1.

Compounds
COMPOUNDS SYNONYMS USES
BORIC ACID Agua boricada
Boracid acid
Hydrogen borate
Orthoboric acid
Antiseptic
Eyewash
Used as a buffer in ophthalmic
solutions
Weak bacteriostatic agent
HYDROCHLORIC ACID Muriatic acid
Spirit of sea salt
Marine acid
Espiritu de Sal Marina
Aids in digesting food
Gastric antiseptic
NITRIC ACID Spirit of Nitre
Aqua Fortis
Agua Fuerte
Diluted:
Manufacture of explosives like
trinitroluene (TNT)
Manufacture of sulphuric acid
Manufacture of coal tar dyes
Oxidizing and nitrating agent
Used externally to destroy
chancres and warts
Acidifying agent with bases
PHOSPHORIC ACID Orthophosphoric acid
Acido orthofosforico
Solubilising agent in the
preparation of Anileridine
Injection
Acidifying agent
Diluted:
Tonic and stimulant to the
gastric mucous membrane
Acts as synergistic to pepsin
Aids in the formulation of
peptones
Used in making some
pharmaceutical preparations
taken orally
SULFURIC ACID Oil of Vitriol
Vitriolic Acid
Aceite de Vitriolo
Dehydrating agent
Oxidizing agent
Sulfonating or sulfating agent
Strong diprotic acid which can
be utilized to form salts of basic
organic molecules
fertilizer
STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION Ammonium hydroxide
Stronger ammonia water
Used in the manufacture of
nitric acid and sodium
bicarbonate
Used in the preparation of
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
Serves as a source of ammonia
to stabilize the ammonium
carbonate against hydrolysis
Used in the preparation of
Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate
Diluted:
Circulatory stimulant
Counter-irritant
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Slaked Lime
Calcium hydroxide
Fluid electrolyte
Topical astringent
Emulsifying agent
Gas traps like Soda Lime
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Caustic Potash
Potassa
Caustic principally in veterinary
practice
Saponifying agent
Base or alkaline reagent
SODIUM HYDROXIDE Caustic Soda
Soda Lye
Caustic principally in veterinary
practice
Saponifying agent
Base or alkaline reagent
SODIUM CARBONATE Monohydrated Sodium
Carbonate
Used in the preparation of
Nitromerosal Solution
SODA LIME Metabolic tests
Anesthesia
Oxygen therapy
SODIUM BORATE Borax
Sodium Pyroborate
Sodium Tetraborate
Tinkal
Used in situ as the alkaline
member of the borate buffer
system
Used in collyria
Used as a component of many
mouthwashes and oral
preparations
Best eyewash when acids
happen to enter the mucosa
Weak bacteriostatic agent
Forms borax soap
Emulsifying as an emulsifying
agent in the preparation of
ointments particularly Cold
Creams USP and Rose Water
Ointment USP
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID A very powerful reducing agent
Antioxidant
Prevent the formulation of free
iodine in Diluted Hydriodic Acid
and Syrup
Prevent the formulation of ferric
ions and molecular iodine
Preservative in certain foods and
ammonium hypophosphate and
other many preparations
SULFUR DIOXIDE Sulfurous Anhydride Strong reducing agent
Antioxidant pharmaceutical aid
Injectable preparations
Bleaching wood pulp
Fumigating grains
Arresting fermentation
Fumigate houses
SODIUM BISULFITE Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite
Sodium Acid Sulfite
Leucogen
antioxidant
SODIUM METABISULFITE Neutralize other bases to form
sulphite
Antioxidant
Cotain phenol or catechol
nucleus that prevents oxidation
of compounds to quinines
Reducing agent in ascorbic acid
injections
Prepare water soluble
derivatives of normally insoluble
drugs
NITROGEN Retard oxidation in oxidation
sensitive products
Prepare air in containers for
parenterals and solutions for
topical applications
Retard oxidation in the
qualitative test for carbon
monoxide
PURIFIED WATER Extemporaneous compounding
and preparation of most USP
test reagents
WATER FOR INJECTION Solvent for the preparation of
parenteral solutions
STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION Extemporaneous compounding
of parenterals for either
intravenous or intramuscular
injection
STERILE WATER FOR INHALATION Used in humidifiers or other
similar devices
Inhalation therapy
STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION

2. Pharmaceutical aids and necessities includes substances needed to the preparation,
preservation and storage of pharmaceutical products.
3. Official acids & their advantages
OFFICIAL ACIDS ADVANTAGES
BORIC ACID Stable in air
Soluble in water and alcohol
Freely soluble in glycerine, boiling water and boiling alcohol
Weak nature
Only primary salts can be obtained in aqueous solutions
Weak bacteriostatic agent
Volatile acid
HYDROCHLORIC ACID Capable of reacting with organic molecules which are
weakly basic to form usually water soluble hydrochloride
salts
Ease of preparation
Very low toxicity of the chloride ion
NITRIC ACID Strong oxidizing agent enhanced by nitrous acid
Strong monoprotic acid
Nitrating agent
Useful acidifying agent with bases
PHOSPHORIC ACID Non volatile
Non-oxidizing
SULFURIC ACID Non volatile at lower levels of heat
Strong diprotic acid
Useful dehydrating agent
Oxidizing agent
Sulfonating or sulfating agent
Obtain a product of any desired strength

4. Acids needed in the body & their concentrations in administration

HYDROCHLORIC ACID 0.2 %





5. 2 commercial methods of preparing sulphuric acid: Advantage and Disadvantages
CONTACT PROCESS Obtaining a product of any desired
strength
LEAD CHAMBER PROCESS
6. Preparing 1 Liter of 10% Ammonia Solution from the official Strong Ammonia Solution
n.l.t. 9 g and n.m.t. 10 g of NH3 in 100 mL of purified water

7. Advantages of Sodium Hydroxide over Potassium Hydroxide
o Less delinquescent
o Milder
o Cheaper
o Extensively used in industrial purposes
8.
Deliquescent salts absorbs water rapidly from the air
Examples:
Efflorescent salts
Examples:
Hygroscopic salts
Examples:
9. Preparation of Official Sodium Carbonate using the Solvay process
Saturating a thoroughly cooled concentrated solution of sodium chloride frist with
ammonia then carbon dioxide.
10. Soda Lime: Carbon Dioxide Absorbant in the Body
The calcium hydroxide reacts with the accumulated carbon dioxide in the form of sodium
carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate, thereby regenerating the sodium hydroxide. This
process continue until the calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are exhausted. It may
contain an indicator that will not react with the common anesthetic gases and will change color
when absorption capacity of the soda lime for carbon dioxide is exhausted.
Equation: 2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ 2NaOH

11. Mechanism involved on how buffers can control pH of a solution.
o Addition of small amounts of acid or base
o Composed of a weak acid and its salt (conjugate base) or weak base and its salt
(conjugate acid)
o The buffer pair will complement each other.
o When small amounts of hydrogen ion are introduced into the medium they will react
with the conjugate base or basic members of the buffer to form the weak acid which, by
definition will only slightly be ionized.
o Similarly, when small amount of hydroxide ion (base) are introduced into the medium,
they will react with the weak acid or acidic member of the buffer pair to form water and
th conjugate base.
o Hence, each component of the buffer pair will react with either acid or base to form the
other component, thereby repressing large changes in hydrogen ion concentration.
12. Chemical and Pharmacological taken in considerations in selecting a buffer system
The buffer pair should not participate in oxidation-reduction reaction
The buffer pair should not alter solubility of other components
The buffer pair should not form complexes with active ingredients
The buffer system itself must also exhibit reasonable chemical stability.
The buffer should neither contribute to nor detract from the pharmacological properties
of the active ingredient.
13. Antioxidants included in some pharmaceutical preparations & the rationale of their uses
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID A very powerful reducing agent
Antioxidant
Prevent the formulation of free iodine in Diluted
Hydriodic Acid and Syrup
Prevent the formulation of ferric ions and molecular
iodine
Preservative in certain foods and ammonium
hypophosphate and other many preparations
SULFUR DIOXIDE Strong reducing agent
Antioxidant pharmaceutical aid
Injectable preparations
Bleaching wood pulp
Fumigating grains
Arresting fermentation
Fumigate houses
SODIUM BISULFITE antioxidant
SODIUM METABISULFITE Neutralize other bases to form sulphite
Antioxidant
Cotain phenol or catechol nucleus that prevents
oxidation of compounds to quinines
Reducing agent in ascorbic acid injections
Prepare water soluble derivatives of normally
insoluble drugs
NITROGEN Retard oxidation in oxidation sensitive products
Prepare air in containers for parenterals and solutions
for topical applications
Retard oxidation in the qualitative test for carbon
monoxide