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b
n
=
log
2
1 +
P
n
g
n
(4)
. As presented in [6] it is sometimes desirable that the channel frequency response H
n
is replaced
by the channel quality metric. For example the Error Vector Magnitude parameter (EVM)
dened [7] mostly in the rms form as:
EV M
rms
=
1
Ns
Ns
k=1
|E(k)|
2
1
Ns
Ns
k=1
|A(k)|
2
, (5)
can be used. Here N
s
is the number of constellation points used, the term in a denominator
normalizes the EVM to rms value of ideal transmitted constellation points A(k) and
E(k) =
V (k)W
k
C
0
C
1
A(k). (6)
V (k) is received constellation point (measured vector) at symbol instant k, and the constants
C
0
, C
1
and W compensate the constellation oset, constellation complex attenuation and fre-
quency oset caused by the transmission chain imperfections, respectively. These constants are
found to minimize the term
Ns
k=1
|E(k)|
2
. For this application, simple MATLAB code could be
implemented. First, the function according to the Equation 6 is written as (for the simplicity
only the case of C
1
will be considered):
function er=evm(PAR)
er=abs((V/(PAR(1)+j*PAR(2))) - A);
er=sum(er.*er);
end
PAR(1) and PAR(2) represent the real and imaginary part of C
1
that we are searching for. This
function is then minimized using the in-built fminsearch function:
C1=fminsearch(evm,[initR,initI]);
evmValue=evm(x);
evm_normalized=sqrt(evmValue/sum(abs(A).*abs(A)));
Here the initR, initI are the initial conditions (e.g. set to 1) for parameter search. The value
of C
1
is then found and used for EVM calculation with subsequent normalization. An example
of the OFDM optimization result using the greedy algorithm is shown in Figure 4. In the
corresponding simulation, system with 128 subcarriers has been considered. The modulation on
subcarriers can vary between BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM or 64 QAM. The SUI-3 channel model [8]
has been used and modeled using a MATLAB ricianchan function.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
2
4
6
N
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
5
10
15
E