Fabrics are made up of yarns and yarns are further made up of fibres.

Separation of Substance:
Winnowing : It is used toseparate heavier and lighter components of a mixture by
wind or by blowing air.
Sieving : It allows the fine flour particlesto pass through the holes of the sieve while
the bigger impurities remain on the sieve.
Sedimentation : When the heavier component in amixture settles after water is added
to it, the process is called sedimentation

Decantation: When the water (along with the dust) is removed, the process is
calleddecantation

Handpicking, winnowing, sieving, sedimentation, decantation and filtration are some
of the methods of separating substances from thei mixtures.



Types of Joint

A joint is the point where two or more bones meet.
There are three main types of
joints; Fibrous (immoveable), Cartilaginous (partially
moveable) and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
Fibrous joints
Fibrous (synarthrodial): This type of joint is held
together by only a ligament. Examples are where the
teeth are held to their bony sockets and at both the
radioulnar and tibiofibular joints.
Cartilaginous
Cartilaginous (synchondroses and sympheses): These
joints occur where the connection between the
articulating bones is made up of cartilage for example
between vertebrae in the spine.


A cartilagenous joint between two vertebrae
Synchondroses are temporary joints which are only
present in children, up until the end of puberty. For
example the epiphyseal plates in long bones.
Symphesis joints are permanant cartilagenous joints,
for example the pubic symphesis.
Synovial Joints
Synovial (diarthrosis): Synovial joints are by far the
most common classification of joint within the human
body. They are highly moveable and all have a synovial
capsule (collagenous structure) surrounding the entire
joint, a synovial membrane (the inner layer of the
capsule) which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating
liquid) and cartilage known as hyaline cartilage which
pads the ends of the articulating bones. There are 6
types of synovial joints which are classified by the
shape of the joint and the movement available.
Types of Synovial Joint
Joint
Type
Movement at joint Examples Structure
Hinge Flexion/Extension

Elbow/Knee

Hinge joint
Pivot
Rotation of one bone around
another

Top of the neck
(atlas and axis
bones)

Pivot Joint
Ball and
Socket
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Internal & External
Rotation

Shoulder/Hip

Ball and socket
joint
Saddle
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction

CMC joint of the
thumb

Saddle joint
Condyloid
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction

Wrist/MCP & MTP
joints

Condyloid joint
Gliding Gliding movements

Intercarpal joints

Gliding joint






The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings :

Himalayas Region Plants -- oaks, pines and deodars

Rajasthan Cactus

Along Sea coast of Puri Casuarina plant

The eight agro-ecological regions of India. These broadly follow the phyto-
geographical regions of Chatterjee (1939). Broken lines in regions 6 and 7 mark
phyto-geographical boundaries, which are distinct from the agro-ecological
boundaries (refer Fig. 4)

Cereals : Wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, millets, rye.
Oilseeds : Coconut, cotton seed, sunflower.
Legumes : Soybean, peanut, common beans (Phaseolus spp.), pea, chickpea, cowpea.
Root crops : Potato, sweet potato, cassava, yam and taro.
Sugar crops : Sugarcane, sugarbeet.
Vegetables : Tomato, cabbage, onion, squash.
Fruits : Banana, orange, apple, pear, melon, mango.


Biosphere reserves State(s)/location Area (sq.km.)
Nilgiri Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala 5,520
Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh 4,500
Nanda Devi Uttar Pradesh 2,000
Uttarkhand (Valley of Flowers) Uttar Pradesh 3,940
North Islands of Andamans The Andamans & Nicobar Islands 1,375
Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu 10,500
Kaziranga Assam 760
Sunderbans West Bengal *
Thar Desert Rajasthan *
Manas Assam 600
Kanha Madhya Pradesh *
Nokrek (Tura range) Meghalaya 80
Rann of Kutch Gujarat 5,000

The presence of specific features or certain habits, which enable a plant or an animal to
live in its surroundings, is called adaptation.

The surroundings where organisms live is called a habitat.

The plants and animals that live on land are said to live in terrestrial habitats.

the habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitats.

Biotic Components -- The living things such as plant and animal
Abiotic Components -- Various non-living things such as rocks, soil, air and water in the habitat

Sunlight and heat also form abiotic components of the habitat.
The process of getting rid of wastes by the living organisms is known as excretion.

The materials which get attracted towards a magnet are magnetic for example, iron, nickel or
cobalt.
The materials which are not attracted towards a magnet are non-magnetic

Magnetite is a natural magnet.

Air in motion is called wind.