technique for representing the angular relationships between planes and directions in crystals on a 2D piece of paper Can be used to calculate angles between planes etc. Is used in the interpretation of Laue photographs for the orientation of crystals Stereographic projection 2 We can represent the orientation of a plane using the normal to that plane If we inscribe a sphere around the crystal of interest, the point(s) where the normal(s) intersect the sphere are the poles of the planes {100} poles of a cubic crystal Stereographic projections 3 The projection of a plane (trace) passing through the origin of the crystal onto the surface of the sphere is a great circle The projection of a plane that does not pass through the origin is a small circle We can in principle measure the angle between two plane normals on the surface of the sphere to find the angle between two planes We make this measurement along a great circle (MLK in figure) Great circles for the two marked planes Stereographic projections 4 Making measurements on the surface of a sphere is tricky Project everything from the spherical surface onto a plane Pick a diameter of the sphere, put plane perpendicular to diameter and in contact with one end (or through the middle of the sphere), project from other end of diameter through entity to be projected onto the plane As drawn, entities in hemisphere near B will end up outside the basic circle. Points on hemisphere including A will end up inside. To avoid this problem, change projection point to the other end of diameter and distinguish points in the two hemispheres by marking them with different symbols (usually open versus filled in) Wulff net Problems involving the stereographic projection are often handled using a Wulff net Imagine a globe with lines of latitude and longitude marked on the surface. Orient the globe so that the NS axis is parallel to the projection plane and project all the lines onto the plane The longitude lines end up as great circles in the projection and the latitude lines as small circles The lines in the projection can be used to read off angular coordinates Just like using latitude and longitude to specify geographical location Angular measurement on a Wulff net Read off angles between poles along great circles - Not along small circles Example projection of poles for crystal faces Different habits for cubic crystals Using a Wulff net 1 A Wulff net is usually used by drawing the stereographic projection under study on tracing paper, placing the tracing over the net so that their centers coincide and putting a pin through their centers. Rotation of the tracing about the pin does not change the angular relationship between the poles (equivalent to rotating sphere about projection axis) To measure an angle between two poles, rotate the tracing until the poles of interest lie on the same great circle and then read off the angular difference Finding the trace of a pole The projection of a plane corresponding to a pole is called the trace of the pole. The great circle representing the trace can be found by rotating the projection until the pole lies on the equator of the Wulff net. The trace is then the great circle 90 from the pole Rotation of a projection about an axis in the projection plane Rotate the projection about the center until the desired rotation axis is coincident with the NS axis Move points along (or parallel) to small circles through the desired rotation angle A1 moves to A2 B1 moves to B2 Rotation about a direction (pole) that is inclined to the projection plane To rotate about the pole B1 by 40 Bring rotation axis to projection center by Rotation around center to bring axis onto equator Rotation around equator by 48 Brings B1 to B2 Brings A1 to A2 Rotate around B2 by 40 Brings A2 to A3 Move rotation axis back to original orientation Moves B2 to B3 Moves A3 to A4 Then rotate around projection center to get rotation axis back to starting B1 position Starting positions Final positions Moves involved in rotation Standard projection A standard projection shows the angular relationships between different poles for a given crystal orientation Useful for identifying crystal orientations Note all reflections on a common great circle belong to the same zone. The zone axis lies at 90 to the zone Determining Miller indices for poles Compare unknown pole to standard projection or measure angle of projection For orthogonal cell, indices hkl for the pole obey h:k:l = acos : bcos : ccos Where a, b and c cell constants