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Chapter 2:

1. Displacement, Time And Average Velocity


Treat the Moving object as particle
Average Velocity is the displacement x divided by the time interval t
Whenever x is positive and increasing or is negative and becoming less negative, the
particle is moving in the positive direction which mean the average velocity is positive.
Whenever x is positive and decreasing or is negative and becoming negative, the particle is
moving in the negative direction which mean the average velocity is negative.
x-t graph: a graph of particle's position as a function of time, the slope of the graph will be
average velocity.
2. Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity: the velocity at any specific instant of time or specific point
along the path.
Calculus based definition: The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity
as the time interval approaches zero; it equals to the instantaneous rate of change of position
of time.
Equation (2.3) Derivative
Just like Average Velocity, Instantaneous velocity still is a vector
Speed: distance travel divided by time
Instantaneous speed is how fast the particle is moving , Instantaneous velocity is how
fast and what direction the particle is moving
Velocity on the x-t graph:
On a graph of position as a function of time for straight line motion, the instantaneous
x-velocity at any point is equal to the slope of tangent to the curve at that point.
Motion diagram shows the particle's position at various times.

3. Average and Instantaneous Acceleration.
Acceleration describes the rate of change of velocity and time
Average Acceleration: the change in the x component of velocity, divided by the time
interval t
Acceleration vs Velocity: Velocity (change of position v time), Acceleration (change of
velocity v time)
Instantaneous Acceleration: the limit of average acceleration as the time internal
approaches zero.
derivative of velocity and time function, second derivative of Position and time function.
When Ax and Vx has the same sign, it is speeding up. If both are positive, the body is
moving in the positive with increasing speed same. if both are negative, it will move in negative
direction and speed up in a negative way. If both have opposite signs, it is slowing down.
4. Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Vx= V
0
+ A
x
t
x= X
0
+ V
0x
t+ 0.5A
x
T
2

V
x
2
+V
0x
2
+ 2A
x
(X-X
0
) Constant x- acceleration only
X-X
0
= (

t
5. Freely Falling Bodies
Free Fall: The idealized motion that results under all of these assumption.
The constant acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to
gravity.
The magnitude is depict as g, which is equal 9.8 m/s
2
( near the surface of the earth)
6. Velocity and Position by Integration
V
x
= V
AX
+

dt
X = x
0
+

dt

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