COMPLEX SENTENCES

I. DEFINITION
A complex sentence is a sentence made up of an independent clause
and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. A complex sentence
combines both an independent and dependent clause.
Example:
Although I was tired, I studied for the test.
I studied for the test although I was tired.
Steinbeck, who wrote novels, is famous.

Independent & Dependent Clauses
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

Independent clause
An independent clause has a subject and a verb and can stand
alone because it expresses a complete thought.
Example : I studied for the test.


Dependent clause
A dependent clause has a subject and a verb but cannot stand
alone because it does not express a complete thought. It
depends on another clause to be complete. The part that
cannot stand alone is linked to the rest of the sentence by a
subordinating conjunction.
Example : Although I was tired.


Like independent clauses, dependent clauses may contain
compound subjects or verbs--that is, more than one subject or
more than one verb.
Example :
While Dorothy and Toto ran down the road
After the farm house flew through the air with Dorothy
inside and landed on top of the wicked witch in Oz
Because the machine in the great hall blew smoke and
made noise
Even though Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and
the Cowardly Lion sang and danced down the Yellow-
Brick Road
There are three types of dependent clauses. It's not
necessary to remember their names, but do look closely
at the way each is constructed and remember its pattern.
Playing with the patterns of clauses is the quickest way to
begin revising your sentences and one of the easiest
ways of learning punctuation patterns. Punctuation
patterns using dependent clauses are covered in the
complex-sentence section.

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
The three types of dependent clauses include:
1. Adverb (or subordinate) clauses
Adverb (or subordinate) clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions
and tell why, how, when, or where something occurs. Think of an adverb
clause as an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to
the front:
sc + IC

Example: The witch melted when Dorothy splashed water on her.

Subordinate means secondary, so subordinating conjunctions are
words that introduce secondary ideas.
e.g., because, since, when, while, although, even though, if, as,
whereas
Subordinating conjunctions create a relationship between clauses, so
they must be used properly.
Many dependent clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction (also
known as a dependent word)


2. Subordinating Conjunctions






Punctuating with Dependent Clauses & Subordinating Conjunctions
When a dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction
falls at the beginning of the sentence, put a comma after the clause. (It
acts as an introductory clause.)
Example: When it falls at the end, no comma is needed.
Because I didnt study, I didnt pass the exam.
I didnt pass the exam because I didnt study.

3. Adjective(Relative) Clauses
Clauses are so named because they describe things, usually
appearing next to the word or idea they describe:
The soldiers who guarded the gates of the witch's castle sang as
they marched.
The clause "who guarded the gates of the witch's castle" describes the
soldiers and makes clear which soldiers we are talking about. Note that
in this particular dependent clause, the relative pronoun who is both
the subordinator and the subject.

The use of who, which, and that in adjective clauses:
Who refers to people:
The witch who wore the ruby slippers was crushed by Dorothy's house.
Which refers to things:
The ruby slippers which she wore were given to Dorothy.
That refers to both people and things:
The road that Dorothy traveled was made of yellow bricks.
The witch that Dorothy crushed had a twin sister.

Adjective clauses are introduced by dependent words like:
a. who (whom)
b. that
c. in which
d. which
e. whose
f. of whom
Punctuating Adjective(Relative) Clauses
The key to punctuating adjective clauses is being able to determine
when the clause is essential (i.e., "necessary") to the meaning of the
sentence.
Use a comma to set off an adjective clause if it is not essential to the
meaning of the sentence.
Example:
The Tin Man, who was rusted, had to be oiled.
The Yellowbrick Road, which led to the Emerald City, was Baum's
metaphor for the gold standard.
Both of these sentences would make sense if we removed the
adjective clause; thus, the dependent clauses are non-essential to the
meaning of the sentences.
Common relative pronoun : who, whom, that, which, where, when.
Do not use a comma to set off an adjective clause if it is essential to
the meaning of the sentence. Ex.
The witch who wore the ruby slippers was crushed by a flying house.
Many of the songs which Judy Garland sang in the movie version of
Baum's story have become classics.
Both of these sentences require the adjective clause to specify
meaning: "who wore the ruby slippers" specifies a particular witch--not
all of the witches were crushed by flying houses; "which Judy Garland
sang in the movie version of Baum's story" specifies which songs have
become classics--this adjective clause limits the discussion to the
movie version of Baum's story, and not all of the songs in the movie
have become classics. Removing the dependent clause from either of
these sentences would dramatically change the meaning; therefore,
the adjective clauses are essential clauses.


4. Noun clauses
Noun clauses are introduced by dependent words like:
a. what
b. who (whom)
c. whoever
d. why
e. whose
f. that
g. whether
h. how
Noun clauses sometimes look like adjective clauses because they
share some of the same dependent words. But their use is entirely
different. Adjective clauses tell us something about a noun--remember
"the soldiers who guarded the gates"?
However, noun clauses serve the same functions as do nouns. That is,
noun clauses serve as either subjects or objects. They, therefore,
occupy the subject and object positions in a sentence.

















Member of the group :
Alfian Militan
Dwi Prasetya Ningrum
Maulana Malik Ibrahim
Robbi Johanes
Widya Dwi Ayuni
Class : 1 Sipil 1 Pagi

State Polytechnic Of Jakarta
Jl. Prof. Dr. G.A Siwabessy, kampus UI Depok ,16825
Telpon/fax : (021)-7863532
Website: www.pnj.ac.id

PREFACE

First at all, Id like to give thanks for Gods love and grace for us.
Thanks God for helping us and giving us chance to finish this assignment
in time. Also I would like to say thank you to Mrs. Sari Puspita Dewi as the
lecturer that always teaches us patiently and gives us much knowledge
about english well.
This assigment is one of the requirements to complete the english
valve in second term. We realized this assigment is not perfect, but I hope
it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is pleasantly received to
make this assigment be better. Hopefully we as a student in state
polytechnic of Jakarta can work more professional by using english as a
global language.



Depok,
th
2014


Writer