Portland Green Roof PPT v3

Stormwater Stormwater Performance of Performance of
Two Green Roofs in Two Green Roofs in

Vancouver Vancouver
Cheryl Cheryl Nelms Nelms, B.Eng - Public Works and Government Services Canada , B.Eng - Public Works and Government Services Canada
Chris Johnston, P.Eng Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. Chris Johnston, P.Eng Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd.
KERR WOOD LEIDAL
Green Roof Conference, Portland, OR June 2 - 4, 2004
Purpose Purpose
n n To quantify stormwater runoff To quantify stormwater runoff
benefits associated with green roofs benefits associated with green roofs
in Vancouver, British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia
n n To begin building a case to allow To begin building a case to allow
green roof costs to be off-set by green roof costs to be off-set by
reduced off-site development cost reduced off-site development cost
charges charges
The Problem: The Problem:
n n Increasing imperviousness from Increasing imperviousness from
new development degrades new development degrades
downstream fish habitat. downstream fish habitat.
n n What we have done to date, isnt What we have done to date, isnt
working. working. Stormwater Stormwater Detention Detention
alone, does not protect the alone, does not protect the
downstream environment. downstream environment.
Detention Pond
Key Findings Key Findings
n n Green roofs are effective stormwater Green roofs are effective stormwater
source controls at reducing runoff volumes source controls at reducing runoff volumes
n n Intensive green roofs significantly Intensive green roofs significantly
attenuate 2 and 5 year design storm events attenuate 2 and 5 year design storm events
n n There appears to be an optimum break There appears to be an optimum break
point in soil depth where added benefits point in soil depth where added benefits
are more difficult to achieve. are more difficult to achieve.
Location and Climatic Location and Climatic
Context Context
Canada
USA
Vancouver
Vancouver
Public Library
White Rock
Public Works
Building
Rainforest Climate Rainforest Climate
n n Average annual rainfall 1100 mm Average annual rainfall 1100 mm
n n 70% of rain during wet winter season 70% of rain during wet winter season
n n Wet winters - long duration, low Wet winters - long duration, low
intensity frontal storms intensity frontal storms
n n Dry summers - shorter duration, more Dry summers - shorter duration, more
intense convective storms intense convective storms
Vancouver Vancouver
Public Library Public Library
Vancouver Public Library Green Roof
Vancouver Public Library Vancouver Public Library
n n Intensive green roof - 350 mm (14) soil Intensive green roof - 350 mm (14) soil
layer with vegetation layer with vegetation
n n 1850 m 1850 m
2 2
(20,000 sq ft) roof top garden with (20,000 sq ft) roof top garden with
20% impervious area 20% impervious area
n n Designed by Designed by architect Moshe architect Moshe Safdie Safdie and and
Landscape Architect Cornelia Hahn Landscape Architect Cornelia Hahn
Oberlander Oberlander
n n Constructed in 1995 Constructed in 1995
White Rock White Rock
Public Works Building Public Works Building
White Rock Public Works Building
White Rock Public Works Building White Rock Public Works Building
n n Extensive green roof 100 mm (4) soil Extensive green roof 100 mm (4) soil
layer with slight vegetation layer with slight vegetation
n n 200 m 200 m
2 2
(2,150 sq ft) rooftop. 72% of (2,150 sq ft) rooftop. 72% of
rooftop is green rooftop is green
n n Designed by Busby Associates Architects Designed by Busby Associates Architects
n n Constructed in 2002. Building received Constructed in 2002. Building received
LEED LEED Gold Gold certification certification
VPL VPL
Monitoring Program Monitoring Program
Climate
Station
Climate Station Climate Station
n n Rainfall Rainfall
n n Humidity Humidity
n n Wind speed/direction Wind speed/direction
n n Gust speed Gust speed
n n Soil moisture Soil moisture
n n Temperature Temperature
n n Solar radiation Solar radiation
June 2003 to present June 2003 to present
Flow
Monitoring
Equipment
Flow Monitoring Flow Monitoring
n n Water Meters for measuring large and low flows Water Meters for measuring large and low flows
n n Teleg Teleg Datalogger Datalogger
n n Collecting Data 5 min Collecting Data 5 min
n n Maintenance - Monthly Maintenance - Monthly
Rainfall June 2003 to present Rainfall June 2003 to present
64.4 64.4 40.2 40.2 September 2003 September 2003
May 2004 May 2004
74.9 74.9 17.0 17.0 April 2004 April 2004
105.4 105.4 135.8 135.8 March 2004 March 2004
115.6 115.6 83.4 83.4 February 2004 February 2004
131.6 131.6 161.4 161.4 January 2004 January 2004
161.2 161.2 113.2 113.2 December 2003 December 2003
167.2 167.2 167.4 167.4 November 2003 November 2003
115.3 115.3 248.2 248.2 October 2003 October 2003
38.1 38.1 4.1 4.1 August 2003 August 2003
36.1 36.1 19.8 19.8 July 2003 July 2003
45.7 45.7 12.8 12.8 June 2003 June 2003
Normal Normal Rain Rain Month Month
Very Dry
Oct 15-17
Nov 28
Challenges Challenges
n n No Rain! No Rain!
n n Too Much Rain! Too Much Rain!
Stormwater Criteria Stormwater Criteria
Targets Targets
Protecting Our Pacific Salmon Protecting Our Pacific Salmon
Stormwater Criteria Stormwater Criteria
n n Federal Criteria (Fisheries and Oceans Canada) Federal Criteria (Fisheries and Oceans Canada)
nn Capture Criteria (6-month - 24 hour) Capture Criteria (6-month - 24 hour)
nn Flow Criteria (6-month, 2-year, 5-year 24 hour) Flow Criteria (6-month, 2-year, 5-year 24 hour)
nn Water Quality Criteria Water Quality Criteria
n n Provincial Criteria (Ministry of Water, Land and Provincial Criteria (Ministry of Water, Land and
Air Protection) Air Protection)
nn Capture Criteria (50% Mean Annual Rainfall) Capture Criteria (50% Mean Annual Rainfall)
nn Detention Criteria (6-month, Mean Annual Rainfall or 2- Detention Criteria (6-month, Mean Annual Rainfall or 2-
year) year)
nn Flood Criteria (100-year) Flood Criteria (100-year)
Measured Relationships Between GVRD Watersheds
Imperviousness based in 06-1996, B-IBI collected 01-1999
y = -0.4843x + 44.174
R
2
= 0.9197
y = 46.378e
-0.0174x
R
2
= 0.9462
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
%TIA
B
-
I
B
I
%TIA
Linear (%TIA)
Expon. (%TIA)
Source: Greater Vancouver District, 2001
Roof Areas are Significant ! Roof Areas are Significant !
Typical Developed Watershed: Typical Developed Watershed:
n n Commercial/Multi-family Commercial/Multi-family TIAs TIAs: :
Roofs Roofs 40 - 60 % 40 - 60 %
Parking/Driveways Parking/Driveways 30 - 10 % 30 - 10 %
Streets Streets 30 - 20 % 30 - 20 %
Landscaping Landscaping 0 - 10 % 0 - 10 %
Definitions Definitions
n n TIA - Total Impervious Area TIA - Total Impervious Area
impenetrable areas (roofs, roads, impenetrable areas (roofs, roads,
driveways, sidewalks) driveways, sidewalks)
n n EIA - Effective Impervious Area EIA - Effective Impervious Area
TIA that is directly connected to the TIA that is directly connected to the
drainage system and provides a direct drainage system and provides a direct
runoff response runoff response
Rainfall Capture Target Rainfall Capture Target
n n To maintain creek health and To maintain creek health and
aquatic biodiversity and abundance, aquatic biodiversity and abundance,
maintain maintain EIA less than 10% EIA less than 10%
Approach Approach
What growing medium depth is required What growing medium depth is required
on both roofs to meet the 10% EIA on both roofs to meet the 10% EIA
target (both capture and attenuation) ? target (both capture and attenuation) ?
n n Calibrate computer model Calibrate computer model
n n Run typical year rainfall for capture Run typical year rainfall for capture
n n Run design storms for attenuation Run design storms for attenuation
n n Select soil depths Select soil depths
Hydrologic Hydrologic
Modelling Modelling
Hydrologic Modeling Hydrologic Modeling
To estimate relative runoff responses To estimate relative runoff responses
within the context of green roof, within the context of green roof,
traditional roof and natural forested traditional roof and natural forested
site site
n n XPSWMM XPSWMM
n n Physically based model based on EPA SWMM Physically based model based on EPA SWMM
model model
n n Key is the Groundwater Routine Key is the Groundwater Routine
VPL Green Roof Runoff Calibration VPL Green Roof Runoff Calibration
VPL Green Roof
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Oct 01 Oct 11 Oct 21 Oct 31 Nov 10 Nov 20 Nov 30 Dec 10 Dec 20 Dec 30
2003
R
o
o
f

R
u
n
o
f
f

(
L
/
s
)
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
H
o
u
r
l
y

R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

(
m
m
)
Recorded Flow SWMM - Green Roof Rainfall
White Rock Green Roof White Rock Green Roof
Runoff Calibration Runoff Calibration
White Rock Green Roof
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Oct 15 Oct 16 Oct 17 Oct 18 Oct 19 Oct 20 Oct 21 Oct 22
2003
R
o
o
f

R
u
n
o
f
f

(
L
/
s
)
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
H
o
u
r
l
y

R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

(
m
m
/
h
r
)
Recorded Flow SWMM - Green Roof Hourly Rainfall
Green Roof Effectiveness Green Roof Effectiveness
n n Stormwater effectiveness measured Stormwater effectiveness measured
in two ways: in two ways:
n n Runoff Volume Reduction (Capture criterion) Runoff Volume Reduction (Capture criterion)
n n Runoff Peak Flow Attenuation (Detention Runoff Peak Flow Attenuation (Detention
criterion) criterion)
Effectiveness of VPL Green Roof Effectiveness of VPL Green Roof
2003-2004 Cumulative Volume 2003-2004 Cumulative Volume
100 %
0 %
VPL Green Roof
1785
2147
1766
1559
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Jul-03 Sep-03 Nov-03 Jan-04 Mar-04 May-04
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

V
o
l
u
m
e

(
m
3
)
SWMM - Traditional Roof
Recorded Volume
SWMM - VPL Green Roof
SWMM - Pre Development
EIA
100%
35%
0%
1976 Typical Year Cumulative Volume 1976 Typical Year Cumulative Volume
VPL Green Roof
(Typical Year)
2084
1342
990
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

V
o
l
u
m
e

(
m
3
)
EIA
100%
32%
0%
n n 350 mm soil provides 32% EIA and 350 mm soil provides 32% EIA and
partial detention requirements partial detention requirements
n n If green roof was 100% rooftop If green roof was 100% rooftop
coverage, EIA would be 18% coverage, EIA would be 18%
n n Close to 10% EIA target ! Close to 10% EIA target !
With Complete Roof Coverage: With Complete Roof Coverage:
n n 200 mm soil required for 30% EIA 200 mm soil required for 30% EIA
(Annual Rainfall 1200 mm) (Annual Rainfall 1200 mm)
(Pan Evaporation 670 mm) (Pan Evaporation 670 mm)
6-month Design Storm - Wet Soils 6-month Design Storm - Wet Soils
VPL Green Roof - Wet Initial Conditions
(6-month 24-hour event)
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
Feb-01
00:00
Feb-01
06:00
Feb-01
12:00
Feb-01
18:00
Feb-02
00:00
Feb-02
06:00
Feb-02
12:00
Feb-02
18:00
Feb-03
00:00
F
l
o
w

(
m
3
/
s
)
2-Year Design Storm - Wet Soils 2-Year Design Storm - Wet Soils
(2-year 24-hour event)
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
Feb-01
00:00
Feb-01
06:00
Feb-01
12:00
Feb-01
18:00
Feb-02
00:00
Feb-02
06:00
Feb-02
12:00
Feb-02
18:00
Feb-03
00:00
F
l
o
w

(
m
3
/
s
)
5-Year Design Storm - Wet Soils 5-Year Design Storm - Wet Soils
(5-year 24-hour event)
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
Feb-01
00:00
Feb-01
06:00
Feb-01
12:00
Feb-01
18:00
Feb-02
00:00
Feb-02
06:00
Feb-02
12:00
Feb-02
18:00
Feb-03
00:00
F
l
o
w

(
m
3
/
s
)
Peak Flow Attenuation (Real Rainfall) Peak Flow Attenuation (Real Rainfall)
n n 80% reduction in dryer summer 80% reduction in dryer summer
conditions with small rainfall events conditions with small rainfall events
n n 50% reduction in wetter winter 50% reduction in wetter winter
conditions with small rainfall events conditions with small rainfall events
and <5% with larger events and <5% with larger events
1976 Typical Year Cumulative Volume 1976 Typical Year Cumulative Volume
Effectiveness of White Rock Roof Effectiveness of White Rock Roof
White Rock Green Roof
(Typical Year)
208
152
96
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

V
o
l
u
m
e

(
m
3
)
SWMM - WR Green Roof
EIA
100%
50%
0%
n n 100 mm soil provides 50% EIA 100 mm soil provides 50% EIA
n n If green roof was 100% rooftop If green roof was 100% rooftop
coverage, EIA would be 37% coverage, EIA would be 37%
n n Higher than our adopted 10% Higher than our adopted 10%
target, but significantly lower than target, but significantly lower than
the 100 % TIA prior to construction the 100 % TIA prior to construction
n n Less than 10% reduction in Less than 10% reduction in
stormwater stormwater peaks during saturated peaks during saturated
soil conditions soil conditions
Effectiveness of White Rock Roof Effectiveness of White Rock Roof
Conclusions Conclusions
n n Intensive Green Roofs are working to Intensive Green Roofs are working to
reduce reduce stormwater stormwater runoff peaks runoff peaks
n n Extensive and Intensive green roofs are Extensive and Intensive green roofs are
working to reduce working to reduce stormwater stormwater volumes volumes
n n Soil depths must be sized appropriately Soil depths must be sized appropriately
n n Meets capture criterion but requires Meets capture criterion but requires
additional detention to meet full SW additional detention to meet full SW
criteria criteria
Other Benefits Other Benefits
n n Reduction in Thermal Loading to Creeks Reduction in Thermal Loading to Creeks
Water leaving the green roof is considerably Water leaving the green roof is considerably
cooler than traditional roof surfaces cooler than traditional roof surfaces
Other Suggestions Other Suggestions
n n Promote more wind activity on roof tops Promote more wind activity on roof tops
(ET values will increase substantially over (ET values will increase substantially over
ground values) ground values)
n n Plant vegetation that doesnt require Plant vegetation that doesnt require
irrigation after becoming established irrigation after becoming established
n n WATCH SOIL MIX ! Sandy soils do little WATCH SOIL MIX ! Sandy soils do little
for rainfall capture. Try to pick mixes for rainfall capture. Try to pick mixes
with higher field capacities (i.e. > 26%) with higher field capacities (i.e. > 26%)

Portland Green Roof PPT v3

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Stormwater Stormwater Performance of Performance of

Two Green Roofs in Two Green Roofs in

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