Dedicated outdoor air system

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A dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) is a type of heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning (HVAC) system that consists of two parallel systems a dedicated o!tdoor
air ventilation system that handles latent loads and a parallel system to handle sensi"le
loads#
$he conventional HVAC systems, s!ch as varia"le air vol!me (VAV) systems serving
m!ltiple %ones, have some potential pro"lems in terms of poor thermal comfort and
possi"le micro"ial contamination# &epending on the environment and the parallel system
involved, the o!tdoor air system will handle some of the sensi"le load in addition to the
latent load and the parallel system will handle the rest of the sensi"le load# $he main
point of a &'A( system is to provide dedicated ventilation rather than ventilation as part
of conditioned air# &'A( is a term given to a system that has "een !sed e)tensively in
*!rope and in vario!s forms in the +(# $his page o!tlines the "asics of &'A(, incl!ding
the advantages and disadvantages of s!ch a system, and the eval!ation of energy and cost
performance of &'A(#
Contents
, (ystem overview
- .arallel terminal systems
o -#, /adiant system
o -#- Air-"ased system
-#-#, (eparate systems with different d!ctwork
-#-#- Com"ined system
0 *1!ipment
2 &esign
3 *nergy and cost
4 /eferences
5 *)ternal links
System overview
William Coad proposed in ,666 to handle the 'A (o!tdoor air) and ret!rn air separately
in "!ilding HVAC systems#
7,8
9atley also descri"es the application of &'A( for
delivering deh!midified air to "!ildings to improve the indoor air 1!ality and thermal
comfort#
7-8708728
:ore recent research efforts have "een cond!cted to st!dy the "asics of
&'A( with emphasis on the potential advantages compared to the conventional HVAC
systems# (#A# :!mma s!ggests that there are fo!r main pro"lems with conventional all
air overhead mi)ing VAV HVAC systems#
738
$hese iss!es of VAV systems highlight the
corresponding advantages of &'A( systems# However, some disadvantages of &'A(
incl!de potentially higher first costs, lack of !se in the +nited (tates, and potentially
higher comple)ity#
Ventilation air in all air VAV HVAC systems &esigners and "!ilding engineers
are !na"le to know e)actly how the ventilation air that is mi)ed with the ret!rn air
in a typical VAV system is distri"!ted thro!gho!t the "!ilding# ;ss!es s!ch as air
leakage, control setpoints, minim!m air vol!me settings, and short-circ!iting (e#g#
e)ha!st air mi)ing with intake fresh air) can all affect the amo!nt of ventilation
air that reaches a space#
738748
A &'A( system solves this pro"lem "y providing a
dedicated s!pply of ,<<= o!tdoor air#
>eed for e)cess o!tdoor air flow and conditioning in VAV systems When the
m!ltiple spaces e1!ation of A(H/A* (tandard 4-#,--<<2 is !sed, generally from
-<-5<= more o!tdoor air is re1!ired in an effort to ass!re proper room air
distri"!tion in all air systems than is re1!ired with a dedicated o!tdoor air
systems# Cooling and deh!midifying the high o!tdoor air 1!antities in the s!mmer
and h!midifying and heating the air in the winter is an energy intensive
proposition#
738
$he &'A( system is si%ed to meet the re1!irements, and does not
re1!ire oversi%ing#
VAV "o) minim!ms have to "e set high to acco!nt for ventilation re1!irements
perhaps contrary to c!rrent practice, VAV "o) minim!ms m!st reflect "oth the
ventilation re1!irements of the space and the fraction of ventilation air in the
s!pply air# For e)ample, a space re1!iring 3440 slpm (-<< scfm) of ventilation air
and served with s!pply air that is 2<= ventilation air, will re1!ire a "o) minim!m
setting of ,2,3? slpm (3<< scfm) (i#e# -<<@<#2) rather than the conventional
practice of 3440 slpm (-<< scfm)# When the "o) minim!ms are properly set to
satisfy the ventilation re1!irements, the potential for considera"le terminal reheat
"ecomes an iss!e# $herefore, properly operating all air VAV systems will always
!se more terminal reheat than dedicated o!tdoor air systems s!pplying air at the
same temperat!re#
738
>o deco!pling of latent and sensi"le space loads $he ina"ility to deco!ple the
space sensi"le and latent loads leads to high space relative h!midity at low
sensi"le loads in the occ!pied spaces# .roperly designed dedicated o!tdoor air
systems can accommodate ,<<= of the space latent loads and a portion of the
space sensi"le loads, th!s deco!pling the space sensi"le and latent loads# A
parallel sensi"le-only cooling system is then !sed to accommodate the sensi"le
loads not met "y the dedicated o!tdoor air systems# $here is therefore a strong
incentive to control the space latent loads independently of the space sensi"le
loads to avoid moist!re related ;AA pro"lems#
738
Parallel terminal systems
For a typical &'A( ventilation system, the o!tside air system can accommodate aro!nd
<-0<= of the space sensi"le load# ;n order to create a comforta"le indoor environment,
the "alance of the space sensi"le loads m!st "e accommodated "y many other optional
e1!ipment choices as follows
/adiant ceiling panels
A parallel all air varia"le-air-vol!me (VAV) system
.ackaged !nitary water so!rce heat p!mps
Fan coil !nits
Radiant system
Compared to other sensi"le cooling systems, radiant ceiling cooling panels are the "est
parallel system choice for !se with the &'A(# Beca!se the &'A( only accommodates
the space ventilation and latent loads, it provides an opport!nity to red!ce the re1!ired
floor-to-floor height "y red!cing the si%e of the d!ct system and the re1!ired fan power#
758
$here are n!mero!s advantages of a radiant ceiling cooling system co!pled with a
&'A(# $he general eval!ation section in -<<? A(H/A* Hand"ook gives a "rief
description as follows
7?8
$he main advantages are
Beca!se radiant loads are treated directly and air motion in the space is at normal
ventilation levels, comfort levels can "e "etter than those of other air-conditioning
systems
:eet the re1!irement of s!pply 1!antities for ventilation and deh!midification
&!e to the red!ced o!tdoor air 1!antities, the &'A( system can "e installed with
smaller d!ct system
/adiant ceiling cooling panels can eliminate wet s!rface cooling coils and red!ce
the potential for septic contamination
$he a!tomatic sprinkler system piping can "e applied into radiant ceiling cooling
panel systems
$he main disadvantage is related to higher initial costs#
Besides the advantages presented a"ove, parallel radiant cooling panels offer other
advantages as well, s!ch as compact design, vertical shaft space area savings, and 1!ick
accommodation of dynamic controls# *nergy savings in &'A(@radiant ceiling cooling
panel system can "y linked to cooling coil load red!ction, chiller energy red!ction,
p!mping energy cons!mption and fan energy cons!mption red!ction# ;n general, d!e to
the total energy recovery and small s!pply air 1!antity of &'A(, the chiller energy
cons!mption can "e red!ced significantly compared to the conventional VAV system# ;n a
st!dy of a pilot &'A(@radiant ceiling cooling panel system, ho!rly energy sim!lation
predicts that the ann!al electrical energy cons!mption of the pilot &'A(@radiant panel
cooling system is 2-= less than that of the conventional VAV system with economi%er
control#
768
Beside solving pro"lems with conventional VAV systems that listed a"ove, &'A( offers
more "enefits as follows
/ed!cing more than 3<= of mechanical system operating cost compared to
conventional VAV systems
*1!al or lower first cost with simple controls
'ffering !p to ?<= of points needed for the "asic Ceadership in *nergy and
*nvironmental &esign (C**&) certification
Air-based system
$here are two main ways to design a &'A( when !sing an air-"ased system as the
parallel system
7,<8
Separate systems with different ductwork
;n this set!p, there is an o!tdoor air system that d!mps preconditioned air (acco!nting for
latent load and partial sensi"le load) directly into the space in its own d!ct@diff!ser# $here
is a separate system (e#g# fan coil !nit) that takes air from the space and conditions it to
meet the remaining space sensi"le load#
Advantages
*asier to meas!re the o!tdoor air flow rate into the space
*asier to meas!re airflows and "alance system
Avoids imposing ventilation loads on space HVAC e1!ipment (Fan coil !nit)
&isadvantages
(eparate d!ctwork for parallel paths can increase first costs
(eparate diff!sers for o!tdoor air and recirc!lated air may not provide ade1!ate
mi)ing
(eparate parallel paths for airflow increases overall airflow to the space which can
increase overall fan energy cons!mption
Combined system
Conditioned o!tdoor air is d!cted to the terminal !nit in the space# ;n this set!p, the
preconditioned o!tdoor air is d!cted into the fan coil !nits directly, mi)ing with the ret!rn
air from the space# $his system is similar to a chilled "eam set!p#
Advantages
Com"ined d!ctwork leads to lower first costs
Com"ined airflow red!ces air vol!me and conse1!ently fan energy
$horo!gh mi)ing of o!tdoor air and ret!rn air from space
&isadvantages
Cocal terminal !nit m!st operate whenever ventilation is re1!ired, regardless
whether or not the sensi"le load has "een met
Balancing airflow may "e more diffic!lt
Euipment
With the increasing application of &'A( in many co!ntries, there is also increasing
demand for &'A( e1!ipment, s!ch as $otal *nergy Wheel that !ses total energy
recovery, .assive &eh!midifier Wheel, and other relevant e1!ipment# $he effectiveness
of the $otal *nergy Wheel is an important factor for improving the efficiency of &'A(#
Desi!n
$he re1!irements in the design of a &'A( incl!de
(eparating the 'A system from the thermal control system to ens!re proper
ventilation in all occ!pied spaces
Conditioning the 'A to handle all the space latent load and as m!ch of the space
sensi"le load as possi"le
:a)imi%ing the cost-effective !se of energy recovery e1!ipment
;ntegrating the fire s!ppression and energy transport systems
+sing ceiling radiant sensi"le cooling panels for occ!pant thermal control
7,,8
:!mma proposed the following steps for designing the &'A(
Calc!lating the space sensi"le and latent cooling loads on the s!mmer design day
"ase on the space design condition
&etermining the minim!m air flow rate that each space re1!ires "ase on the
A(H/A* (tandard 4-#,D
7,-8
&etermining the s!pply air h!midity ratio for each space
$ypically, the design s!pply air dry "!l" temperat!re will e1!al the re1!ired
s!pply air &ew .oint temperat!re)
+sing the energy recovery to "ring the e)ha!st air "ack to the &'A( !nit
For &'A( with air-"ased system as parallel cooling system, the following steps were
proposed ,) calc!lating the sensi"le cooling load met "y the &'A( s!pply air for each
spaceD -) calc!lating the sensi"le cooling load remaining on the parallel system for each
spaceD 0) determining the s!pply air dry "!l" temperat!re for parallel systems (a"ove the
space dew point temperat!re to avoid condensation)D 2) determining the s!pply air flow
rate for each parallel sensi"le cooling device#
Ener!y and cost
A lot of st!dies have "een cond!cted to demonstrate the energy and cost performance of
&'A( in terms of sim!lations# Ehattar and Brandem!ehl sim!lated the parallel system
and a conventional single system for a large retail store in &allas, (t# Co!is, Washington,
&#C#, and >ew 'rleans#
7,08
$he st!dy demonstrated ann!al energy savings of ,2= to -5=
and ,3= to -0= smaller e1!ipment capacity for the parallel cooling system# Feong et al#
compared the energy and cost performance of a &'A( with parallel ceiling radiant
panels to a conventional VAV system with air-side economi%er for a nearly 0,<<< s1!are
feet (-?< m
-
) office space in an ed!cational "!ilding in .ennsylvania#
768
A 2-= red!ction
of the ann!al energy !sage for the &'A( system with s!"stantial savings in "oth fan and
chiller energy !se was reported in this st!dy# *mmerich and :c&owell eval!ated the
potential energy savings of &'A( in +#(# commercial "!ildings#
7,28
$he "!ilding model
was developed to "e consistent with typical new constr!ction and meet the A(H/A*
(tandard 6<#, (A(H/A* 6<#,) re1!irements#
7,38
$he sim!lation res!lts indicated that the
f!ll &'A( res!lted in the ann!al HVAC energy cost savings ranging from -,= to 0?=#
7,28
References
,# Coad, W ((eptem"er ,666)# GConditioning Ventilation Air for ;mproved
.erformance and Air A!alityG# HPAC Engineering 26H34#
-# 9atley, &#.# ((eptem"er -<<<)# GH!midification *nhancements for ,<<-
.ercent-'!tside-Air AH+s# .art , of 0G# HPAC Engineering -5H0-#
0# 9atley, &#.# ('cto"er -<<<)# GH!midification *nhancements for ,<<-
.ercent-'!tside-Air AH+s# .art - of 0G# HPAC Engineering 3,H36#
2# 9atley, &#.# (>ovem"er -<<<)# GH!midification *nhancements for ,<<-
.ercent-'!tside-Air AH+s# .art 0 of 0G# HPAC Engineering 0,H03#
3# http@@doas#ps!#ed!@doas#html Accessed ,,@,3@-<,<
4# :!mma, (D I. Ee (,66?)# GField testing of advanced ventilation control
strategies for varia"le air vol!me systemsG# Environment International Journal "#
(2) 206H23<#
5# Conroy, C#C#D (# :!mma (-<<,)# GCeiling /adiant Cooling .anels as a
via"le &istri"!ted .arallel (ensi"le Cooling $echnology ;ntegrated with
&edicated '!tdoor Air (ystemsG# ASHRAE Transactions $%& 355?H3?3#
?# -<<? A(H/A* Hand"ook-HVAC (ystems and *1!ipment, A(H/A*,
;nc, -<<?#
6# Feong, F#W#D (# :!mmaD W# Bahnfleth (-<<0)# G*nergy Conservation
"enefits of a &edicated '!tdoor Air (ystem with parallel (ensi"le Cooling "y
Ceiling /adiant .anelsG# ASHRAE Transactions $%' 4-5H404#
,<# :orris, W# (:ay -<<0)# G$he ABCs of &'A(G# ASHRAE Journal -2H-6#
,,# :!mma, (#A# (:ay -<<,)# G&esigning &edicated '!tdoor Air (ystemsG#
ASHRAE Journal -?H0,#
,-# American (ociety of Heating, /efrigerating and Air-Conditioning
*ngineers, ;nc# (-<<5)# A(H/A* standard 4-#,# Atlanta, 9A
,0# Ehattar, :#ED :#F# Brandem!ehl (:ay -<<-)# G(eparating the V in
HVAC A &!al-.ath ApproachG# ASHRAE Journal 0,H2-#
,2# (#F# *mmerichD $# :c&owell (F!ly -<<3)# ;nitial *val!ation of
&isplacement Ventilation and &edicated '!tdoor Air (ystems in Commercial
B!ildings (/eport)# +#(#*nvironmental .rotection Agency, Washington, &C#
,3# American (ociety of Heating, /efrigerating and Air-Conditioning
*ngineers, ;nc# (-<<5)# Ashrae standard 6<#,# Atlanta, 9A
E(ternal links
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