1plains the symbols that are used on the map.
<. hat is contourD
A contour is a line on a topographic map that represents locations that ha+e the same
altitude.
>. hat is Geo CodingD
Geo Coding is the process of assigning geographic identifiers Ae.g.= codes or geographic
coordinates e1pressed as latitude-longitudeB to map features and other data records=
such as street addresses.
'. hat is difference bet4een Auto Cad and Auto Cad *apD
1. *ap Application
$. .aster Application
(. 7b@ect &atabase.
*ap application li?e topology creation= undershoots= o+ershoots= deleting of duplicate
ob@ects= trimming of small ob@ects= @oining of ob@ect= e1port and import.
Auto Cad map supporting .aster application li?e cropping= rubber sheeting= in+ert etc.
4here as in Auto Cad does not support o+erlay applications.
In Auto Cad map it supports e1ternal database li?e 7&FC= 7racle= S82 4hen creating
e1ternal database to the ob@ects 4here as in Auto Cad its not supporting e1ternal
database.
!. hat is TransformationD
Capturing of map entities9features as per geographical co-ordinates from hard copy to
digital format.
#. hat is Geo-.eferencingD
To establish the relationship bet4een page coordinates on a planar map and ?no4n
real-4orld coordinates.
1G. hat is geographic featureD
A user-defined geographic phenomenon that can be modeled or represented using
geographic data sets in Arc-Info. -1amples of geographic features include streets=
se4er lines= manhole co+ers= accidents= lot lines= and parcels.
11. hat is 7rthographic pro@ectionD
An 7rthographic pro@ection is a type of map 4hich is essentially a dra4ing of Aone side
ofB a globe. There is a lot of distortion of area in this type of map= but one gets the
idea that the globe is being represented.
1$. hat is G0SD
G0S is short for global positioning system. G0S de+ices tell you your e1act longitude
and latitude Ait gets the information from orbiting satellitesB.
Auto Cad 8uestions:-
1B Auto Cad 2atest ;ersion -$GG!
$B Hoom 0re+ious-1G
(B ;ports
"B hat is the difference bet4een Floc? and -Floc?D
<B *a1imum number of arrays----($'>'
>B *a1 %umber of polygon edges---1G$"
'B Command for ,lood Tace----,ld T.ace
!B Command for reference edits-------3ref-edit
#B 2ist < editing commands----p--dit= 3-.ef--dit= mo+e= strech= mirror= Scale.
1GB hat is the command for system +ariable control.----------Cmd-dia
11B Command for ob@ect data editing.... Ade 7b@ -dit
1$B Command for topalagy creates-------Topo-map
1(B .efresh the data------.egen
1"B &iff bet4een Eoom e1tend and Eoom all
1<B Image scaning command-----i-e1 port
1>B Command for bloc? renames------.ename
1'B Topology -fi1ing coordinates...
1!B *a1 no + ports-------"
1#B Auto list apploading----appload
$GB Geo referance image insert--
$1B Transparent cammand---Eoom
$$B &ifference b94..copy I insert command
$(B Hoom= pan= insert are sys +ariables commandsJ
$"B C for delete unused layers Ibloc?s
$<B The difference bet4een oops and undoD
770S---rased ob@ects are obtained bac?
undo--pre+ious action is cancelled

7ther GIS companies: -
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0rogressi+e e1perts infolabs India 0+t. 2T&------------444.progressi+e1perts.com
Aryabhatta solutions 2T&--------------------------------444.aryabhattasolutions.com
Cha??ilam Infotech 2T&----------------------------------444.cha??ilaminfotech.com
,rontlinesoft 2T&--------------------------------------------444.frontlinesoft.com
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Software File-Format Chart

tiff .tfw header .dxf dem.eoo .shp .jpgigds/.dgn.mif .dlg.sdts dted tiger
AutoCad
V.13 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
V.14 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1

Cad Overlay GSX 1 1 1
Caliper Corp.
GIS Plus 1 2 1 1
Maptitude 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tranad 1 2 1 1
3
!"VI 1 1 3
!#$AS 1 1 1 1
!#MAPP!# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
!S#I

A#C%I"&O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ArVie' 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
$ata Auto(ation )it 1 1 1 1 1

Geo*rap+i, 1 1 1
Genasys 1 1 1 1
G#ASS 1 1 1 1 1
-ASP 3 3 1 3
I$#ISI 1 1 1 3
Inter*rap+
I#AS C 1 3 3 3
Po'er#as 1 3 3 3
Vista Map 1 3 3 3

.and/or( Gold 1 1 3
Mirostation 3
01 1 2 1
$esartes 2 2 3 3
2
MapIn/o 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
PCI #e(ote 1 1 1 1
Terra(odel 1 1 1 1
T"T Mips 1 1 1 1
TOPO2 1 1 3 3
Vertial Mapper 2 3 2 2

13 &ull o(pati4ility
23 Co(pati4le only 'it+ t+ird party
so/t'are

33 "ot o(pati4le at all