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Basic USIT
Interpretation
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How good is the USIT?
Client: Do I a good cement job
Engineer:????
Cement placement - zone isolation
Cement coverage - channels
Cement compressive strength
Cement to casing bond
Cement to formation bond
Gas filled micro-annulus
Liquid filled micro-annulus
Top of cement (TOC)
Cement composition (gaseous, contaminated)
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How good is the USIT?

Engineer:
Cement placement - zone isolation
Cement coverage - channels
Cement compressive strength
Cement to casing bond
Cement to formation bond
Gas filled micro-annulus
Liquid filled micro-annulus
Top of cement (TOC)
Cement composition (gaseous, contaminated)
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USIT-CBL-VDL
Bond Index Interpretation
CBL & USIT
agree

Very low
Very low
Medium
Free gas
Free pipe
Channels in good
cement.
USIT
Impedance
Image
Gas
Liquid
Channels

CBL Bond
Index
High
Low / medium

Cement
Cement


Good cement
Liquid microannulus.
Fast formations.
Formation / 2nd
casing reflection.
Medium
Medium
High / medium
High / medium /
low
Z slightly
above ZTCM*
Gas microannulus.
USIT shows more
cement

CBL shows more
cement

Gas
Z about same
as ZTCM*
Gaseous cement.
Light cement
Patches or
streaks
* ZTCM = USIT Cement Impedance Threshold
Mixed light / heavy
cement.
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How good is the USI-CBL/VDL?

Engineer:
Cement placement - zone isolation
Cement coverage - channels
Cement compressive strength
Cement to casing bond
Cement to formation bond
Gas filled micro-annulus
Liquid filled micro-annulus
Cement thickness
Top of cement (TOC)
Cement composition (gaseous, contaminated)
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USI Interpretation Examples
Formation reflections
Secondary signals
Special casings
Casing rugosity
Micro-annulus
Casing shape
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USIT Job
Formation reflections:
The T
3
processing is deliberately short to minimize
contamination by reflections. Formation reflections
are to be significant when:
1. The 3rd interface is smooth and provides a large
impedance contrast with the cement (i.e., double string or
hard formation).
2. The annulus is thin or the process window is long.
3. The cement is of high density and well set. It will have
high acoustic velocity and low attenuation.
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USIT Job, cont.
Galaxy Patterns:
They are formation/casing reflections that have
characteristic pattern of interference fringes on the
cement map.
Due to the constructive or destructive signal interference
the apparent impedance is respectively reduced or
increased resulting in fringes oriented parallel to the
casing and centered on the narrowest part of the cement
sheath.
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Galaxy patterns
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USIT Job, cont.
Alloyed steel casing:
In stainless and high alloy the acoustic velocity can vary
up to +/- 5% causing
1. A small effect on measured cement impedance (0 - 0.5
Mrayl).
Special Casing Types
2. An error in casing thickness of up to +/- 5%.
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USIT Job, cont.
Fiberglass casing:
This casing cannot be evaluated by the USIT at this
time. Why not?
Fiberglass has a much lower acoustic velocity and
density than steel, so its acoustic impedance is much
lower than steel and similar to neat cement.
The casing cannot resonate and the T
3
processing is not
suitable for evaluating the thickness or cementation.
Special Casing Types, cont.
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USIT Job, cont.
Protective coatings:
They change the effective impedance in contact with
the casing, preventing a cement impedance
measurement, but a thickness measurement should be
possible.
Special Casing Types, cont.
Special equipment:
Scratchers, centralizers, external casing packers, dump
valves and collars affect the measurement.
The change in effective thickness means T
3
parameters
are out of range.
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USIT Job, cont.
Rugosity:
Internal rugosity reduces the initial reflection,
reducing the measured impedance causing gas effect.
External rugosity damps the resonance and
increases the measured impedance.
Casing shape, rugosity etc., cont.
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Highly corroded casing
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USIT Job, cont.
Cleanliness:
Deposits on the inner diameter will change the
measured impedance.

Casing shape, rugosity etc., cont.
Micro-annulus:
A small fluid-filled gap between casing and cement.
This causes a reduction in measured impedance.
Gas micro annulus is seen as Gas...

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Cement inside casing
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USIT Job, cont.
Shape:
Welded casing may cause the appearance of a vertical
line on the amplitude and impedance maps, and, in
extreme cases, on the radius and thickness maps.
Casing shape, rugosity etc.
Seamless:
Generally have thickness variations of around 10%, the
inner diameter causing the variation in profile.
Typical problems are eccentered bore and bore ovality
causing a reduced measured impedance.
Non parallel surface (inner and outer diameter) causes a
reduction in resonant energy, and hence, an increased
measured impedance.
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Casing shape effects
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Track 5 Internal Radius
Image and Track 7
Thickness Image show
one joint of casing at
2600 feet in a newly
completed well where the
image patterns differ
indicating that this joint
was manufactured by a
separate milling process.