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SPM Additional Mathematics- by KBJIM - jimmigmig@yahoo.com

Trigoniometry Y
positive
A: The General Angle
O x
1. Angles measured along Ox in a counter-clockwise direction are positive,
and those measured in a clockwise direction are negative. negative


2. There are four quadrants to consider :

1
st
quadrant (ALL trigonometrical ratios:- sin , cos and tan are positive.
90
2
nd
quadrant (ONLY sin is positive, cos and tan are negative. 2
nd
Quadrant 1
st
Quadrant

3
rd
quadrant (ONLY tan is positive, cos and sin are negative. Sin All
180 0
4
th
quadrant (ONLY cos is positive, tan and sin are negative.
Tan Cos
You can use mnemonics to remember it :- like All Science Teachers Crazy 270
3
rd
Quadrant 4
th
Quadrant

3. Lets take an angle where 0 90. (we normall y express as an acute angle )

Let s say =30 and from your calculator, sin 30 =0.5, cos 30 =0.866, tan 30 =0.577
All the values are positive because =30 is in the 1
st
quadrant which is for All or Acute

Now take =150, from your calculator, sin 150 =0.5 (positive), 90
(2
nd
Quadrant) cos 150 = 0.866 (negative)
tan 150 = 0.577 (negative)

150
Now take =210, from your calculator, sin 210 = 0.5 ( negative), 30
(3
rd
Quadrant) cos 210 = 0.866 (negative) 180

0

tan 210 = 0.577 (positive)

210

330
Now take =330, from your calculator, sin 330 = 0.5 (negative), 270
(4
th
Quadrant) cos 330 = 0.866 (positive)
tan 330 = 0.577 (negative)

4. For 0 x 360, there will always be two angles which have the same trigonometrical ratios.

Notice that (use your calculator):
( sin 30 = sin 150, cos 30 = cos 330, tan 30 = tan 210 ; sin 210 = sin 330, cos 150 = cos 210, tan 150 = tan 330 )

Lets take x =150, 150 is in the 2
nd
quadrant. ( Sine is positive )
180 360 +
Use this rule
150 30
sin 150 = sin (180 30) = sin 30 = 0.5


cos 150 =cos (180 30) = cos 30 = 0.866
tan 150 = tan (180 30) = tan 30 = 0.577 210 330

180 + 360
**Remember : i s an acute angle

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Lets take x =210, 210 is in the 3
rd
quadrant. ( Tangent is positive )
180 360 +
Use this rule
150 30
sin 210 = sin (180 + 30) = sin 30 = 0.5


cos 210 = cos (180 +30) = cos 30 = 0.866
tan 210 = tan (180 +30) = tan 30 = 0.577 210 330

180 + 360
**Remember : i s an acute angle


Lets take x =330, 330 is in the 4
th
quadrant. ( cosi ne is positive )
180 360 +
Use this rule
150 30
sin 330 = sin (360 30) = sin 30 = 0.5


cos 330 = cos (360 30) = cos 30 = 0.866
tan 330 = tan (360 30) = tan 30 = 0.577 210 330

180 + 360
**Remember : i s an acute angle


Rules:
1. determine which quadrant the angle belongs to.
2. use the rul e (highlighted in yel low) to get the acute angle.
3. put in the appropriate sign for the required trigonometrical ratio.


Exampl e T.1: Express the following trigonometrical ratios in terms of acute angles.

(i) sin 170 (ii) tan 200 (iii) cos 300 (iv) sin (50) (v) cos (45) (vi) sin 325 (vii) cos 120

(viii) tan (140) (i x) sec 140 (x) cosec 130 (xi) cot 260 (xii) sec (25) (xiii) cot (60)

Solution:

(i) sin 170 =sin (18010) = sin 10 (ii) tan 200 =tan (180 +20) =tan 20

170 is in the 2
nd
quadrant, sine is positive. 200 is in the 3
rd
quadrant, tangent is positive.
We are using sin = sin (180 ) , is an acute angle. We are using tan = tan (180 + ) , is an acute angle.

(iii) cos 300 = cos (360 30) =cos 30 (iv) sin(50) = sin 50

300 is in the 4
th
quadrant, cosine is positive ( 50) is in the 4
th
quadrant, sine is negative
We are using cos = cos (360 ) , is an acute angle. We are using sin( ) = sin , is an acute angle.
Remember..negative angles are drawn clockwise.

(v) cos ( 45) = cos 45 (vi) sin 325 = sin (360 35) = sin 35

( 45) is in the 4
th
quadrant, cosine is positive. 325 is in the 4
th
quadrant, sine is negative
Remember..negative angles are drawn clockwise. We are using sin = sin (360 ) , is an acute angle .

(vii) cos 120 = cos 60 (viii) tan(140) = tan 220 = tan(180 +40)
= tan 40
120 is in the 2
nd
quadrant, cosine is negative.
We are using cos = cos (180 ) , is an acute angle. ( 140) is in the 3
rd
quadrant. Tangent is positive.
140 drawn clockwise = 220 drawn anti-clockwise.
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(ix) sec 140 = 1 = 1 = sec 40 (sec = 1 ) , sec =secant
cos 140 cos 40 cos

140 is in the 2
nd
quadrant, cosine and secant are negative


(x) cosec 130 = 1 = 1 = cosec 50 (cosec = 1 ) , cosec =cosecant
sin 130 sin 50 sin

130 is in the 2
nd
quadrant, sine and cosec are positive.


(xi) cot 260 = 1 = 1 = cot 80 (cot = 1 ) , cot =cotangent
tan 260 tan 80 tan

260 is in the 3
rd
quadrant, tangent and cotangent are positive


(xii) sec ( 25) = 1 = 1 = sec 25 .
cos ( 25) cos 25

( 25) is in 4
th
quadrant, and cosine and secant are positive


(xiii) cot ( 60) = 1 = cot 60
tan 60

( 60) is angle drawn clockwise. It is in 4
th
quadrant. ( 60) is same as 300 drawn anticlockwise..
tangent and cotangent are negative in the 4
th
quadrant.


B. Graph of sin , cos, tan


sin tan
1 notice that sin graph starts at origin
and peaks at 90
270
0 90 180 360
0 90 180

1



cos
1 notice that cos graph starts at 1
and is zero at 90 and 270
180 tan 0 and tan180 = 0
0 90 270 360 tan 90 is infinity ()


1



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C. Trigonometrical ratios you need to know


0 30 45 60 90 180

sin 0 1 2 3 1 0
2 2 2

cos 1 3 2 1 0 1
2 2 2

tan 0 3 1 3 0
3

Exampl e T.2: Write down the values of the following.

(i) sin 540 (ii) tan 135 (iii) cos 270 (iv) sin (120) (v) cos (30) (vi) sin 405 (vii) cos 210

(viii) tan (120) (i x) sin 150 (x) tan 210 (xi) tan ( 30) (xii) sin (150) (xiii) cos ( 135)

Solution:

(i) sin 540 =sin (360+180) =sin 180=0 (ii) tan 135 =tan (180 45) =tan 45 =1

(iii) cos 270 =cos (180+90) =cos 90=0 (iv) sin (120) = sin (240) = sin 60 = 3
2

(v) cos (30) = cos (30) =3 . (vi) sin 405 =sin (360+45) = sin 45 = 2
2 2

(vii) cos 210 =cos (180+30) = cos 30 = 3. (viii) tan (120) = tan (240) = tan 60 = 3
2

(ix) sin 150 =sin (180 30) =sin 30= 1 (x) tan 210 = tan 30 = 3
2 3

(xi) tan (30) = tan 30 = 3 (xii) sin ( 150) =sin (210) = sin 30 = 1
3 2

(xiii) cos ( 135) = cos 225 = cos 45 = 2
2





Exampl e T.3: Find the values of from 0 to 360, inclusive, which satisfy the following equations.

(i) cos = (ii) tan =1 (iii) cosec =2 (iv) si n = 0.866 (v) cos =0.6 (vi) tan =3

(vii) sin =cos150 (viii) cos =tan 135 (ix) sec =tan 120 (x) cos =sin 150 (xi) sin
2
=

(xii) tan (70 ) =1 (xi ii) sin ( 30) =2 (xiv)) cos (40 ) =0.5 (xv) cos ( +60) =0.5
2


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Solution:

(i) cos = (1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for cos = . Ignore the minus sign
2. your calculator gives you = 60
= 120, 240 3. Now the minus sign in front of the indicates that the required angles are in the 2
nd
and
3
rd
quadrant. Remember: there are always two trigonometrical ratios that have the same value.
4. 2
nd
quadrant angle is (180 60) and 3
rd
quadrant angle is (180 + 60). Use the rule highlighted
in yell ow in the notes on page 2 ).

(ii) tan = 1 (1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for tan = 1.
2. your calculator gives you = 45
= 45, 225 3. Now the plus sign in front of the 1 indicates that the required angles are in the 1st and
3
rd
quadrant. Remember: there are always two trigonometrical ratios that have the same value.
4. 1
st
quadrant angle is 45 and 3
rd
quadrant angle is (180 + 45). Use the rule highlighted
in yell ow in the notes on page 2 ).

(iii) cosec =2 It means that 1 = 2
sin
sin = (1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for sin = .
2. your calculator gives you = 30
= 30, 150 3. The plus in front of indicates that the required angles are in the 1st and
2nd quadrant for sine .
4. 2
nd
quadrant angle is (180 30) and 1st quadrant angle is 30. Use the rule highlighted
in yell ow in the notes on page 2 ).

(iv) sin = 0.866 (1. Use your calculator to get the acute angle for sin = 0.866. Ignore the minus sign
2. your calculator gives you = 60
= 240, 300 3. Now the minus sign in front of the 0.866 indicates that the required angles are in the
3rd and 4
th
quadrant for sine .
4. 4
th
quadrant angle is (360 60) and 3
rd
quadrant angle is (180 + 60). Use the rule
highlighted in yellow in the notes on page 2 ).


(v) cos =0.6 (vi) tan = 3 (vii) sin =cos 150 = 0.866

=53, 307 =120, 300 =240, 300


(viii) cos =tan 135 = 1 (ix) sec =tan 120 = 3 (x) cos =sin 150 = 0.5

=180 cos = 1 = 0.577 =60, 300
3

= 125.3, 234.8


(xi) sin
2
=0..25 (xii) tan (70 ) =1 (xiii) sin ( 30) = 2
2
sin = 0.5 70 =45, 225 30 =45, 135

=30, 150, 210, 330 = 35 , 205 = 75, 165


(xvi) cos (40 ) =0.5 (xv) cos ( +60) =0.5

40 = 60, 300 +60 = 60, 300

=340, 100 = 0 , 240
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Exampl e T.4: Solve the following equations for values 0 360.

(i) sin 2 = (i i) tan 2 =1 (iii) cos 3 =2 (iv) tan 2 = 1 (v) sin(2 +30) =0.866
2
(vi) tan
2
+ tan =0 (vii) 2 sin
2
+sin =0 (viii) 2 cos
2
+3 cos +1=0 (ix) sin 2 = 1/2


Solution:

(i) sin 2 = (ii) tan 2 =1

2 =30 , 150, 390, 510 2 =45 , 225, 405, 585

=15 , 75, 195, 255 =22.5, 112.5, 202.5, 292.5


2 means that you need to go two rotations.
first rotation gives angles below 360 and
second rotation gives angles from 360to 720
** 3 means that you need to go three rotations.



(iii) cos 3 =2 (iv) tan 2 = 1
2
2 = 135 , 315, 495, 675
3 =45 , 315, 405, 675, 765 , 1035
= 67.5, 157.5, 247.5, 337.5
=15 , 105, 135, 225, 255 , 345


(vi) sin (2 +30) =0.866 (vii) 2 sin
2
+sin =0

2 +30 = 60 ,120, 420, 480 sin( 2 sin + 1 ) = 0

=45, 75, 225, 255 sin = 0 or sin = 1/2

= 0, 210, 330



(viii) 2 cos
2
+ 3 cos + 1= 0 (i x) sin 2 = 1/2

(2 cos +1) (cos +1) =0 2 = 210, 330, 570, 690

cos = or cos = 1 = 105 ,165, 285, 345

= 120, 240 and 180

= 120, 180, 240







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D. Trigonometrical Identities you need to know

cos
2
+ sin
2
= 1

1 + tan
2
= sec
2


cot
2
+ 1 = cosec
2

Exampl e T.5: Prove the following identities:

(i) tan +cot = 1 (ii) cosec + tan sec =cosec sec
2

sin cos

(iii) cos
4
sin
4
= cos
2
sin
2
(iv) (sec
2
1)(cosec
2
1) = 1

(v) 2 tan = 2 sin cos (vi) 1 + 1 = 1
1 + tan
2
tan
2
+ 1 cot
2
+ 1

(vii) sec cosec = tan + cot
tan cot sec +cosec

Solution:

(i) tan + cot = sin + cos = sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1 (proved)
cos sin sin cos sin cos


(ii) cosec +tan sec = 1 + sin x 1 = cos
2
+ sin
2
= 1 =cosec sec
2

sin cos cos sin cos
2
sin cos
2



(iii) cos
4
sin
4
= (cos
2
+ sin
2
)(cos
2
sin
2
) =cos
2
sin
2



(iv) (sec
2
1)(cosec
2
1) =( 1 1 )( 1 1) =(1 cos
2
)(1 sin
2
) = sin
2
.cos
2
= 1.
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2



(v) 2 tan = 2 sin /cos = 2 sin x cos
2
= 2 sin cos
1 + tan
2
sec
2
cos


vi) 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = cos
2
+ sin
2
= 1
1 + tan
2
cot
2
+ 1 sec
2
cosec
2



(vii) sec cosec = sec cosec x tan +cot = (sec cosec )(tan + cot )
tan cot tan cot tan + cot tan
2
cot
2



= (sec cosec )(tan + cot ) =(sec cosec )(tan + cot )
(sec
2
1) (cosec
2
1) sec
2
cosec
2


= (sec cosec )(tan + cot ) = tan + cot (proved)
(sec cosec )(sec +cosec ) sec +cosec
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E. Trigonometrical Identities you need to know-( usuall y provided in exams)

cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

cos(A B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

sin (A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

tan(A + B) = tan A + tan B and tan(A B) = tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B




Exampl e T.6: If sin A =3/5 and sin B =5/13, where A and B are acute angles, find

(i) sin (A +B) (ii) cos (A +B) (iii) cos ( A B) (iv) tan (A B) (v) cot ( A B)

Solution:

(i) sin (A +B) =sin A cos B +cos A sin B 5
3 13 5
= 3/5 x 12/13 + 4/5 x 5/13
A 4 B 12
= 36/65 + 20/65 =56/65
Draw the right-angled triangles and fill in all the sides .
sin A =3/5, cos A =4/5 and tan A =3/4
sin B =5/13, cos B =12/13 and tan B =5/12


(ii) cos (A +B) =cos A cos B sin A sin B = 4/5 x 12/13 3/5 x 5/13 = 48/65 15/65 = 33/65



(iii) cos (A B) =cos A cos B + sin A sin B = 4/5 x 12/13 +3/5 x 5/13 = 48/65 +15/65 = 63/65



(iv) tan (A B) = tan A tan B = 3/4 5/12 = 1/3 = 1/3 x 48/63 = 16/33
1 +tan A tan B 1 +3/4 x 5/12 1 +15/48



(v) cot (A B) = 1 +tan A tan B = 1 +3/4 x 5/12 = 1 +15/48 = 63/48 x 3 = 63/16
tan A tan B 3/4 5/12 1/3






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Exampl e T.7: If sin A =4/5 and sin B =12/13, where A and B are obtuse angl es, find

(i) sin (A +B) (ii) cos (A +B) (iii) cos ( A B) (iv) tan ( A B) (v) cot ( A B)

Solution:

(i) sin (A +B) =sin A cos B +cos A sin B 5
4 13 12
= 4/5 x ( 5/13) +( 3/5) x 12/13
A 3 B 5
= 20/65 36/65 =56/65
Draw the right-angled triangles and fill in all the sides .
sin A =4/5, cos A = 3/5 and tan A = 4/3
sin B =12/13, cos B = 5/13 and tan B = 12/5
(for obtuse angle, cos and tan are negative).

(ii) cos (A +B) =cos A cos B sin A sin B =(3/5) x (5/13) (4/5 x 12/13) = 15/65 48/65 = 33/65

(iii) cos (A B) =cos A cos B + sin A sin B =( 3/5) x (5/13) +(4/5 x12/13) =15/65 +48/65 = 63/65


(iv) tan (A B) = tan A tan B = 4/3 12/5 = 56/15 = 56/15 x 15/63 = 8/9
1 +tan A tan B 1 +4/3 x 12/5 1 +48/15


(v) cot (A B) = 1 +tan A tan B = 1 + 4/3 x 12/5 = 1 +48/15 = 63/15 x 15/56 =9/8
tan A tan B 4/3 12/5 56/15


Exampl e T.8: If tan (A +B) =3/4 and tan A =5/12, where A and B are acute angles, find
the value of tan B
Solution:

tan (A +B) = tan A + tan B = 3/4
1 tan A tan B

tan A + tan B = 3/4 (1 tan A tan B) = 3/4 3/4(tan A tan B)

5/12 + tan B = 3/4 3/4 tanA.tan B

3/4 5/12 = tan B ( 1 +3/4 tanA) = tan B ( 1 +3/4 x 5/12)

13/6 tan B = 1/3

tan B =1/3 x 6/13 = 2/13

Exampl e T.9: If tan A =3/4 and tan B =5/12, where A and B are acute angles, find
the values of A + B

Solution:

tan (A +B) = tan A + tan B = 3/4 + 5/12 = 7/6 = 7/6 x 16/11 = 56/33
1 tan A tan B 1 3/4 x 5/12 1 15/48

A +B = tan
-1
( 56/33) = 59.5, 239.5

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Exampl e T.10: Find the values of cos 45 cos 15 +sin 45 sin 15

Solution:

cos 45 cos 15 +sin 45 sin 15 = cos (45 15) =cos 30 =0.866


Exampl e T.11: Find the values of x for 0 x 360
(i) 3 cos ( x + 45 ) = sin ( x +45); (ii) tan ( x A) =1, where tan A =3

Solution:

(i) 3 cos (x +45) = sin (x +45) (ii) tan ( x A) =1, where tan A =3

tan (x +45) = sin (x +45) =3 A =tan
-1
(3) =60, 240
cos (x +45)
tan (x A) =tan (x - 60) = 1 and tan (x - 240) =1
x +45 = 60, 240
x 60 = 45, 225 and x 240 =45, 225
x =15, 195
x = 105, 285



F. The double angle formulae you need to know-( usually provi ded in exams)

cos 2 = cos
2
sin
2
= 2 cos
2
1 = 1 2 sin
2


sin 2 = 2 sin cos

tan 2 = 2 tan
1 tan
2



Exampl e T.12: Solve the following equations for values of x from 0 to 360 inclusive.
(i) 3 cos 2x +sin x =1 (i i) tan x. tan 2x =1 (iii) si n 2x cos x +sin
2
x =1 (iv) sin 2x =sin x
(v) 3 tan x =tan 2x (vi) cos x +sin x =sec x

Solution:

(i) 3 cos 2x sin x =2 (ii) tan x. tan 2x = 1

3( 1 2 sin
2
x) sin x = 2 tan x. 2 tan x = 1
1 tan
2
x
3 6 sin
2
x sin x 2 =0
1 tan
2
x 2 tan
2
x =0
6 sin
2
x + sin x 1 =0
3 tan
2
x =1
(3 sin x 1)( 2 sin x +1) = 0
tan x =1/3
sin x =1/3 or sin x = 1/2
x = 30, 150, 210, 330
x = 19.5, 160.5, 210, 330

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(iii) sin 2x cos x +sin
2
x =1 (iv) sin 2x =sin x

2 sin x cos x.cos x =1 sin
2
x 2 sin x cos x =sin x

2 sin x cos
2
x = cos
2
x 2 sin x cos x sin x =0

2 sin x cos
2
x cos
2
x =0 sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0

cos
2
x (2 sin x 1) = 0 sin x =0 or cos x =

cos
2
x =0 or sin x = for sin x =0, x = 0, 360

for cos x =0, x = 90, 270 for cos x = , x = 60, 300

for sin x =, x = 30, 150 therefore x = 0, 60, 300, 360

therefore x = 0, 30, 90, 150, 270


(v) 3 tan x =tan 2x = 2 tan x (vi) cos x +sin x =sec x
1 tan
2
x
cos x +sin x = 1 .
3 tan x (1 tan
2
x ) =2 tan x cos x

3 tan x 3 tan
3
x = 2 tan x cos
2
x +sin x. cos x =1

3 tan
3
x tan x = 0 sin x. cos x = 1 cos
2
x

tan x (3 tan
2
x 1 ) =0 sin x. cos x = sin
2
x

tan x =0 or tan x =1/3 sin x. cos x sin
2
x =0

x = 0, 180, 360 when tan x =0 sin x ( cos x sin x ) = 0

x = 30, 150, 210, 330 when tan x = 1/3 sin x =0 or cos x =sin x

therefore x =0 , 30, 150, 180, 210, 330, 360. For cos x =sin x, x =45, 225

therefore x = 0 , 45, 225,180, 360.

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