Module 8

Chapter 15
Basic Geometry
The most common of the trigonometric functions
for right angle triangles
Sine of an angle= Opposite/Hypotenuse
Cosine of an angle= Adjacent/Hypotenuse Cosine of an angle= Adjacent/Hypotenuse
Tangent of an angle= Opposite/ Adjacent
SOH CAH TOA is a memory aid for the above equations.
Trigonometry
Lines A and B are parallel, then angle
X=X
1
= X
2
=X
3
and Y =Y
1
= Y
2
=Y
3
Squares
LEVELS
Basic Geometry
Typically you use tangent when measuring an angle
that the side of an external taper makes with its axis
External Taper Procedure
Set tapered surface on a reference surface
A low gauge block set and a higher gauge block set
are used supporting cylinder measuring rolls or
measuring rods measuring rods
We find the difference in height in the gauge block
stacks and the difference in separation of the
cylinders
The difference in height is the side opposite or the
numerator and the side adjacent is the
denominator (tangent)
degrees
0
, minutes

, seconds

A circle is divided into 360 even parts called degrees.

Each degree is subdivided into 60 parts, called minutes
Each minute is further subdivided into 60 parts called
seconds
Protractor
Vernier scale on protractor
12
0
50

(12 degrees 50 minutes)

or 12+ 50/60 = 12.83
0
Sine Bar
The sine bar-a steel bar that has a cylinder at each end
Distance between cylinders is usually 5 or 10 inches
When on a reference surface-the bar can be set at any
angle by simply raising the second cylinder angle by simply raising the second cylinder
Sine Bar
One obtains the desired angle when the height
difference between the cylinders is equal to the sine of
the angle multiplied by the distance between the the angle multiplied by the distance between the
centres of the cylinders
Sine Bar
Using a five inch sine bar
To set a five inch sine bar to an angle
Look up the sine of the angle desired in a set of trig
tables (eg sin 30
0
= 0.5000) tables (eg sin 30
0
= 0.5000)
Move the decimal point one place to the right and divide
by 2 (5.000/ 2 = 2.500)
The result is the height you must elevate the one
cylinder above the other (elevate one side 2.500 with
gauge blocks)
Sine bar
Sine Bar using calculator
To set a five inch sine bar to an angle
Known angle is 30
0
Known angle is 30
0
Hypotenuse = 5.000 (eg sin 30
0
= height/ 5.000)
Sin 30 x 5.000 = height (of gauge blocks)
0.5000 x 5.000 = 2.500
5Sine Bar
To find the angle when you know the height difference
Move the decimal point one place to the left. (.2500)
Multiply by two .2500 x 2 = .5000
Look up result in table (30 deg) Look up result in table (30 deg)
Comparison Measurements with
Sine Bars
We use the sine bar to construct an angle equal to the
angle we need to measure
Actually the constructed angle is in the opposite Actually the constructed angle is in the opposite
direction
Note we are compensating for both angles
Inspection using sine bar
Setting up a drill press
Sine Instruments
Using a 10 sine bar:
At 20 degree the side opposite is 3.42
At 40 degrees the side opposite nearly doubles to
6.42 6.42
At 60 degrees the side opposite increases to 8.66
At 80 degrees the side opposite increases to 9.84
As the angle increases the increase in the side
decreases
Sine Instruments
This can have significant effect on measurement-small
changes in height measurement error, greatly changes
the angle result the angle result
Some authorities do not recommend using sine
instruments on angles over 45 degrees
Sine Instruments
Other Sine Instruments
Sine blocks are wide sine bars
Sine plates are wider sine blocks
A sine table is still wider
The only practical way these instruments measure The only practical way these instruments measure
angles is by comparison
Can also hold parts so that angles can be produced on
them
Sine Plate
Sine Block
Radian
The radian is an angle whose arc length equals its
radius
Simply defined as 180 degrees divided by pi
180 deg = Pi radians (conversion factor)