PARISUTHAM INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

THANJAVUR
AE-2405 AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL
Prepare !"#
G$Pra%a&' M$E$#
A%%(%&a)& pr*+e%%*r
AE-2405 AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
2

LIST OF E,PERIMENTS
S$N*$ Na-e *+ &'e E.per(-e)& Pa/e N*
1. Aircraft Jacking Up procedure 9
2. Aircraft Leveling procedure 15
3. Control S!te" #igging c$eck procedure 1%
&. Aircraft S""etr C$eck procedure 22
5. 'lo( te!t to a!!e!! of filter ele"ent clogging 25
). *re!!ure +e!t +o a!!e!! $draulic ,-ternal./nternal Leakage 20
0. 'unctional +e!t to ad1u!t operating pre!!ure 32
%. *re!!ure +e!t procedure on fuel !!te" co"ponent! 3&
9. 3rake +or4ue Load +e!t on ($eel 5rake unit! 30
12. 6aintenance and rectification of !nag! in $draulic and fuel !!te"! &2
3

INTRO0UCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM
An aeronautical engineer "u!t $ave a !olid foundation in 5a!ic! of A.C S!te"7 t$e principle
of cooling and !ound kno(ledge of t$e (a t$e principle i! applied to variou! !!te"! u!ed in t$e
A.C. +$e variou! !!te"! t$at e-i!t in aircraft! are a! follo(!
8draulic S!te"
Aircraft 9-gen S!te"
*neu"atic S!te"
Air:conditioning and *re!!uri;ation S!te"
,lectrical S!te"
,ngine oil < 'uel S!te"
Aircraft /n!tru"ent S!te"
/ce and rain protection !!te"
'ire protection and !"oke detection !!te"
Leak and =a!te !!te"
Aircraft (eapon >#ocket7 ?un7 6i!!ile!7 3o"5< ,1ection !!te"@
Co""unication and navigation !!te"
*ropul!ion !!te"
+$oug$ t$e !!te"! are u!ed to operate t$e variou! counter and co"ponent!7 t$e re4uire da to da
c$eck7 repair < e-a"ination for !"oot$ and proper function. +$e purpo!e to conduct A.C !!te" la5 i! to
fa"iliari;e da to da activitie! re4uired to "aintain air(ort$ condition of A.C.
AIR1ORTHINESS
+$e continuing capa5ilit of t$e A.C to perfor" in !ati!factor "anner7 t$e flig$t
operation for ($ic$ it i! de!igned.
INSPECTION
/t i! t$e "o!t i"portant for" of function of aviation "aintenance. A! t$e A.C give!
co"ple-it7 it 5eco"e! "ore i"portant to detect an po!!i5le trou5le 5efore it 5eco"e! !eriou!.
+o a!!i!t t$i!7 aero engineer! are provided (it$ detail !pecial c$eck li!t and t$e "aintenance
"anual for eac$ tpe of A.C. +$e engineer $a! to go t$roug$ "aintenance "anual t$oroug$l
5efore atte"pting an kind of activit in aircraft and it! co"ponent!. +$e operation! "a 5e
carried out on A.C on dail fling $our! and.or ccle 5a!i!.
MAINTAINENCE
+$e !et of action including in!pection7 !ervicing7 and deter"ination of condition re4uired to
ac$ieve a derived outco"e ($ic$ re!tore an A.C part and e4uip"ent in !ervicea5le condition.
&

OVERHAUL
9ver$aul "ean! !tripping a unit and re!toring it to it! de!ign perfor"ance level after
replacing7 re(orking of part! to a given !tandard.
SERVICING
/t "ean! preparing t$e A.C for flig$t7 include! providing t$e A.C (it$ fuel and ot$er fluid
and ga!e! 5ut do not include an (ork t$at i! "aintenance.
TROUBLE SHOOT
/t "ean! to anal!e! and identif t$e "alfunction.
REPAIR
/t "ean! to correct t$e defective condition.
MO0IFICATION
/t i! a continuou! proce!! to i"prove it! relia5ilit and perfor"ance.
SERVICING SCHE0ULES
Servicing on 8our!.Calendar.Ccle 5a!i!7 ($ic$ are to 5e carried out on aircraft at !et
8our!.Calendar.Ccle 5a!i! are "entioned in t$e "anual or A.C !ervicing !c$edule. +$e
!ervicing include! e-a"ination7 in!pection7 lu5rication and re"oval of "a1or co"ponent! !uc$ a!
landing gear 1ack!7 door lock!7 air:conditioning e4uip"ent!A aircraft 5rake unit! ($eel! etc.
landing gear functional te!t7 fling control range and "o"ent c$eck.7 A.C rigging procedure7
$draulic fluid conta"ination te!t7 fuel conta"ination te!t < !o"e activitie! re4uire! replace"ent
of co"ponent!.
Aircraft "aintenance c$eck! are periodical c$eck! t$at $ave to 5e done on all aircraft after a
certain a"ount of ti"e u!age. Aircraft! u!uall refer to a! one of t$e follo(ing c$eck!.
A CHEC2
+$i! i! perfor"ed appro-i"atel ever "ont$. +$i! i! u!uall done over nig$t. +$e actual
occurrence of t$i! c$eck varie! 5 t$e tpe7 ccle or nu"5er of $our! flo(n !ince t$e la!t c$eck. +$e
occurrence can 5e delaed 5 t$e aircraft if certain predeter"ine condition! are "et.
B CHEC2
+$i! i! perfor"ed in appro-i"atel 3 "ont$!.
5

C CHEC2
+$i! i! perfor"ed ever 12 to 1% "ont$!. +$i! c$eck put! aircraft out of !ervice and re4uire!
plent of !pace u!uall at t$e $anger and "aintenance 5a!e. Sc$edule and occurrence $a! "an factor!.
+$e co"ponent i! de!cri5ed and t$u! varie! (it$ t$e A.C categor and tpe.
0 CHEC2
+$i! i! t$e $eavie!t c$eck of an A.C. +$i! c$eck i! done appro-i"atel ever & to 5 ear.
+$i! i! t$e c$eck t$at take! t$e entire A.C apart for in!pection. A co"pre$en!ive c$eck7 anal!i!
Bon Ce!tructive +e!ting >BC+@ c$eck and co"plete $ealt$ "onitoring of t$e engine $a! to 5e
recorded. Co"plete over$auling of t$e A.C and it! co"ponent! even A.C painting i! al!o
re4uired in t$i! proce!!.
CONCLUSION
/n order to en!ure air (ort$ine!! condition of an A.C and it! a!!ociated !!te"!. Dariou!
c$eck!.in!pection! (it$in !tipulated ti"e7 follo(ing t$e !c$edule !$o( t$e A.C and it! !!te" are
kept in full !ervicea5le condition at all ti"e and in turn en$ance t$e A.C !afet. +$e ti"e fra"e
of !c$edule! varie! fro" A.C to A.C.
)

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1HILE HAN0LING AIRCRAFT
SYSTEMS AN0 ITS COMPONENTS
AIM
+o prevent accident and da"age to "an and "aterial.
OCCASIONS
=$enever re4uired to $andle t$e A.C and it! !!te" co"ponent! and ground e4uip"ent!.
AIRCRAFT
3efore caring out an (ork on t$e A.C7 t$e re!pective "aintenance "anual i! to 5e
referred for furt$er in!truction!. +$e nece!!ar !afet precaution! are to 5e !trictl
follo(ed.
3efore entering t$e cock pit of a fig$ter A.C7 en!ure t$at t$e e1ection !eat i! in !afe and all ar"a"ent
operating !(itc$e! are in !afe po!ition and all t$e !afel pin! are in po!ition.
3efore !(itc$ing on t$e "a!ter 5atter !(itc$ en!ure t$at t$e under carriage !elector
lever i! in do(n po!ition and latc$ed and all t$e ar"a"ent !tore door !(itc$e! are in
!afe condition.
,n!ure t$at t$e ($eel c$ock! are engaged.
3efore operating t$e control !urface7 en!ure t$at t$e control lock! are re"oved.
3efore !tarting t$e engine.
C$ock! are to 5e kept in front of t$e ($eel.
A.C 5rake !!te" in !ervicea5le.
A !ervicea5le fire e-tingui!$er i! availa5le.
Bever to( an aircraft (it$out a per!on in!ide t$e cockpit 5efore to(ing t$e A.C7 c$eck
t$e 5rake pre!!ure.
=$ile to(ing t$e A.C never e-ceed t$e (alking !peed.
Bever drop an tool ($ile (orking.
=$ile (orking in!ide t$e A.C7 collect all t$e tool! and !pace on co"pletion of t$e 1o5
and en!ure no ite"! are left 5e$ind.
HY0RAULIC SYSTEM
Al(a! relea!e t$e !!te" pre!!ure 5efore re"oving a co"ponent fro" t$e A.C
Bever doe! an "aintenance (ork on airplane (it$ an ot$er !pecified oil ot$er t$an t$e
reco""ended one.
Carr out t$e patc$ te!t on t$e !!te" to prevent t$e conta"ination of oil. +$i! can
5e carried out u!ing 6illipore patc$ te!t kit.
Bever "i- different grade of $draulic oil to !ervice t$e A.C.
0

3lank all t$e port! of t$e re"oved co"ponent! and t$e A.C pipe end! to avoid t$e entr
of du!t7 dirt and foreign particle!.
'ollo( t$e nece!!ar precaution! to di!"antle t$e $draulic co"ponent!.
Avoid !pilling of $draulic fluid on t$e A.C and in and around fro" t$e A.C. /f !pilled it
!$ould 5e cleaned i""ediatel to avoid !lipping.
3efore fitting a ne( $draulic co"ponent7 it !$ould 5e un5lanked7 degrea!ed7 (a!$ed
and flu!$ed.
=$ile fitting t$e non return valve and re!trictor!7 en!ure t$at t$e "arked arro(! are in
t$e de!ired direction.
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
#elea!e t$e !!te" pre!!ure 5efore atte"pting a 1o5.
Clean all t$e vent! of t$e aircraft
9n re"oval of co"ponent!7 5lank all t$e part! of t$e co"ponent and t$e re!pective pipe!.
=$ile carring out t$e pre!!ure te!t never e-ceed t$e given li"itation
=$ile c$arging t$e pneu"atic pre!!ure al(a! u!e t$e pre!!ure regulator and !afet valve.
Crain t$e oil and (ater !eparator.
Bever $andle an 5ottle or clinder fro" it! c$arging no;;le. Al(a! u!e protective
cover
O,YGEN SYSTEM
S"oking7 open fla"e! or !"oke! !$ould not 5e per"itted ($ile (orking on t$e o-gen
!!te".
Co not carr "atc$e! ($ile $andling t$e 92 !!te"
A.C "u!t 5e grounded and all electrical po(er "u!t 5e !(itc$ed off.
Eeep (orking area and e4uip"ent free of oil7 grea!e or an ot$er fla""a5le "aterial.
Eeep t$e tool! and clot$ing free of oil and grea!e.
951ect !$ould not co"e in contact (it$ grea!e or !olvent! a! t$i! (ill cau!e !pontaneou!
e-plo!ion!.
Bever lu5ricate t$e 92 !!te" co"ponent! e-cept on approved co"pati5le lu5ricant.
8and !$ould 5e clean and free fro" oil. Co not u!e grea!ing glove!.
A !park i! not nece!!ar to cau!e a fire or e-plo!ion 5ut t$e c$e"ical reaction of fuel7 ga!
and oil co"5ined (it$ 92 i! !ufficient to develop in!tant co"5u!tion and cau!e fire and
e-plo!ion.
Bever per"it 92 clinder to co"e in contact (it$ electrical (elding circuit!
and apparatu!.
Bever u!e o-gen fro" clinder (it$out reducing t$e pre!!ure t$roug$ a
reducing regulator and !afet valve!.
Bever "i- ot$er ga! or co"pre!!ed air i! an 92 clinder.
%

Bever te!t for pipe line leak! or flo( pipe line (it$ o-gen unle!! t$e line! are
!pecificall "ade for t$at.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE FOLLO1E0 0URING FUELLING AN0
0EFUELLING
Co not operate radio7 radar or an ot$er electrical and electronic e4uip"ent e-cept
t$o!e !pecified.
?round t$e fuel !uppl unit and aircraft.
6ake !ure t$e fuelling !ource contain t$e proper fuel grade a! !pecified 5
t$e "anufacture.
Bo !"oking7 open fla"e i! per"itted in and around t$e A.C.
/t i! not per"itted to drop an tool ($ile t$e operation i! on.
+$e operation !$ould 5e carried out in an open or full ventilated !pace.
Co not carr out o-gen related (ork.
CONCLUSION
+$u! t$e variou! !afet precaution! ($ile $andling aircraft !!te" are !tudied.
9

E, NO3 4 JAC2ING UP OF AIRCRAFT
AIM
+o 1ack t$e aircraft fro" it! !tead po!ition
JAC2ING
All aircraft $draulic 1ack! are eit$er a-le or airfra"e >tripod@ 1ack!. +$e!e 1ack! u!e
!tandard aut$ori;ed aircraft $draulic fluid. +$e $ave a !afet 5pa!! valve t$at prevent!
da"age ($en a load in e-ce!! of 12 percent over t$e rated capacit i! applied. 'or e-a"ple7 t$e
!afet valve on a 12:ton 1ack (ill 5pa!! fluid at 11 ton! of pre!!ure.
+$ere are "an different tpe! of aircraft 1ack! currentl in u!eA $o(ever7 t$e all fall into t(o
group!7 "ec$anical and $draulic.
Me5'a)(5a6 L(+&()/ Ja57%
+$e "ec$anical 1ack! operate on a !i"ple screw jack principle7 ($ere a ratc$et
"ec$ani!" i! u!ed to rai!e t$e tele!copic ra" 5 u!e of a !4uare t$read. +$e!e 1ack! are u!uall
onl u!ed for rai!ing !"all lig$t aeroplane!7 and !o"e $elicopter!.
H"ra86(5 L(+&()/ Ja57%
+$e "a1orit of aircraft lifting 1ack! operate on a $draulic principle7 ($ic$ u!e t$e fact
t$at oil (ill flo( freel et act a! a !olid7 5ecau!e it i! in t$i! conte-t inco"pre!!i5le. Anot$er
advantage of u!ing t$e $draulic principle7 i! t$at a relativel !"all pi!ton pu"p can generate a
lot of pre!!ure to "ove t$e 1ack ra" and aircraft up(ard!7 (it$ onl a "oderate effort on t$e part
of t$e operator.
OCCASION
=$en aircraft i! need to 5e in!pected for da"age to c$ange tpe and during rigging c$eck
fro" 9?CA 1acking of an aircraft $a! to 5e carried out
RE9UIREMENTS
6an po(erF3G1
6an $our!F3 $r!
Cocu"ent! of aircraft "aintenance "anual
TOOLS E9UIPMENT RE9UIRE0
Jacking pad
Bece!!ar 1ack!7 5ottle 1ack17 ($eel c$ock!HH
12

Tr(p* :a57
11

98rar8p* :a57
12

PRECAUTIONS
#efer aircraft "aintenance "anual 7 en!ure t$e capacit and !e"i circularit of 1ack
+$e 1acking area !$ould 5e oil free
+$e 1acking point !$ould of ($ic$ 2 at (ing! and one at "a-i"u" c.g location
+$ere !$ould 5e no per!on in!ide t$e aircraft ($ile 1acking
Central !urface! !$ould 5e locked
+$e 5alla!ted (eig$t !$ould 5e re"oved 5efore 1acking
Jack $andle !$ould not da"age !tructure of (eig$t
Clearance of propeller !$ould 5e en!ured 5efore 1acking
PROCE0URE
Jacking *rocedure:#ai!ing
+$e general procedure for rai!ing t$e co"plete aircraft on 1ack! i! a! follo(!I
/t differ! fro" variou! aircraft and refer re!pective aircraft "aintenance "anual
#e"ove t$e "ooring
/dentif t$e 1acking point! of t$e aircraft 5 placing it in level
After finding t$e 1acking point! place t$e 1ack! at t$e point!.
*lace a per!on at t$e 1acking point to look after t$e rai!ed 1ack!
All t$e 1ack! !$ould 5e !i"ultaneou!l rai!ed.
After 1acking7 1ack lock! !$ould 5e c$ecked for !ta5ilit and tig$tened.
+$e nece!!ar in!pection $a! to 5e carried out.
/f t$e aircraft i! likel to 5e c$ecked for "ore t$an 2& $r!7 place t$e ad1u!ta5le tru!! at
!pecified !tation
*lace t$e di!place 5oard aircraft 1ack! near t$e aircraft
Jacking *rocedure:Lo(erin g
+$e general procedure for lo(ering t$e co"plete aircraft on 1ack! i! a! follo(!I
,n!ure t$at t$e landing gear control lever in t$e cockpit i! !elected to
t$eDown po!ition.
,n!ure t$at ?round Safet Lock! are fitted on all Landing ?ear!.
,n!ure t$at t$e 3rake! are relea!ed.
,n!ure t$at all t$e pa!!enger.cre( door!7 t$e e"ergenc e-it! and t$e cargo door!
are clo!ed and locked or full open and locked.
Clear t$e area around t$e aircraft of all ground !upport and "aintenance e4uip"ent
and en!ure t$at no ot$er (ork i! 5eing carried out.
Loo!en t$e 1ack Safet Locking Collar!.
13

Slo(l operate t$e 1ack! to lo(er t$e aircraft at t$e !a"e ti"e to keeping t$e aircraft level
until all t$e landing gear ($eel! !upport t$e full (eig$t of t$e aircraft.
,n!ure t$at t$roug$out t$e 1acking operation! t$e 1ack Safet Locking Collar! are
kept appro-i"atel 2.5 c"! clear of t$e 1ack 5od.
=$en t$e 1ack ra"! $ave fully (it$dra(n into t$eir 1ack 5odie! t$e 1ack! "a t$en 5e
re"oved fro" under t$e aircraft. +$e re"oval of 1ack! prior to t$i! point can 5e dangerou! if
t$e aircraft !uddenl !ettle! o(ing to an stiction in t$e landing gear!.
Appl t$e 3rake!.
'it =$eel C$ock!.
#ein!tate t$e relevant circuit 5reaker! deactivated prior to rai!ing t$e aircraft. #e!toring
t$e aircraft to t$e Ground Configuration.
#e"ove (arning notice! fro" t$e aircraft cockpit.
#e"ove Safet 3arrier! fro" around t$e aircraft.
RESULT
+$u! t$e 1acking of an aircraft $a! 5een carried out for furt$er in!pection
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. =$at i! t$e procedure for 1acking upJ
2. =$at i! t$e procedure for 1acking do(nJ
3. =$at i! t$e purpo!e of 1ack!J
4. =$at are t$e tpe! of a-ial 1ack!J
5. =$at i! t$e difference 5et(een !cre( and $draulic 1ackJ
6. Cefine lifting 5ag!.
7. =$at i! "eant 5 tripod 1ackJ
8. =$at i! "eant 5 3ipod 1ackJ
9. =$at i! "eant 5 4uradrupod 1ackJ
1&

9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. ,-plain 5riefl a5out t$e 1acking up and 1acking do(n procedure for Ce!ena "odel
aircraftJ
2. ,-plain a5out variou! tpe! of 1ack! are currentl u!ed to rai!ing and lo(ering t$e
aircraftJ
3. Ce!cri5e a5out t$e variou! tpe! of e4uip"entK! are u!ed to 1acking up and do(n t$e
aircraftJ
15

E, NO3 2 LEVELLING OF PUSHPA2 AIRCRAFT
AIM
+o level t$e aircraft for in!pection purpo!e
LEVELING
Leveling i! t$e proce!! of placing an aircraft in it! rigging po!ition 5 "ean!
of $draulic or !cre( 1ack!
+$e rigging po!ition i! t$e po!ition of t$e aircraft at ($ic$ longitudinal and lateral
a-i! are parallel to ground.
Leveling "ean! leveling t$e aircraft in t$e $ori;ontal po!ition for rigging. +$ere
are t$ree tpe! of leveling. +$e are a! follo(!
Straig$t edge "et$od
?rid plate "et$od
,ngineer! tran!"it "et$od
OCCASION
Curing replace"ent or rene(al of "a1or co"ponent!7 rigging c$eck!7 !""etr
c$eck! and a! ($en C?CA re4uire leveling proce!! i! carried out.
RE9UIREMENTS
6an $our! F 3 $r!
6an po(erF 3G1
Cocu"ent!F Aircraft "aintenance "anual
1)

TOOLS RE9UIREMENT
+ripod !cre(.$draulic 1ack
Spirit level Lad1u!ta5le.fi-edM
Leveling 5oard!
+ail tre!tle!Lfi-ed.ad1u!ta5leM
PRECAUTION
95!erve on !afet precaution! for 1ack up
C$eck t$e accurac of !pirit level
Al(a! fini!$ leveling procedure once 5 c$ecking t$e Llongitudinal level
(it$out an ad1u!t"entM
PROCE0URE
*lace t$e "ain 1ack 5elo( t$e undercarriage near t$e fu!elage
*lace t$e tre!tle of t$e !pecified !tation 5 lifting t$e tail unit
*lace t$e longitudinal leveling 5oard at 5ot$ !ide of cockpit
*lace t$e lateral leveling 5oard at rear of t$e !lat!
*lace t$e !pirit level over it and ad1u!t "ain 1ack till t$e 5u55le of !pirit level
i! 5roug$t in centre
#ec$eck t$e longitudinal level
/f t$e 5u55le i! in t$e centre in 5ot$ t$e !pirit level7 t$e aircraft i! con!idered to 5e
5roug$t into level condition
/f not7 t$en repeat t$e operation fro" !tep 3 to 0
CONCLUSION
+$u! t$e aircraft i! leveled and i! "ade read for furt$er c$eck!
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. =$at i! t$e procedure for levelingJ
2. =$at i! t$e function of plu"5 5o5J
3. =$at i! t$e purpo!e of levelingJ
10

4. =$at are t$e tpe! of e4uip"entK! are u!ed for levelingJ
5. =$at i! t$e function of !prit levelJ
6. =$at i! "eant 5 datu" plate levelingJ
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. ,-plain 5riefl a5out tpe of t$e leveling "et$od! (it$ !uita5le diagra"!J
2. ,-plain a5out align"ent and (ing t(i!t c$eck of Ce!ena 152 "odel aircraft
1%

E, NO3 ; RIGGING CHEC2ING UP OF AILERON 0EFLECTION AN0
ELEVATOR 0EFLECTION
AIM
+o en!ure t$e deflection angle of aileron and elevator
THEORY
N#iggingN i! t$e ter" u!ed to de!cri5e t$e geo"etric !et:up of t$e fling !urface! of
an aircraft. +$i! include!I
1) Setting t$e angle of incidence of eac$ (ing and fi-ed !ta5ili;ing !urface in relation
to !o"e defined reference line in t$e fu!elage
2) Ad1u!ting t$e !urface! for an di$edral
3) Ad1u!ting t$e (ing! for an geo"etrical t(i!t or N(a!$outN >relative incidence of eac$
!eg"ent of t$e (ing@
4) Ad1u!t"ent of control !urface! for t$e correct angular travel
5) C$ecking t$e !""etr of t$e aircraft7 t$at i!7 for e4ualit left.rig$t and
overall !4uarene!! or regularit
AileronI t$e "ove"ent of aircraft a5out lateral a-i! i! called rolling or 5ank. +$i!
"o"ent aileron! are linked toget$er 5 control ca5le. So t$i! one aileron i! do(n ($en ot$er i!
up t$at i! t$e function in different direction!.
,levatorI +$e "ove"ent of aircraft a5out longitudinal a-i! i! called pitc$ing. ,levator
are u!ed to control t$i! pitc$ing "ove"ent. ,levator! are linked toget$er 5 actual ca5le !o
t$at 5ot$ elevator are do(n t$at i! "ove in !a"e direction
OCCASION
6a1or !ervicing of aircraft
Aircraft flie! ($en one (ing lo(
A! and ($en re4uired 5 C?CA
19

RE9UIREMENTS
6an $our!F3
6an po(erF3G1
Cocu"ent!F Aircraft "aintenance "anual
TOOLS AN0 E9UIPMENTS
+ripod
Aircraft ladder
Longitudinal and lateral leveling 5oard
Spirit level
*lu"5 5o5
6ea!uring tape
PRECAUTIONS
FOR AILERONS
95!erve all t$e !afet precaution! for levelingM
Accurac of !pirit level $a! to 5e c$ecked
PROCE0URE
*lace t$e aircraft over t$e level 5oard
22

Locate t$e C.? point and place t$e leveling 5oard and !pirit level on it
Locate t$e C.? point and place t$e leveling 5oard and !pirit level over it
Level t$e aircraft a! per t$e concerned "aintenance "anual
6ea!ure t$e c$ord lengt$ of aileron
6ea!ure t$e di!tance travelled 5 aileron in up(ard direction fro"
neutral po!ition to port !ide
+ake t$e di!tance fro" upper (ing
6ea!ure t$e do(n(ard di!tance travelled 5 aileron for" neutral po!ition
'ind deflection angle fro" "ea!ured di!tance
C$eck angle of deflection (it$in !pecified li"it
FOR ELEVATORS
6ea!ure t$e di!tance travelled in up(ard direction fro" neutral po!ition to
deflected po!ition
+ake di!tance fro" upper $inge
6ea!ure di!tance travelled 5 elevator fro" neutral po!ition
'ind t$e deflection angle fro" neutral po!ition
C$eck t$e angle of deflection i! (it$in t$e !pecified li"it
RESULT
+$u! t$e aileron and elevator deflection i! verified and c$ecked.
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. =$at i! "eant 5 riggingJ
2. =$at i! t$e purpo!e of #ig pinJ
3. =$at i! t$e purpo!e of riggingJ
4. =$at are t$e tpe! of a-ial 1ack!J
5. =$at i! t$e purpo!e of ten!io"eterJ
6. =$at i! t$e purpo!e of t$ro(5oardJ
7. =$at i! "eant 5 ter"inal !(agingJ
8. =$at i! t$e procedure for ca5le "aintenance
21

9. =$at i! t$e procedure for 4uick di!connectingJ
10. =$at i! "eant 5 4uick di!connectJ
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
11. ,-plain 5riefl a5out t$e rigging procedure for control !urface! of t$e aircraftJ
12. ,-plain a5out variou! tpe! of co"ponent! are currentl u!ed for rigging of flig$t
control !!te"!J
22

E, NO3 4 AIRCRAFT SYMMETRY CHEC2S
AIM
+o c$eck t$e !""etr of aircraft
SYMMETRY CHEC2
A !""etr c$eck i! an in!pection to !ee $o( t$e aircraftK! individual co"ponent! are
po!itioned in relation!$ip to eac$ ot$er.
METHO034
3 "ean! of direct "ea!uring (it$ tape
MEHTO032
3 dropping plu"5 5o5 and "arking and "ea!uring "et$od
OCCASION
9n a!!e"5le.erection of ne( aircraft
#eplace"ent.re"oval of "a1or co"ponent
8eav landing report!
'ollo(ed 5 flig$t t$roug$ tur5ulence
#epeated !"og on flig$t c.!
An "odification! on aircraft ($ic$ affect it! perfor"ance
A! and ($en re4uired 5 C?CA
PRECAUTIONS
#efer aircraft "aintenance "anual en!ure t$e caution !urrounding! of aircraft
+$e 1acking area !$ould 5e free
95!erve all !afet precaution for leveling
C$eck t$e accurac of !pirit level
Al(a! fini!$ leveling procedure onl 5 c$ecking t$e longitudinal level
RE9UIREMENT
=orking $r!F3
6an po(erF3
Cocu"entF aircraft "aintenance "anual and rigging c$eck up
23

TOOLS USE0
6ea!uring tape
Spirit level
*lu"5 5o5
Leveling 5oard
+ripod 1ack
Support 1ack
PROCE0URE
*lace t$e aircraft in rigging po!ition
C$eck t$e incident angle of (ing
2&

C$eck t$e di$edral angle of "ain plane
C$eck t$e !(eep 5ack angle
C$eck t$e di$edral angle of tail plane
Crop t$e plu"5 5o5 fro" !pin centre and tail ($eel centre and "ea!ure t$e
lengt$ of aircraft
Crop t$e plu"5 5o5 fro" eit$er (ing tip! and "ark it on t$e ground
'ro" fin top $inge or tail ($ere centre drop! t$e plu"5 5o5 and "ark it
6ea!ure t$e diagonal di!tance
C$eck t$e fin verticalit
6ea!ure t$e !pin centre to eac$ (ing tip
+a5ulate in t$e for"at given
RESULT
A5ove !tated difference are "ea!ured and co"pared (it$ t$e rigging c$art and found
(it$ per"i!!i5le li"it!
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. =$at i! "eant 5 !""etr c$eckJ
2. =$at are t$e e4uip"entK! are involved in !""etr c$eckJ
3. =$at i! t$e purpo!e of !""etr c$eckJ
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
4$ ,-plain 5riefl a5out t$e !""etr c$eck procedure for naval aircraftJ
25

E, NO3 5 FLO1 TEST TO ASSESS OF FILTER ELEMENT CLOGGING
AIM
+o en!ure t$e cleanline!! of t$e follo(ing ele"ent and for t$e oil a flo( te!t i! carried out
in order to deter"ine t$e filtering capacit of t$e filtering ele"ent.
OCCASION
1. Specified period interval!
2. 'ollo(ed 5 a filter! failure or !nag
3. After in!tall of ne( filter
PRECAUTION
1. ,n!ure t$at t$e filter ele"ent! are !u51ected to a ultra!onic cleaning 5efore carring out
t$i! te!t
2. Carrout t$i! te!t onl in a du!t proof roo" condition.
3. U!e $and glove! during t$i! te!t for $andling filter ele"ent and te!t e4uip"ent
PROCE0URE
1. *our !pecified $draulic oil >!kdroll @ up to "ove in t$e container
2. ,ngage t$e 5otto" plug to t$e filter ele"ent! 5otto" 5 pu!$ing top
3. ,ngage t$e upper adapter on t$e top of t$e fitter ele"ent 5 pu!$ing do(n.
4. ,ngage t$e plunger a!!e"5l to t$e top of adapter 5 !creening do(n
2)

5. 3lank t$e upper part of t$e plunger . !te" 5 t$u"5 clip t$e plunger (it$ t$e fitter
fuel t$e upper adapter flange i""er!e in t$e oil of t$e container.
6. Un 5lank t$e upper part of t$e plunger
7. 3 re"oving t$e t$u"5:clip and !i"ultaneou!l !tart t$e !top (atc$ to note do(n
t$e ti"ing.
8. Bote do(n t$e ti"e taken for t$e !te" to co"e up unlike (it$ plunger and t$e ti"ing u!e
(it$in 5 to ) !econd!
9. /ncrea!e of e-ce!! ti"ing !u51ected t$e filtering ele"ent again to ultra!onic cleaning.
10. #e1ect t$e filtering ele"ent! for aircraft and it doe! not filter (it$in 5:) !econd!
follo(ed 5 t(o !ucce!!ive ultra!onic cleaning operation!.
RESULT
+$e !u51ected te!t i! carried out and found !ati!factor.
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. =$at i! "ean 5 $draulic fluidJ
2. +pe! of $draulic fluid.
3. =$at i! t$e !i;e of filter ele"ent!J
4. =$at i! "ean 5 !trainerJ
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. Co a flo( te!t to a!!e!! of filter ele"ent clogging
2. +e!t a filter ele"ent for clogging.
20

E, NO3 < =PRESSURE TEST> TO ASSESS HY0RAULIC E,TERNAL?INTERNAL
LEA2AGE
AIM
+o perfor" t$e pre!!ure te!t on $draulic !!te" co"ponent! to locate t$e internal and
e-ternal leakage
HY0RAULIC LEA2AGE
An $draulic !!te" (ill $ave a certain a"ount of leakage. An leakage (ill reduce efficienc
and cau!e po(er lo!!. So"e leakage i! 5uilt in >planned@7 !o"e i! not. Leakage "a 5e internal7
e-ternal7 or 5ot$.
I)&er)a6 6ea7a/e
+oo "uc$ internal leakage (ill !lo( do(n actuator!. +$e po(er lo!! i! acco"panied 5
t$e $eat generated at a leakage pat$. /n !o"e in!tance!7 e-ce!! leakage in a valve could cau!e a
clinder to drift or even creep ($en a valve i! !uppo!edl in neutral. /n t$e ca!e of flo( or
pre!!ure:control valve!7 leakage can often reduce effective control or even cau!e control to 5e
lo!t.
Bor"al (ear increa!e! internal leakage7 ($ic$ provide! larger flo( pat$! for t$e leaking oil.
An oil t$at i! lo( in vi!co!it leak! "ore readil t$an a $eav oil. +$erefore oilK! vi!co!it and
vi!co!it inde- are i"portant con!ideration! in providing or preventing internal leakage. /nternal
leakage al!o increa!e! (it$ pre!!ure7 1u!t a! $ig$er pre!!ure cau!e! a greater flo( t$roug$ an orifice.
9perating a5ove t$e reco""ended pre!!ure! add! t$e danger of e-ce!!ive internal leakage and $eat
generation to ot$er po!!i5le $ar"ful effect!.
A 5lo(n or ruptured internal !eal can open a large enoug$ leakage pat$ to divert all of a
pu"pO! deliver. =$en t$i! $appen!7 evert$ing e-cept t$e oil flo( and $eat generation at a
leakage point can !top.
E.&er)a6 6ea7a/e
,-ternal leakage can 5e $a;ardou!7 e-pen!ive7 and un!ig$tl. 'ault in!tallation and poor
"aintenance are t$e pri"e cau!e! of e-ternal leakage. Joint! "a leak 5ecau!e t$e (ere not put
toget$er properl or 5ecau!e !$ock and vi5ration in t$e line! !$ook t$e" loo!e. Adding !upport! to t$e
line! prevent! t$i!. /f a!!e"5led and in!talled correctl7 co"ponent! !eldo" leak. 8o(ever7 failure to
connect drain line!7 e-ce!!ive pre!!ure!7 or conta"ination can cau!e !eal! to 5lo( or 5e da"aged7
re!ulting in e-ternal leakage fro" t$e co"ponent!.
2%

PREVENTION
*roper in!tallation7 control of operating condition!7 and proper "aintenance $elp prevent
leakage.
OCCASION
1. Specified period interval!
2. 'ollo(ed 5 a $draulic !!te" failure or !nag
PROCE0URE
I)&er)a6 6ea7a/e
1. #e"ove t$e !(ivel nut fro" t$e !trainer 5o(l and drain t$e fluid co"pletel.
2. +urn off t$e $draulic pu"p.
3. +urn off t$e fluid !elector valve.
4. /f t$e valve i! looking interval!7 fluid (it$ flo( into t$e !trainer 5o(l.
E.&er)a6 6ea7a/e
1. Locating leak! or dete!t in t$e $draulic !!te" e-ternal portion! involved ver little
ti"e in co"pari!on!
2. C$eck for !train! on ne(l developed (et !pot! in t$e fluid line! and $o!e!.
3. /f t$ere i! onl fuel o dour t$at (ill indicating fluid leak!.
4. Carefull e-a"ine t$e plu"5ing7 cla"p!7 ga!ket! !upport! etc for fluid leak! or
aircraft !tructure for evidence of fluid leak!.
5. C$eck t$e repaired tank! "anufacturing an defect! on leak! in t$e internal or
e-ternal fluid !!te" i! potential $a;ard.
29

RESULT
+$u! pre!!ure te!t on $draulic fluid !!te" co"ponent! carried out to detect (it$ t$e
internal and e-ternal leakage.
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. =$at i! !nagJ
2. =$at i! 5oo!ter pu"pJ
3. ,nu"erate t$e different tpe! of pu"p!.
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. 'ind t$e leakage! in $draulic !!te" and do pre!!ure! te!t.
32

E, NO3 @ FUNCTIONAL TEST TO AGJUST OPERATING PRESSURE
AIM
+o deflecting a !$ock !trut !ervicing and reinflate
THEORY
+$e 5a!ic (eig$t !upport function of t$e oleo:pneu"atic !$ock !trut!7 ($ic$ $ave a $ig$
efficienc under dna"ic condition! 5ot$ in ter"! of energ a5!orption and di!!ipation7 i! provided
5 a co"pre!!ed clinder of air and oil. A !ingle:acting !$ock a5!or5er7 ($ic$ i! t$e "o!t co""onl
u!ed de!ign for co""ercial tran!port!. +$i! tpe of !$ock !trut a5!or5! energ 5 fir!t forcing a
c$a"5er of oil again!t a c$a"5er of dr air or nitrogen and t$en co"pre!!ing t$e ga! and oil. Curing
t$e co"pre!!ion proce!!7 t$e oil and ga! eit$er re"ain !eparated or are "i-ed depending on t$e tpe
of de!ign. After t$e initial i"pact7 energ i! di!!ipated a! t$e air pre!!ure force! t$e oil 5ack into it!
c$a"5er t$roug$ recoil orifice!.
Alt$oug$ t$e co"pre!!ion orifice could 5e "erel a $ole in t$e orifice plate7 "o!t de!ign!
$ave a "etering pin e-tending t$roug$ it7 and 5 varing t$e pin dia"eter t$e orifice area i!
varied. +$i! variation i! ad1u!ted !o t$at t$e !trut load i! fairl con!tant under dna"ic loading. /f
t$i! can 5e "ade con!tant7 t$e gear efficienc (ould 5e 122 percent. /n practice7 t$i! i! never
o5tained and efficiencie! of %2 to 92 percent are "ore u!ual. Since onl t$e efficienc factor i! of
intere!t in t$e conceptual de!ign p$a!e7 no additional di!cu!!ion on t$e de!ign of t$e "etering pin
(ill 5e provided.
31

OCCASION
1. Specified period interval!
2. Lack! in pre!!ure
3. 'ailure of !$ock !trut
32

PROCE0URE
1. *lace t$e aircraft on 1ack po!ition !o t$e !$ock !trut! are in t$e nor"al ground operating
!!te" po!ition.
2. 6ake !ure t$at no per!on and ot$er o5!tacle are cleared under t$e aircraft.
3. #e"ove t$e du!t cap fro" t$e aircraft.
4. C$eck t$e !(ivel $e- nut for tig$tne!! (it$ (renc$.
5. /f t$e air valve e4uipped (it$ core relea!e t$e air pre!!ure t$at "a 5e trapped 5et(een
t$e valve core and valve !eat
6. #e"ove t$e valve core
7. #elea!e t$e air pre!!ure in t$e !trut 5 !lo(l turning t$e !(ivel nut counter clock(i!e
8. ,n!ure t$at t$e !$ock !trut co"pre!!e! a! t$e air pre!!ure i! relea!ed
9. =$en t$e !trut i! full co"pre!!ed t$e air valve a!!e"5l i! re"oved
10. #ein!tall t$e air valve core a!!e"5l
11. /nflate t$e !trut u!ing a lig$t pre!!ure !ource of an air on a !$ock !trut7 t$e correct
a"ount of inflation i! deter"ine 5 "ea!uring t$e a"ount of e-ten!ion.
12. S$ock !trut !$ould al(a! 5e inflated !lo(l to avoid e-ce!!ive $eating and over
inflation.
13. +ig$t t$e !(ivel $e- nut u!ing t$e tor4ue valve !pecified in t$e applica5le "anufacture
"anual
14. #e"ove t$e lig$t pre!!ure airline
15. C$eck and in!tall t$e valve cap tig$t valve cap finger tig$t.
RESULT
+$u! t$e !ervicing and functional te!t of !$ock !trut carried a! per t$e "anufacture
in!truction
33

VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. Cifferent tpe! of !$ock a5!or5er
2. =$at i! orifice valve
3.=$at i! t$e function of "etering pin
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. *refor" t$e functional te!t on oleo pneu"atic !$ock a5!or5er.
2. =rite t$e for !ervicing t$e oleo pneu"atic !$ock a5!or5er.
3&

E, NO3 A PRESSURE TEST ON FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
AIM
+o perfor" t$e pre!!ure te!t on fuel !!te" co"ponent! to locate t$e internal and e-ternal
leakage
THEORY3
Fuel System Components: 3efore doing an fuel pre!!ure te!ting7 it i! a good idea to under!tand $o( fuel
!!te" co"ponent! (ork and $o( t$e relate to one anot$er. +$e fuel pu"p pu"p! fuel fro" t$e fuel
tank to t$e fuel pre!!ure regulator and fuel in1ector!. +$e fuel pre!!ure regulator divide! fuel 5et(een t$e
pre!!ure line and t$e return line. +$e fuel in t$e pre!!ure line goe! to t$e fuel in1ector!A ($ile t$e fuel in
t$eir turn line i! returned to t$e fuel tank
Fuel Tank: A large container t$at $old! our ve$icle! !uppl of fuel.
Fuel Pump Filter: A filter t$at i! u!uall located in t$e fuel tank. /t! function i! to prevent
foreign particle! fro" reac$ing t$e fuel pu"p. A clogged or re!tricted fuel pu"p filter can cau!e
lo( fuel pre!!ure reading!. =$en replacing a fuel pu"p it i! a good idea to clean or replace t$e
fuel pu"p filter.
Fuel Pump: An electric "otor t$at pu"p! fuel into t$e fuel !!te" at a con!tant pre!!ure. /t i!
"ounted in t$e fuel tank or on t$e fra"e. So"e ve$icle! $ave "ore t$an one fuel pu"p.
Return Line: *at$ (a for e-ce!! fuel to return to t$e fuel tank.
Pressure Line: A pre!!uri;ed fuel line t$at carrie! fuel fro" t$e fuel tank to t$e fuel in1ector!.
Fuel Filter: A filter t$at i! located in:line (it$ t$e pre!!ure line. /t! function i! to prevent foreign
particle! fro" reac$ing t$e fuel in1ector!. A clogged or re!tricted fuel filter can al!o cau!e lo( fuel
pre!!ure reading!. +$i! i! t$e onl fuel !!te" co"ponent t$at re4uire! periodic replace"ent.
#efer to ve$icle o(nerK! "anual for replace"ent interval.
Fuel Pressure Regulator: +$e fuel pre!!ure regulator i! connected acro!! t$e pre!!ure line and return line. /t
contain! a !pring loaded valve a!!e"5l t$at open! to allo( fuel to "ove into t$e return line7 ($en t$e pre!!ure
line fuel pre!!ure i! e-ceeded. /t i! u!ed to keep a con!tant fuel pre!!ure drop acro!! t$e fuel in1ector!. So"e
fuel pre!!ure regulator! $ave a vacuu" port !o fuel pre!!ure can 5e ad1u!ted 5a!ed on engine load. +$e!e are
co""onl called vacuu" actuated
35

>co"pen!ated@ fuel pre!!ure regulator!. A leaking fuel pre!!ure regulator can cau!e lo( fuel
pre!!ure reading! and $ard !tarting pro5le"!.
Fuel Injectors: A preci!ion valve t$at i! controlled 5 a !olenoid. 'uel in1ection i! controlled 5 t$e a"ount of
fuel pre!!ure and t$e !i;e and duration of t$e valve opening. 'uel in1ector! contain a filter u!ed to prevent ver
!"all particle! fro" 56*//()/ t$e valve. Leaking fuel in1ector! (ill cau!e fuel pre!!ure to !lo(l decrea!e
($en t$e ignition ke i! on and engine i! off.
PREVENTION
*roper in!tallation7 control of operating condition!7 and proper "aintenance $elp prevent
leakage.
OCCASION
1. Specified period interval!
2. 'ollo(ed 5 a fuel !!te" failure or !nag
PROCE0URE
I)&er)a6 6ea7a/e
#e"ove t$e !(ivel nut fro" t$e !trainer 5o(l and drain t$e fuel co"pletel.
3)

+urn off t$e fuel engine 5oo!ter pu"p.
+urn off t$e fuel !elector valve.
/f t$e valve i! looking interval!7 fuel (it$ flo( into t$e !trainer 5o(l.
E.&er)a6 6ea7a/e
Locating leak! or dete!t in t$e fuel !!te" e-ternal portion! involved ver little ti"e
in co"pari!on!
C$eck for !train! on ne(l developed (et !pot! in t$e fuel line! and $o!e!.
/f t$ere i! onl fuel odour t$at (ill indicating fuel leak!.
Carefull e-a"ine t$e plu"5ing7 cla"p!7 ga!ket! !upport! etc for fuel leak! or aircraft
!tructure for evidence of fuel leak!.
C$eck t$e repaired tank! "anufacturing an defect! on leak! in t$e internal or
e-ternal fuel !!te" i! potential $a;ard.
RESULT
+$u! pre!!ure te!t on fuel !!te" co"ponent! carried out to detect (it$ t$e internal and
e-ternal leakage.
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. Cifferent fuel !!te".
2. =$at i! cloggingJ
3. =$at i! function of pre!!ure regulatorJ
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. ,-plain 5riefl a5out t$e fuel !!te" pre!!ure te!t.
2. =rite a procedure for pre!!ure te!t on fuel !!te".
30

E, NO3 B BRA2E TOR9UE LOA0 TEST
AIM
+o prevent t$e 5rake failure during 5rake application and to keep t$e 5rake !!te" al(a!
in !ervicea5le condition
THEORY
+$e aircraft ($eel 5rake! are de!igned to provide !lo(ing do(n of aircraft on
touc$do(n and totall to !top t$e aircraft
/t $old! t$e aircraft ($ile parking and during ground running of engine
+$e 5rake unit "a 5e !$oe tpe7 di!c tpe or "ulti di!c tpe
3 proper "aintenance of 5rake unit t$e "a-i"u" flig$t accident! "a 5e
prevented
/f t$e air i! found in t$e $draulic 5rake !!te" 5rake (ill not 5e effective
So t$e pre!ence of air i! found in t$e $draulic 5rake !!te" i! to 5e e-pelled
fro" !!te" i! called 3L,,C/B? 9' SPS+,6
/f air i! not re"oved t$e 5rake! !!te" (ill 5e !pong
+o avoid t$at 5rake 5leeding $a! to 5e carried out of regular interval!
OCCASION
9n an periodic !ervicing a! per la do(n in !ervicing !c$edule
/f an $draulic 5rake detected fro" pi!ton a!!e"5l of 5rake unit
=$enever pilot report! t$at t$e 5rake unit i! !lugging.!pong action of 5rake
pedal!
At t$e ti"e of 5rake pipe rene(al and topping up of 5rake re!ervoir
RE9UIREMENTS
6an $ourF3 $r!
6an po(erF3G1
Cocu"ent! F aircraft !ervicing for"7 aircraft "aintenance "anual
E9UIPMENTS?TOOLS
+ripod !cre(.$draulic or 5ottle 1ack
3leeding $o!e
Clean container (it$ !pecified $draulic oil
8and glove!
3%

SAFETY PRECAUTION
+ake proper precaution of 1acking up of aircraft
Clean t$e !ervicea5ilit of 1ack!
Jacking !ufficient $draulic oil in a cleaned container
3leeding !$ould 5e contained until no "ore oil 5u55le! are e-pelled fro" t$e
!!te" and fin 5rake pedal i! o5tained

PROCE0URE
+$ere are t(o "et$od! of 5leeding t$e 5rake !!te"7 gravit and pre!!ure
"et$od!. gravit "et$od i! de!cri5ed 5elo(
Jack up t$e aircraft (it$ all nece!!ar condition!
#e"ove t$e 5leeder !cre( fro" t$e 5leeding point on t$e 5rake unit7 5 cutting
t$e locking (ire
Connect one end of 5rake $o!e to 5leeding point and ot$er end of $o!e i""er!e in
to t$e !pecified oil in !"all container
+$e fluid i! t$en forced fro" t$e !!te" of operating t$e 5rake pedal!
=atc$ for t$e 5u55le! fro" oil ($ic$ co"e! out fro" 5rake !!te" t$roug$ $o!e
3leeding !$ould 5e contained till $draulic oil co"e! out (it$out air 5u55le!
'ill t$e 5rake "a!ter clinder (it$ fre!$ $draulic oil ($ic$ $a! lo!t during t$i!
proce!!
Appl t$e 5rake !everal ti"e! and c$eck for an pro5le" in 5rake !!te"
=ire lock t$e 5leeder !cre(
39

Lo(er t$e aircraft 5 taking proper precaution
6ake nece!!ar entr in t$e aircraft !ervicing for".log 5ook
RESULT
+$e aircraft 5rake !!te" 5leeding i! carried out and found !ati!factor.
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. ,nu"erate different tpe! of 5rake !!te" u!ed in aircraft.
2. =$at i! 5leedingJ
3. =$at i! "ean 5 di!k 5rakeJ
4. Cifferentiate 5et(een di!k 5rake and dru" 5rake.
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. =rite a procedure for find a 5leeding in 5rake !!te".
2. Ce!cri5e t$e 5rake load tor4ue te!t.
&2

E, NO3 40 MAINTENANCE AN0 RECTIFICATION OF SNAG IN HY0RAULIC AN0
FUEL SYSTEMS
AIM
+o !tud t$e trou5le !$ooting procedure on aircraft $draulic !!te"
HY0RAULIC SYSTEM MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
+$e "aintenance of $draulic and pneu"atic !!te"! !$ould 5e perfor"ed in accordance
(it$ t$e aircraft "anufacturerK! in!truction!. +$e follo(ing i! a !u""ar of general practice!
follo(ed ($en dealing (it$ $draulic and pneu"atic !!te"!.
SerC(5e
+$e !ervicing of $draulic and pneu"atic !!te"! !$ould 5e perfor"ed at t$e interval i!
!pecified 5 t$e "anufacturer. So"e co"ponent!7 !uc$ a! $draulic re!ervoir!7 $ave !ervicing
infor"ation ad1acent to t$e co"ponent. =$en !ervicing a $draulic re!ervoir7 "ake certain to u!e
t$e correct tpe of fluid. 8draulic fluid tpe can 5e identified 5 color and !"ellA $o(ever7 it i!
good practice to take fluid fro" t$e original "arked container and t$en to c$eck t$e fluid 5
color and !"ell for verification. 'luid container! !$ould al(a! 5e clo!ed7 e-cept ($en fluid i!
5eing re"oved.
I)%pe5&(*)%
8draulic and pneu"atic !!te"! are in!pected for leakage7 (orn or da"aged tu5ing7 (orn or
da"aged $o!e!7 (ear of "oving part!7 and !ecurit of "ounting for all unit!7 !afe ting7 and an ot$er
condition !pecified 5 t$e "aintenance "anual. A co"plete in!pection include! con!idering t$e age7 cure date7
!tiffne!! of t$e $o!e7 and an operational c$eck of all !u5!!te"!.
1. Leakage fro" an !tationar connection in a !!te" i! not per"itted7 and if found7 it !$ould
5e repaired. A !"all a"ount of fluid !eepage "a 5e per"itted on actuator pi!ton rod! and
rotating !$aft!. /n a $draulic !!te"7 a t$in fil" of fluid in t$e!e area! indicate! t$at t$e !eal!
are 5eing properl lu5ricated. =$en a li"ited a"ount of leakage i! allo(ed at an point7 it i!
u!uall !pecified in t$e appropriate "anual.
2. +u5ing !$ould not 5e nicked7 cut7 dented7 collap!ed7 or t(i!ted 5eond approved li"it!.
+$e identification "arking! or line! on a fle-i5le $o!e (ill !$o( ($et$er t$e $o!e $a!
5een t(i!ted.
3. All connection! and fitting! a!!ociated (it$ "oving unit! "u!t 5e e-a"ined for pla
evidencing (ear. Suc$ unit! !$ould 5e in an unpre!!uri;ed condition ($en t$e are
c$ecked for (ear.
&1

4. Accu"ulator! "u!t 5e c$ecked for leakage7 air or ga! preload7 and po!ition. /f t$e
accu"ulator i! e4uipped (it$ a pre!!ure gauge7 t$e preload can 5e read directl.
5. An operational c$eck of t$e !!te" can 5e perfor"ed u!ing t$e engine:driven pu"p7 an
electricall:operated au-iliar pu"p >if !uc$ a pu"p i! included in t$e !!te"@7 or a ground
te!t unit. +$e entire !!te" and eac$ !u5!!te" !$ould 5e c$ecked for !"oot$ operation7
unu!ual noi!e!7 and !peed of operation for eac$ unit. +$e pre!!ure !ection of t$e !!te"
!$ould 5e c$ecked (it$ no !u5!!te"! to !ee t$at pre!!ure $old! for t$e re4uired ti"e (it$out
t$e pu"p !uppling t$e !!te". S!te" pre!!ure !$ould 5e o5!erved during operation of eac$
!u5!!te" to en!ure t$at t$e engine:driven pu"p "aintain! t$e re4uired pre!!ure.
S$)* PROBLEM CAUSE REME0Y
1. Lack of $draulic pre!!ure Cefective pu"p #eplace t$e pu"p
in a !!te"
Ceflective relief valve
*re!!ure regulator defective
Lack of $draulic fluid 'ill (it$ fluid
2. S!te" failed to $old Cefective pre!!ure regulator #eplace t$e valve
pre!!ure >or@ Unloading valve
Leaking relief valve >or@ c$eck
valve
3. 8ig$ pre!!ure in a !!te" Cefective >or@ i"properl Set t$e re4uired pre!!ure
ad1u!ted o5!truction in a line in regulator and re"ove
or control unit t$e o5!truction.
&. U!uall noi!e in a Air >or@ conta"ination in t$e #e"ove conta"ination
$draulic !!te"! !uc$ a! !!te"
#eplace (it$ ne( one
c$attering and 5earing
'ault pre!!ure regulator
C$eck fluid level in
Lack of proper accu"ulator accu"ulator
5. ?ra55ing 5rake 9il or !o"e ot$er foreign Clean t$e di!k
"atter on di!k and lining
#eplace t$e di!k or dru"
#eplace t$e lining
&2

). 'ailing 5rake 3rake $ave 5een over $eated #e"ove t$e air
and t$ing! 5urned #eplace t$e !pring
C$ange t$e ne( valve
0. Cragging 5rake Air in $draulic #e"ove t$e air
3roken do(n or (eak return #eplace t$e !pring
!pring
C$ange t$e ne( valve
Cefective valve!
RESULT
+$u! a different !nag on aircraft $draulic !!te" and t$eir cau!e and re"ed i!
fa"iliari;ed.
VIVA-VOCE 9UESTIONS I
1. =$at i! ,ngine Align"entJ
2. =$at i! in!pectionJ
3. 8o( often t$e $draulic !!te" !ervice!J
4. =$at i! A66J
9UESTIONS E,PECTE0 FROM UNIVERSITY3
1. Ce!cri5e t$e different !nag! and pro5le" occur! in $draulic !!te" and it! rectification!.
&3