CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
We are interested in developing this device for situations in which the user
would like to be able to move around within a room, while still being able to
interact with the computer. What this device provides beyond a typical wireless
mouse is that a surface is no longer required in order to use the device, giving the
user complete freedom. Such a device would allow for communication with
computers in a way not currently possible, which would have many applications.
In our project, our idea comes out there to find an alternative mouse pad and
clumsy movement based optical mouse. That alternative is smart mouse which
commands the mouse cursor by moving hand so you do not need to rest our hand
on any kind of hard surface. ur mouse having two buttons, one !"!S sensor.
#and gesture can be mapped on the cursor movement of the mouse. #ere introduce
entirely different technology in navigation compared to earlier $all mouse with
optcoupler or latest optical image processing based mouse.
ur mouse is wireless, which works on radio frequency. % radio frequency
&'() transmitter records its movements and buttons that are clicked and then sends
this information via radio signals to the receiver. 'eceiver usually connects to the
computer*s peripheral mouse input. It receives these '( signals, decodes them and
then sends these signals directly to the computer as normal. '( receivers usually
come in a few styles. The majority come as built in components that connect to the
mouse input, others can be a separate card that is installed in one of the many
e+pansion slots of computers and the third type of receiver is a separate unit that is
then connected to a cable going directly to the computer*s peripheral input. Since
the technology has been mastered, most wireless mice have integrated receivers
that plug into a computer*s peripheral input and are very small in si,e.
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1
1.1 MEMS
!icro 2 Small si,e, micro fabricated structure
"lectro 2 "lectrical signal3control
!echanical 2 !echanical functionality
System 2 Structure, devices, system -ontrol
!icro2"lectro2!echanical Systems &!"!S) is the integration of
mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon
substrate through micro fabrication technology. While the electronics are fabricated
using integrated circuit &I-) process sequences &e.g., -!S, $ipolar, or $I-!S
processes), the micromechanical components are fabricated using compatible
4micromachining5 processes that selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or
add new structural layers to form the mechanical and electromechanical devices.
1.2 MEMS ACCELEROMETER
%n accelerometer is an electromechanical device that measures acceleration
forces. These forces may be static, like the constant force of gravity pulling at our
feet, or they could be dynamic 2 caused by moving or vibrating the accelerometer.
There are many types of accelerometers developed and reported in the literature.
The vast majority is based on pie,oelectric crystals, but they are too big and too
clumsy. 6eople tried to develop something smaller, that could increase applicability
and started searching in the field of microelectronics. They developed !"!S
&micro electromechanical systems) accelerometers.
The first micro machined accelerometer was designed in 1787 at Stanford
0niversity, but it took over 19 years before such devices became accepted
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:
mainstream products for large volume applications. In the 177;s !"!S
accelerometers revolutioni,ed the automotive2airbag system industry. Since then
they have enabled unique features and applications ranging from hard2disk
protection on laptops to game controllers. !ore recently, the same sensor2core
technology has become available in fully integrated, full2featured devices suitable
for industrial applications.
!icro machined accelerometers are a highly enabling technology with a
huge commercial potential. They provide lower power, compact and robust
sensing. !ultiple sensors are often combined to provide multi2a+is sensing and
more accurate data.
The !"!S is the batch2fabricated integrated micro scale system &motion,
electromagnetic, radiating energy and optical micro devices3microstructures <
driving3sensing circuitry <controlling3processing I-s) that=
1. converts physical stimuli, events, and parameters to electrical mechanical and
optical Signals and vice versa>
:. 6erforms actuation, sensing and other functions>
?. -omprise control &intelligence, decision2making, evolutionary learning,
adaptation, self2organi,ation, etc.), diagnostics, signal processing, and data
acquisition features@
A. $asically, !"!S is a system that consists of microstructures, micro sensors,
and microelectronics and micro actuators. !icrostructure builds the framework of
the system> micro sensor detects signals> microelectronics processes the signals
and gives commands to the micro actuator to react these signals.
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(ig.1 -omponents of !"!S
$orrowed from I- technology, !"!S is commonly built on silicon wafer by
selectively etching away parts of the wafer or add new structural layers to form the
mechanical and electromechanical devices. BCD
1.3 CAPACITANCE TYPE ACCELEROMETER
% capacitance type accelerometer, having a fist silicon plate formed a
movable electrode which is moved according to acceleration, two second silicon
plates which are disposed on both sides of the first silicon plate with a certain
separation distance. thermal o+ide films which are respectively disposed between
the first silicon plate e+cept the movable electrode and the two second silicon
plates and stick the first silicon plate e+cept the movable electrode and the two
second silicon plates together.
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A
a capacitance type accelerometer, having, a silicon plate formed a movable
electrode which is moved according to acceleration, glass plates respectively
mounting a conductive layer thereon which are opposite to the silicon plate with a
certain separation distance and are stacked to the both side of the silicon plate
e+cept the movable electrode and leading wires which are respectively connected
to the conductive layers through a groove formed between the silicon plate and the
glass plates respectively deriving.
These capacitance type accelerometers are made by processing and cutting a
wafer by dicing saw without coming into the accelerometer of cutting chips or
cutting water.
In general, gaseous dielectric capacitors are relatively insensitive to
temperature. %lthough spacing changes with temperature due to thermal
e+pansion, the low thermal coefficient of e+pansion of many materials can produce
a thermal coefficient of capacitance about two orders of magnitude less than the
thermal coefficient of resistivity of doped silicon.
-apacitance sensing therefore has the potential to provide a wider
temperature range of operation, without compensation, than pie,o2resistive
sensing. %s compared with pie,oelectric type accelerometers, which require a
dynamic input of some minimum frequency to generate a response. B8D
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DEFINATION & SPECIFICATIONS
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9
2.1 PROJECT DEFINATION
In this project there are two parts one receiver section connected to the 6-
and transmitter section connected to the sensor. The sensor used is called
accelerometer. There is the movement along the E2a+is or F2a+is. The analog
output changes with respect to change in the movement in particular a+is. This
analog signal is further transferred to the %/- which is inbuilt in the 6I-
microcontroller.
The microcontroller and '( module are interface using S6I protocol. The
'( module is transceiver which is configured as transmitter or receiver through
microcontroller. %t the transmitter section '( module is configured as the
transmitter. %t the receiver section the '( module is configured as receiver. The
sensor data would be taken and processed in the microcontroller. The
microcontroller at the receiver section will contain the '( stack, 0S$ stack and the
6S: protocol. The sensor data would be given to 6S: stack which will further
transfer to the 6- using 0S$ protocol.

2.2 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS
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G
/istance $etween transmitter and 'eceiver= up to 9; m.
-onnectivity Technology: Wireless &'()
Transmi!r:
1. perating voltage= ?.?H to 9H
:. Input= #and movement
?. !ovement /etection Technology= !"!S accelerometer
9. perating frequency range= :.A2:.AC? I#,
G. !odulation Type= (SJ
R!"!i#!r:
1. perating Holtage= 9H &powered by the 0S$ port)
:. utput= E2F co2ordinate of hand movement
?. Interfaces 1 + 0S$ 2 A pin 0S$ Type %
2.2.1 HARD$ARE SPECIFICATIONS
1% ACCELEROMETER:
K %n accelerometer is a sensing element
K !easured in units of g
K .ow height surface mount package
K :.8;H to 9.:9H single supply operation
K .ow cost , dual a+is accelerometer
K !easure both dynamic acc.&e.g. vibration) L static acc. &e.g. gravity)
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K perational over 21;M- to NC9M- temperature range.
2% PIC MICROCONTROLLER:
K #igh performance, low cost C2bit micro2controller
K 'IS- %rchitecture
K .ow power consumption
K Supports S6I and I:-O !aster and Slave modes
K 1;2$it, up to 112-hannel %nalog2to2/igital -onverter module &%3/)
K !odes Supported= 'un, Idle, Sleep.
K perating frequency up to :; !#,
K Wide operating voltage range= :.;H to 9.9H
Uni#!rsa& S!ria& '(s F!a(r!s:
K 0S$ H:.; -ompliant
K .ow Speed &1.9 !b3s) and (ull Speed &1: !b3s)
K Supports -ontrol, Interrupt, Isochronous and $ulk Transfers
K Supports up to ?: endpoints &1G bidirectional)
K 12Jbyte dual access '%! for 0S$
K n2chip 0S$ transceiver with on2chip voltage regulator
K Interface for off2chip 0S$ transceiver
K Streaming 6arallel 6ort &S66) for 0S$
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C
3% RF MODULE:
K .ow power consumption
K #igh sensitivity
K peration voltage = 1.C P ?.G Holts
K peration temperature range = 2A;PNC9 deg -
K %vailable frequency at = :.AP:.AC? I#,2 Qo certification
required from government
K #igh accuracy
K .ow cost

2.2.2 SOFT$ARE SPECIFICATIONS
6-$ design= 6'T". 77 S"
6I- controller programmer and debugger = !6.%$ I/"
6rogramming language= "mbedded Rc@B1D
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SUR)EY
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7
The mouse is an e+tremely popular technology to interact with your
computer. While the majority of mice are connected directly to the computers
peripheral input via a cord and are powered by the computers main power.
(ig :.first computer mouse prototype
The first computer mouse was one of many breakthrough innovations
originating at S'I &Stanford 'esearch Institute). /oug. "ngelbart conceived of the
mouse in the early 17G;s while e+ploring the interactions between humans and
computers. $ill "nglish, then the chief engineer at S'I, built the first prototype in
17GA. The first computer mouse was based on a carved block of wood with a single
red button. BAD
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1;
3.1E*isin+ s,s!m:
Today, there are three different mice technologies, mechanical, optical laser
and wireless mouse.
3.2 M!"-ani"a& m.(s!:
%s we move this mouse across our desk, the ball rolls under its own weight
and pushes against two plastic rollers linked to thin wheels. ne of the wheels
detects movements in an up2and2down direction &like the y2a+is on graph)> the
other detects side2to2side movements &like the +2a+is on graph paper).
H./ 0. -! /-!!&s m!as(r! .(r -an0 m.#!m!ns1
%s we move the mouse, the ball moves the rollers that turn one or both of the
wheels. If we move the mouse straight up, only the y2a+is wheel turns> if we move
to the right, only the +2a+is wheel turns. %nd if we move the mouse at an angle, the
ball turns both wheels at once. "ach wheel is made up of plastic spokes and, as it
turns, the spokes repeatedly break a light beam. The more the wheel turns, the
more times the beam is broken. So counting the number of times the beam is
broken is a way of precisely measuring how far the wheel has turned and how far
you*ve pushed the mouse. The counting and measuring is done by the microchip
inside the mouse, which sends details down the cable to your computer. Software
in our computer moves the cursor on our screen by a corresponding amount. B7D
3.3 O2i"a& m.(s!:
ptical mouse is maintenance free and will not spoil easily. The optical mouse
actually uses a tiny camera to take 1,9;; pictures every second. The mouse has a
small, red &i+-3!miin+ 0i.0! that bounces light off that surface on to a -!S
sensor. The -!S sensor sends each image to a 0i+ia& si+na& 2r."!ss.r
4DSP% for analysis. The /S6 is able to detect patterns in the images and see how
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11
those patterns have moved since the previous image. $ased on the change in
patterns over a sequence of images, the /S6 determines how far the mouse has
moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer
moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse.
B9D
3.5 Las!r Mi"!:
% new technology that is out is .aser !ice. Instead of optical light, they
use laser light to precisely calculate movement and position. They are e+tremely
precise, reliable and process information e+tremely quick. !ost gamers use .aser
!ice because of their high performance. #owever they are much more e+pensive
than optical mice.
3.6 $ir!&!ss mi"!:
%part from these all mice technologies a new technology is growing in the
field of mouse is wireless mice technology. It usually work via radio frequencies
commonly referred to as '(.'( wireless mice require two components to work
properly a radio transmitter and a radio receiver.
RF Transmi!r3
% radio frequency &'() transmitter is usually integrated inside the mouse. The
mouse records its movements and buttons that are clicked and then sends this
information via radio signals to the receiver.
RF R!"!i#!r 3
The radio frequency &'() receiver usually connects to the computer*s peripheral
mouse input. It receives these '( signals, decodes them and then sends these
signals directly to the computer as normal.
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1:
3.7 Limiai.ns .8 !*isin+ s,s!ms:
!echanical mice use a small rubber ball to calculate distance and position.
#owever these mice are very rarely manufactured anymore due to the fact that they
get dirty easily and are slow to process information. !echanical parts in it worn up
and usually have a shorter lifespan.
ptical L laser mice are e+tremely reliable but it doesn*t pickup the signal
quite well if you move from one surface to another. We used to face SjumpingS
cursor when we moved the mouse too quick. It also happens when the surface has
different graphics imprinted. It gives problems registering motion over glossy or
transparent surfaces.
Ca9&! &!n+- <
We@re limited to the length of your 0S$ cable. We can*t go beyond the
bounds of that cable, and if it*s too short we may have to end up moving your
entire computer just to use your mouse.
In case of wireless mouse, if they are using $luetooth then they can operate
up to very short range. The entire wireless mice available in market are e+tremely
costly. B7D
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1?
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLO:Y
5.1 HARD$ARE DESI:N:
5.1.1 'LOC; DIA:RAM:



TRANSMITTER SECTION
RECEI)ER SECTION
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1A
RF
TRANSCEI)ER
PIC
MICRO3
CONTROLLER
1<F5566
6-
US'
S
P
I
23A=IS
ACCELEROMETER
MEMS3M=A23>>
PIC
MICRO3
CONTROLLER
1<F5566
S
P
I
RF
TRANSCEI)ER
PO$ER SUPPLY
5.1.2 'LOC; DIA:RAM DESCRIPTION:
The generali,ed block diagram of accelerometer based mouse is shown as
above. The block diagram can be divided into two parts first one is Transmi!r
s!"i.n and second is R!"!i#!r s!"i.n.
Transmitter section consists of following block=2
!"!S %ccelerometer
6I- microcontroller
'( !odule
6ower supply &$attery)
Similarly 'eceiver section consists of following blocks=2
'( !odule
6I- microcontroller
6-
The '( !odule is interface to the !icrocontroller using S6I < Serial
6eripheral Interface. The 6I- controller from !icrochip -ompany is from 1C(
series. The receiver side the 6I- controller is interface using 0S$ port.
The !"!S sensor will sense the E and F movement. The output of the
!"!S sensor will be analog and is given to the %/- which is inbuilt in the 6I-
microcontroller. The data will be further processed in 6I- controller and given to
the '( module. The data will be wireless be transferred to the coordinator and the
data will be send to the 6- using 0S$ port. .ikewise the cursor of the mouse will
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19
be controlled. The advantage of this is that it does not require the surface for this.
B:D
PO$ER SUPPLY:
%ccelerometer, '( module L controller work on ?.?H to 9H. So in our
project we are going to use a power supply of 9H, A;;m%. $asically we are
designing a wireless mouse so at transmitter side we require a battery supply L at
receiver side 6- itself provide power supply to receiver section through 0S$.
ACCELEROMETER:
ne of the most popular applications of the !"!SI- accelerometer product
line is in tilt3inclination measurement. %n accelerometer uses the force of gravity
as an input to determine the inclination angle of an object.
% !"!SI- accelerometer is most sensitive to changes in position, or tilt,
when the accelerometer@s sensitive a+is is perpendicular to the force of gravity, or
parallel to the "arth@s surface. Similarly, when the accelerometer@s a+is is parallel
to the force of gravity &perpendicular to the "arth@s surface), it is least sensitive to
changes in tilt.
%ccording to our hand movement accelerometer sense + L y movement.
These + L y movements are converted into the analog voltage form L given to the
microcontroller.
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1G
MICROCONTROLLER:
We are using 6I- 1Cf series microcontroller. 6I- microcontroller has no of
in built features such as 1;2bit %/-, S6I, 0S$ support etc. In transmitter section
microcontroller receives accelerometer@s analog output and converts it into digital
form. (urther this digital data encoded by the microcontroller and given to the '(
module through Serial 6eripheral Interface &S6I) bus.
In receiver section, it receives packet data from '( module via S6I bus.
!icrocontroller decodes it and converts it into 6S: format.
=30ir!"i.n r!&ai#! m.#!m!n
Y30ir!"i.n r!&ai#! m.#!m!n
L!8 "&i"? Ri+- "&i"?
This data sends to 6- through 0S$.
RF TRANSCEI)ER:
'( transceiver works on :.AI#, frequency and support to the S6I interface.
It can be used in Q'T coding. So the '( sends and receives the data into the
packet form over the wireless media.
PC:
6- receives that data through the 0S$ port and according to the data cursor
will move on the desktop.
5.2 SOFT$ARE DESI:N
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18
5.2.1 AL:ORITHM

Transmi!r s!"i.n:
1. Initiali,ation of Sensor
:. Sense the + and y movement.
?. -ontroller checks for left or right click.
A. Initiali,e the %/- routine.
9. -alibrate that %/- routine.
G. "ncodes the data into form of packets.
8. These packets further send to '( module.
C. '( module sends packets over a wireless channel.
R!"!i#!r s!"i.n:
1. Initiali,ation of '( module at receiver side receives those packets.
:. 6ackets send to the microcontroller.
?. !icrocontroller decodes the data.
A. -onvert to the 6S: format.
9. -onvert in the form of 0S$ protocol format.
G. Send it to the pc.
8. bserve the cursor movement on the monitor.
5.2.2 FLO$ CHART:
TRANSMITTER SECTION
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1C
INITIALI@ATION
START


RECEI)ER SECTION
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17
ACCELEROMETER
ANALO: OUTPUT
= & Y MO)EMENT
= & Y
INPUT TO
ADC &
LEFT OR
RI:HT
CLIC;
CON)ERT INTO
DI:ITAL & ENCODE
IT
RF TRANSMITTER
NO
YES
INITIALI@ATION
START
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 APPLICATIONS
This is used by astronauts in the spacecrafts.
-an be used by disabled people to control pc.
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:;
DECODE DATA &
CON)ERT INTO PS2
FORMAT
CON)ERSION IN
CURSOR
MO)EMENT
SEND THROU:H US'
TO PC
%s a wireless joystick in gaming applications.
While giving presentation in a large auditorium.
Simply by hand gestures the computer can be controlled, thus making it very
comfortable for humans.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE
It is a smart cursor movement by hand gesture i.e. movement of hand in air.
$y adding some sensor, based on accelerometer such as :/, ?/ it is possible to
add left L right click operation just by the movement of fingers with particular
speed and that to in particular direction such as in + L y for :/ accelerometer.
Speed must be greater than minimum speed required for reorgani,ation of the
movement.
6.3 CONCLUSION
We have proposed a low2cost solution to cursor systems. It is secure, robust
and low2power consuming. It can operate on multiple channels so as to avoid
interference with other wireless devices or equipments in the industry.
CHAPTER 7
PROPOSED TIME PLAN AND ACTI)ITIES
6#%S"
S"!"ST"'21 S"!"ST"'2 1
"E%!IQ%TIQ
S"!"ST"'2: S"!"ST"'2:
"E%!IQ%TIQ
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:1
U0.F %0I S"6 -T QH /"- U%Q ("$ !%' %6' !%F U0Q
.iterature
Survey

6roject
Selection

#3W /esign
6hase

6-$ /esign

!echanical
%ssembly

S3w /esign
6hase

Testing

"nclosure

6roject report
preparation

Submission f
6roject 'eport

CHAPTER A
'I'LIO:RAPHY
B1D !.%.!a,idi, 4!icrocontroller and "mbedded System5, :;;C, 6earson
"ducation.
B:D -hris wittmier, 4%ccelerometer mouse= #ardware /escription5,
Hol. no= "TA8A, ;A3173:;;9
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::
B?D Seungbae .ee, Ii2Uoon Qam, Uunseok -hae, #anseup Jim, and %lan U. /rake,
4Two2/imensional 6osition /etection System with !"!S %ccelerometer for
!0S" %pplications5
BAD http=33sloan.stanford.edu3mouse site3archive3patent3mouse.html
B9D http=33www.gruntville.com3reviews3mouse pads
BGD http=33www.uchobby.com3inde+.php3:;;831;3:83accelerometer2based2mouse
B8Dhttp=33www.sensorsportal.com3html3sensors3accelerometers.html
BCDhttp=33www.memsnet.org3mems3what is.html
B7Dhttp=3www.oldmouse.com3mouse3hawley
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