Kier Cliffenville G Paciente

745
660
120
100
0.395 0.449 0.995
210F
190F
3
4
assumed
5.4 An aqua-ammonia system similar to that in Fig. 5.18 operates as follows: high-side pressure = 200 psia; t
3
=
190F; t
7
= 140F; t
4
= 210F; m
7
=100 lb per min. Assume equilibrium conditions for States 3, 4, and 7. Find (a) the
lb per min of strong solution leaving the absorber, and (b) the lb per min of cooling water required for the
dephlegmator if the water temperature rise is 15F. You may make the assumptions with regard to the rectifying
column as made in Part (d) of Example 5.4.

















(a)










For the absorber as our C.V. we have the following
equations
m
12
+ m
6
= m
1
(1)
m
12
x
12
+ m
6
x
6
= m
1
x
1
(2)

substituting eqn 1 to eqn 2 gives

m
12
x
12
+ m
6
x
6
= m
12
x
1 +
m
6
x
1
m
6
x
6
-

m
6
x
1
= m
12
x
1
- m
12
x
12
m
6
(x
6
-

x
1
) = m
12
(x
1
- x
12
)
m
6
= m
12
(x
1
x
12
)
(x
6
x
1
)
m
6
= 100 (0.449 0.995)
(0.395 0.449)
m
6
= 1011.11 lb/min

since
we have the value of m
6
we can get m
1
, and m
1
is
the mass flow rate of the strong solution leaving the
absorber

m
1
= 100 + 1011.11
m
1
= 1111.11 lb/min

(b)
Based on the part (d) of example 5.4, we assumed
there was an increase of 10F in t
3
in order to draw
the principal operating line, from there we get

q / m
7
= 745 660
= 85 btu/min
By multiplying the value of m
7
= 100, we can get
q = 85 (100)
= 8500 btu/lb


to solve for the mass flow rate of the cooling water
required for the dephlegmator, we could use
q = m c t ; where q = 8500 btu/lb
c = 1
t = 15
State-
Point
P
psia
t
F
x

h
Btu/lb
Flow Rate
lb/min
1 0.449 1111.11
2 200 0.449 1111.11
3 200 19
0
0.449 100 1011.11
4 200 21
0
0.395 120 1011.11
5 200 0.395 1011.11
6 0.395 100
7 200 14
0
0.995 660 100
8 200 0.995 100
9 200 0.995 100
10 0.995 100
11 0.995 100
12 0.995 100
7
Kier Cliffenville G Paciente

m = ?

8500 = m (1) (15)
m = 566.67 lb/min mass flow rate of cooling
water required

Kier Cliffenville G Paciente


5.5. An aqua-ammonia system similar to that in Fig. 5.18 operates as follows: high-side pressure=220 psia;
low-side pressure= 20 psia; t
4
= 210F; t
8
= 80F; t
12
= 40F; m
4
= 1000 lb per min; m
12
= 100 lb per min. Assume
equilibrium states at 1, 3, 4, and 12. Determine (a) the concentration of the strong solution leaving the heat
exchanger, (b) the heat removed in the absorber in Btu per min, and (c) the tons of refrigeration produced.









(a)
By using the absorber as the control volume and
applying the mass balance equation and quality
balance equation, we can get m
1
and x
1

m
12
+ m
6
= m
1
(1)
m
12
x
12
+ m
6
x
6
= m
1
x
1
(2)

since m
12
= 100 and m
6
= 1000
m
1
= 100 + 1000
m
1
= 1100 lb/min

x
1
= m
12
x
12
+ m
6
x
6

m
1

= 100(0.995) + 1000(0.395)
1100
x
1
= 0.449 the concentration of the strong
solution leaving the heat exchanger

(b)
In the heat exchanger
m
4
h
4
+ m
2
h
2
= m
5
h
5
+ m
3
h
3
(3)



we already have the values of all the mass, and all
the enthalpy except for h
5
and h
2
, but we can get h
2

by the use of

h
2
= h
1
+ (P
2
P
1
)v
1

J
and we can get the value of v
1
from

v
1
= (1 - x
1
)v
H
2
O
+ 0.85x
1
v
NH
= (1 0.45)(0.1602) + 0.85(0.45)(0.025484998)
= 0.01855901174 cu ft/lb


Substituting the value of v
1
and the other values of
its variables

to the equation for h
2
h
2
= -58 + (220 20) (0.01855901174)
778
= -57.99522905 btu/lb

Then, substituting the values in equation 3 to solve
for h
5


1000(120) + 1100(-57.99522905) =
1000(h
5
) + 1100(108)
h
5
= -62.59475195 btu/lb

and we know that h
5
= h
6
for it passes an
expansion valve, so h
6
= -62.59475195





then considering this
as our C.V. we can
get



q
A
= m
12
h
12
+ m
6
h
6
- m
1
h
1

= 100(638) + 1000(-62.59475195) (1100)(-58)
= 65005.24805 btu/min the heat removed
from the absorber


State-
Point
P
psia
t
F
x

h
Btu/lb
Flow
Rate
lb/min
1 20 45 0.45 -58 1100
2 220 0.45 1100
3 220 0.45 108 1100
4 220 210 0.395 120 1000
5 220 0.395 -62.59 1000
6 20 0.395 -62.59 1000
7 220 80 0.995 100
8 220 0.995 130 100
9 220 0.995 100
10 20 0.995 100
11 20 0.995 100
12 20 40 0.995 638 100
Kier Cliffenville G Paciente

(c)






















Considering system as our C.V. we can get

q
E
= m
12
h
12
m
8
h
8

but m
12
= m
8
, so

q
E
= m(h
12
h
8
)
substituting the values of the variables gives

q
E
= 100(638-130)
= 50800 btu/min

And

TONS = q
E
/ 200
= 50800 / 200
TONS = 254tons tons of refrigeration produced

Kier Cliffenville G Paciente

5.6. A lithium bromide-water system of the type shown in Fig. 5.16 operates with a condensing temperature of
110F, evaporating temperature of 38 F, temperature of solution leaving the absorber of 100 F, temperature of
solution entering the generator of 180F, and temperature of solution leaving generator of 210F. Assume
saturated conditions for States 3, 4, 8, and 10. Neglect pressure drops in components and lines. Warm water
from the load returns to the machine at a temperature of 52 F and at a temperature of 52F and at a rate of flow
of 600GPM. Chilled water leaves the machine at a temperature of 44 F. Saturated steam at 25 psia enters the
generator and leaves as saturated water; calculate the required rate of flow of steam in lb per hr.

Temp. of solution leaving absorber = 100F
Temp of solution entering generator = 180F
Temp of solution leaving generator = 210F
Warm water from load enters = 52F
Chilled water leaves machine =44F
Saturated steam enters generator and leaves as saturated
water at 25 psia
hg @ 25psia = 952.2


For the pressures we can get it by converting the saturated pressures of the condenser and evaporator at their
corresponding temperatures with saturated temperatures of 110F and 38F respectively into mm Hg.

We know that 1 psia= 51.71257 mm Hg

For evaporator
0.011249 psia x 51.71257 mm Hg = 5.82 mm Hg
1 psia
For condenser
1.2754 psia x 51.71257 mm Hg = 65.95 mm Hg
1 psia

h
7
can be calculated by eq (1.32)
h
7
= 1061 + 0.45t
= 1061 + 0.45(210)
= 1155.5

For the conversion of 600 GPM to lb/hr
600 gal/min x 3.7854 L x 1 kg x 2.2 lbs x 60 mins = 299803.68 lb/hr
1 gal 1 L 1 kg 1 hr


Q = m c t
Q = (299803.68)(1)(52-44)
Q = 2398429.44 btu/hr


State-
Point
P
mm Hg
t
F
x

h
Btu/lb
Flow
Rate
lb/min
1 5.82 100 0.57
2 65.95 0.57
3 65.95 180 0.57 -34
4 65.95 0.63 -24
5 65.95 0.63
6 5.82 0.63
7 65.95 210 0 1155.5 0.2
8 65.95 110 0 78 0.2
9 5.82 0 78 0.2
10 5.82 38 0 1077.80 0.2
Kier Cliffenville G Paciente


2398429.44 btu/hr (1 ton of refrigeration) = 200 tons of refrigeration
12000 btu/hr

Control volume for the evaporator

solving for m
9


m
9
(h
10
h
9
) = 200
m
9
(1077.80 78) = 200
m
9
= 0.2 lb/(min)(ton)


Control volume for the absorber

solving for m
6
, we can use quality balance equation in the absorber
m
10
+ m
6
= m
1
(1)
m
10
x
10
+ m
6
x
6
= m
1
x
1
(2)

substituting eqn 1 to eqn 2 gives

m
10
x
10
+ m
6
x
6
= m
10
x
1 +
m
6
x
1
m
6
x
6
-

m
6
x
1
= m
10
x
1
- m
10
x
10
m
6
(x
6
-

x
1
) = m
10
(x
1
- x
10
)
m
6
= m
10
(x
1
x
10
)
(x
6
x
1
)
= 0.2 ( 0.57 0 )
(0.63 0.57)
m
6
= 1.9 lb/(min)(ton



Control Volume at the Generator


q
G
= m
4
h
4
+ m
7
h
7
m
3
h
3
= (1.9)(-24) + 0.2(1155.5) 2.1(-34)
= 256.9

m = 60 q
G
(ton)

h
fg

= 60 (256.9)(200)
952.2

m = 3237.56 lb/hr the required rate of flow of steam in lb per hr

Kier Cliffenville G Paciente

5.7. Compare the cost in dollars per (hr)(ton) for generator steam in Example 5.5 with cost of electricity in
dollars per (hr)(ton) for a Refrigerant 12 compressor system. You may assume that steam costs 40 cents per
1000 lb and that electricity cost is 2 cents per kwhr. Assume the Refrigerant 12 system is operated at 40 F
evaporating temperature and 100 F condensing temperature. You may obtain in estimate for the Hp/ton
requirement of the Refrigerant 12 system by extrapolation of Fig. 3.15. Assume an electric efficiency of 80
percent.

Steam Generator
According to Example 5.5 the mass flow rate of steam is m = 15.78 lb/(hr)(ton). And the steam costs 0.40$ per
1000 lb, therefore

Cost = 15.75 lb/(hr)(ton) x .40$ /1000 lb
= 0.0063 $ per (hr)(ton) of steam cost for steam generator


Refrigerant 12 Compressor System

Evaporating temperature = 40F
Condensing temperature = 90F
From these values we can get the values for the enthalpy in a single stage cycle system
h
1
= h
f
@ 40F = 28.713 btu/lb
h
2
= h
1
= 28.713 btu/lb
h
3
= h
g
@ 40F = 81.436 btu/lb, v
3
= v
g
@T = 0.77357
h
4
= h @ 51.667 psia and s
4
= s
3
= 0.16586
= 74.04btu/lb

Hp/ton = 0.00606(nP
3
v
3
/(n-1) m(h
3
-h
2
))(( P
4
/P
3
)(n-1)/n-1) ; n=y=1.13, m = .8
Hp/ton =0.856837
0.856837 Hp/ton (0.745699872 kw/ 1 Hp) = 0.6389432412 kw/ton
Cost = 0.6389432412 kw/ton x 0.02 $ / kwhr
= 0. 01278 $per (hr) (ton) cost for the R-12 system

Therefore the steam generator was cheaper than the R12 system by 0.0067 $ per (hr)(ton)