Acoustoelastic Theory for Finite Plastic

Deformation of Solids*
Michiaki KOBAYASHI
Theoretical modeling of acoustoelastic effects in plastically deformed solids has been
accomplished through the use of an elastoplastic coupling strain rate. This coupling strain rate,
which remains effective even under subsequent elastic loading, is considered to be generated at
the yield surface vertex and causes elastic modulus degradation due to the growth of plastic
anisotropy. The purpose of the present paper is to formulate precisely a generalized
acoustoelastic theory for plastically deformed solids with nite deformation, and moreover, to
provide a method of nondestructive evaluation of the plastically deformed state, i.e., yield
surface, texture change due to the plastic deformation and the occurrence of the instability
associated with the microslip band.
1. Introduction
The recent development of practical applications for advanced materials, e.g., ceramics,
composite and bonding materials, has necessitated a nondestructive microscopic technique to
predict the lifetime of the materials in processes of fatigue and/ or fracture. The microstructural
material properties, which depend upon microstructural inhomogeneities, spatially varying
anisotropies, damage and failure, are known to inuence ultrasonic propagation properties in
solids; therefore, ultrasonic methods are alternatives to conventional approaches for
characterizing microstructure and morphology.
In general, nite plastic deformation is accompanied by the microstructural material property
changes such as texture change and the growth of localized slip bands. Therefore, to precisely
formulate a generalized acoustoelastic theory for plastically deformed solids, it is essential to
examine the acoustoelastic effect under the nite plastic deformation.
In the previous papers3, numerical simulations of the transverse wave velocity changes
under small elastoplastic deformation were carried out and compared with the experimental data
on a commercially available pure aluminum specimen subjected to uniaxial tension. The good
agreement between the numerical and experimental results has indicated that the plastic
anisotropy is closely related to the acoustoelastic effects through the elastoplastic coupling
strain rate induced by the vertexlike yield effects at the corner of the yield surface. We also
showed that the proposed modication of classical plasticity theories, including the persistent
elastoplastic coupling strain rate to quantitatively express the texture evolution caused by the
plastic deformation, may be useful in developing the theories of acoustoelasticity and
acoustoplasticity.
The purpose of the present paper is rstly to precisely formulate a generalized acoustoelastic
theory for plastically deformed solids with nite deformation, secondly to provide a method for
nondestructive evaluation of the plastically deformed state, i.e., yield surface, texture change due
to the plastic deformation and the occurrence of the instability associated with the microslip
band, and thirdly to verify the proposed theory by comparison with the experimental data of the
transverse and the longitudinal waves.
2. Outline of Formulation of Acoustoelasticity
In this paper, we only outline the fundamental equations, and more details of the formulation of
the acoustoelasticity can be found in the authors earlier paper).
2. 1 Constitutive relations
For simplicity of presentation, only rectangular subscripts; capital letter subscripts are free
indices corresponding to the small letter ones, and are not applied by the summation convention.
Let ai, X,-, and .1".- denote the position of a typical material point in the undeformed,
predeformed, and current congurations, respectively. These congurations are related by the
displacement Ur of the predeformed conguration and the additional small displacement u.- as
follows:
X,-=a.-+U,-,.rz-=Xi+ui. (1)
If the materials are compressible hyperelastic solids in regard to the nonlinear elastic behavior,
we can obtain the incremental Lagrangian elastic strain E .5, which is related to the Piola~
Kirchhoff stress tensor SU- and its Cartesian coordinates are used with the summation
convention applied to repeated indices of small letter increment 31-,- with third-order elastic
moduli x1, x2, and Its in the undeformed conguration, as follows:


in which m3 is a Bauschinger modulus and #13:):0 corresponds to the case of the kinematic
hardening. The term (if,- in Eq. ( 9 ) represents the plastic ow as being noncoaxial or
nonassociative with respect to the yield surface due to the elastoplastic coupling effect,
the macroscopic phenomenon in the case of rock, induced by the vertexlike effects at the corner
of the yield surface. Hence, it is assumed in the present paper that the elastoplastic-coupling
strain rate d5- remains effective under subsequent elastic unloading or reloading.
Now we dene the equivalent stress 5 by using the unsymmetric yield function which is the
modied form originally proposed by Shrivastava et al. and generalized through the use of the
coefcient CW dened by Yoshimura as follows:


in which gr,- is inherent anisotropy, p0 is the mass density of the undeformed state, 0,, and 55
are principal stress and principal strain, and t9 and 65 are the angles between the arr-axis and the
direction of the principal stress and the principal strain, respectively.

3. Numerical Simulations and Experimental
Verication
The numerical simulation and experiment were performed under uniaxial tension tests for
aluminum alloy specimens #(A6063-T5). The specimens were 98.8 % pure aluminum and 400
mm long, 20 mm wide, and 10mm thick. For the accurate measurement of the changes in
ultrasonic wave velocities, the sing*around technique was adopted. Details of the measuring
system, experimental procedures and ndings can be found in the authors earlier paper). The
numerical simulation procedure consists of two main parts, the load increment loop and the
iteration loop for convergence of the plastic strain increment. In the load increment loop, the
incremental load which produces 0.1% of the initial yield stress was applied at each load step
and the subsequent yield surfaces were calculated by using Newton~Raphsons method. The
numerical calculations were performed and compared with both simulation models with and
without the elastoplastic coupling effect. The flow chart of the numerical simulation procedure is
referred to in the authors previous paper).
In order to determine the material constants of the aluminum alloy Specimens #(A6063T5)
from the uniaxial tension test, an nrth power law is used based upon the least squares method, as
shown by the solid line in Fig. 1.
In Fig. 4, the solid and dot-dash lines indicate the simulated results with and without the coupling
effect, respectively. The simulated data in Figs. 4( a ) and (b) were calculated without setting the
threshold plastic strain 85... and with setting of the threshold plastic strain at 0.8 %,
respectively. Regarding the simulated results of the transverse and longitudinal wave velocities
in the elastoplastic range Without and with setting of the threshold plastic strain, the anisotropic
coefcient A, the Bauschinger modulus ms, the yieldvertex parameter Kijklmn'de/dSp, and
the threshold plastic strain 5?}. were selected as shown in Table 1. In Table 1, 5g,-
is 61'j=0, Z'=J.; 513:1, 23?]:
The simulated data Without the coupling effect (dot-dash lines in Fig. 4) indicate the inuence of
the geometric deformation upon the acoustoelastic effect and are dependent on the threshold
plastic strain 55.. For example, in the case of the threshold plastic strain set at 0.8% [the dot-dash
line in Fig.4(b)] the geometric deformation did not affect the acoustoelastic effect in the range of
the plastic strain over 0.8% and thus the effect did not change. Since the discrepancy between the
simulated data without and with the coupling effect indicates a microstructural change of
the solid such as texture change, there are different interpretations about the influence of the
microstructural change upon the transverse wave velocities, especially Vrz, polarized
perpendicular to the loading direction, between the cases with and without setting of the
threshold plastic strain. Namely, in the case [Fig 4(a )] without setting of the threshold plastic
strain, we suppose that the microstructural change increases the transverse wave velocity V12,
but in the other case [Fig 4(b)], where the threshold plastic strain is set at 0.8%, we suppose that
the microstructural change decreases the velocity Vrz. It is difficult to decide which case is
reasonable by using only the experimental data of the transverse wave velocities. Therefore, the
simulated and the experimental data of the acoustic anisotropy and the longitudinal wave
velocity change in the plastic deformation range are also shown in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively, by
comparing the above cases. In Figs. 5 and 6, the thick solid lines indicate the simulated results
without setting of the threshold plastic strain, and the thin solid lines are the ones for setting of
the threshold plastic strain at 0.8 %. The simulated acoustic anisotropies of both cases nearly
agree, while the simulated results of the longitudinal wave velocity of both cases have
discrepancies and the case with setting of the threshold plastic strain at 0.8 % is quite different
from the experimental data at about 1% axial strain. As a consequence of the above discussion,

it is suggested that under 5% axial strain of the aluminum alloy specimen(A6063-T5) used in this
experiment, the inhomogeneous deformation such as localized microslip bands did not yet occur
and the microstructural change decreased the transverse wave velocity Vn polarized parallel to
the loading direction and increased the other velocity Vrz polarized perpendicular to the loading
direction.
Now, based upon the anisotropic coefcient A and the Bauschinger modulus mg in Table 1, we
can estimate the yield surfaces using NewtonRaphsons method. Figure 7 shows the
predictions of the subsequent yield loci corresponding to the growth of plastic anisotropy in the
31- and 32-plane:
812%(20'110'520'53), 822%(0'520'53). (30)
In Fig. 7, the simulated yield surface in the case of e =0 indicates an initial Mises surface and
abscissa 3., and the dot-dash lines are the loading and transverse directions of the specimen,
respectively. Figure 7( a) shows the predicted yield surfaces simulated without setting the
threshold plastic strain, and Fig. 7 (b) shows the ones simulated with setting of the threshold
plastic strain at 0.8 %, respectively. Regarding the anisotropic distortion of yield surfaces, the
two yield loci, shown in Figs. 7(a) and (b), are almost identical and are distorted to an oval shape
gradually attening at the opposite side of the stressed point. This evolution of yield surfaces
agrees qualitatively with the experimental data observed by Stout et al..
4. Conclusions
In this paper, theoretical modeling of acoustoelastic effects in plastically deformed solids with
nite deformation, which has been accomplished through the use of the degradation process of
elastic modulus due to both the geometric deformation and the microstructural material property
changes, was examined by using the transverse and the longitudinal waves propagating on the
aluminum alloy#(A6063-T5) subjected up to 5 % uniaxial tension tests. Regarding the
acoustoelastic experiment, the transverse wave velocities polarized parallel and perpendicular to
the loading direction and the longitudinal wave velocity were measured. Concerning the
numerical simulation, good agreement between the experimental and simulated results was
achieved through the use of the yield-vertex parameter Kijklmn'dCu/dEp generalized to the
6th-order symmetric tensor.
To develop the acoustoelastic theory for the plastically deformed solids under the
inhomogeneous localization of the plastic strain such as shear-band localization at nite plastic
deformation, we introduced the threshold plastic strain in the previous paper); the numerical
simulations without and with setting of the threshold plastic strain at 0.8 % were performed and
compared with the experimental results in the present paper. The simulated transverse wave
velocities of both cases without and with setting of the threshold plastic strain at 0.8 % nearly
agreed with the experimental data, while the longitudinal wave velocity simulated with setting of
the threshold plastic strain at 0.8 % was different from that of the experiment. Through the above
consideration, it is suggested that the inhomogeneous localization perhaps did not occur until 5
% axial tensile strain.
More detailed discussion of the threshold plastic strain will be presented elsewhere.