Modul

Modul
11
11
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
PLATE TECTONICS
PLATE TECTONICS
Continental drift
Continental drift

The theory that the continents have moved in

The theory that the continents have moved in
relation to one another
relation to one another
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics

The theory of global dynamics in which the

The theory of global dynamics in which the
lithosphere is believed to be broken into
lithosphere is believed to be broken into
individual plates that move in response to
individual plates that move in response to
convection in the (upper) mantle. The margins of
convection in the (upper) mantle. The margins of
the plates are sites of considerable geologic
the plates are sites of considerable geologic
activity.
activity.
Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere
Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere
D
e
p
t
h

(
k
m
)
cold, rigid, brittle
hot, plastic
= 3,3 4,3 g/cm
3
hot, high pressure,
rigid, brittle
Liquid
4500
0
C
solid
Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere
rocks
ultrabasic
igneous rocks
(MgO, SiO
2
)
Fe, Ni
Continental Drift
Continental Drift
Antonio Snider
Antonio Snider
-
-
Pelligrini
Pelligrini

Map (1858)
Map (1858)
Alfred
Alfred
Wegener
Wegener

Map (1915)
Map (1915)
Continental Drift
Continental Drift
Continental Drift
Continental Drift
Wegener
Wegener

s Concept of Continental Drift and Orogenesis

s Concept of Continental Drift and Orogenesis
Note: Note:
Most geologists and geophysicists rejected Wegener Most geologists and geophysicists rejected Wegener s ideas s ideas
because they violated what was known about the because they violated what was known about the STRENGTH STRENGTH
OF ROCKS OF ROCKS. .
Also, centrifugal force (from Earth Also, centrifugal force (from Earth s rotation) along with tidal s rotation) along with tidal
forces forces were deemed to be were deemed to be TOO SMALL TOO SMALL to move the continents! to move the continents!
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Continents Fit
Continents Fit
Together
Together
Best fit at 100 m below sea level Best fit at 100 m below sea level
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Rocks and
Rocks and
Structures Match Up
Structures Match Up
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Appalachians Appalachians
Appalachians Appalachians
Caledonides
Mauritanides
Mountain Belts of
Mountain Belts of
the Same Age
the Same Age
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Glacial Features
Glacial Features
Direction of ice flow Direction of ice flow
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Fossils
Fossils
Lystrosaurus Lystrosaurus
Glossopteris Glossopteris
Cynognathus Cynognathus
Mesosaurus Mesosaurus
Permian Permian- -Pennsylvanian Pennsylvanian
Early Triassic Early Triassic
Permian Permian
Evidence on Continent
Evidence on Continent
Paleoclimate
Paleoclimate
of
of
Pangea
Pangea
Evidence on Seafloor
Evidence on Seafloor
Seafloor
Seafloor
Morphology
Morphology
Evidence on Seafloor
Evidence on Seafloor
Paleomagnetism
Paleomagnetism
and
and
seafloor spreading
seafloor spreading
Magnetic Time Scale Magnetic Time Scale
Magnetic Stripe Formation at Ridge Crest Magnetic Stripe Formation at Ridge Crest
Evidence on Seafloor
Evidence on Seafloor
Paleomagnetism
Paleomagnetism
and
and
seafloor spreading
seafloor spreading
Evidence on Seafloor
Evidence on Seafloor
Seafloor Age Map
Seafloor Age Map
Evidence on Seafloor
Evidence on Seafloor
Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks
Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks
Reconstruction
Reconstruction
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by
Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age
Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age
-
-
Dating of Rocks
Dating of Rocks
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS
(Global Positioning System) Satellites (Global Positioning System) Satellites
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined
by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites
by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Earth
Earth

s Tectonic Plates
s Tectonic Plates
North American
South
American
Juan de
Fuca
Cocos
Pacific
Nazca
Antarctic
Antarctic
Caribbean
Scotian
African
Eurasian
Arabian
Indo
Australian
Pacific
Philippine
North
American
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
What drives
What drives
Plate Tectonics?
Plate Tectonics?
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Internal Heat
Internal Heat
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Divergent Boundary
Divergent Boundary
Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust
Transform Boundary
Transform Boundary
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Convergent Boundary:
Convergent Boundary:
Subduction
Subduction
Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust
and destruction of Oceanic Crust and destruction of Oceanic Crust
Melting
Produces
More
Felsic
Magma
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Convergent Boundary: Collision
Convergent Boundary: Collision
Results in the growth of Continental Crust Results in the growth of Continental Crust
BASIC PLATE TECTONICS
BASIC PLATE TECTONICS

Revised
Revised

Earth
Earth

s lithosphere is broken into 12

s lithosphere is broken into 12
-
-
24
24
rigid plates
rigid plates

Plates move about 1

Plates move about 1
-
-
10 cm/yr on the plastic
10 cm/yr on the plastic
Asthenosphere
Asthenosphere

Geology happens
Geology happens

where the plates

where the plates
interact with one another along Divergent,
interact with one another along Divergent,
Transform,
Transform,
Subduction
Subduction
and
and
Collisional
Collisional
Boundaries
Boundaries