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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 2 : Force and Motion


1
2. FORCE AND MOTION
2.1 ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION
Distance a n d d is p lac eme n t
1. Types of physical quantity:
(i) Scalar quantity:
h

as

on

ly

ma

gn

itu

de
.
(ii) Vector quantity:
h

as

bo

th

ma

gn

it

ud

e a

nd

di

re

cti

on

2. The difference between distance and displacement:


(i) istance:
le

ng

th

of

the

ath

ta

ke

(ii) isplacement:
di

sta

nc

e o

f a

ob

jec

t f

ro

a p

oi

nt

in

a c

er

tai

n d

ir

ect

io

!. istance always lon"er than displacement.


#. $%ample: The followin" dia"ram shows the location of &ohor 'ahru and esaru.
(ou can tra)el by car usin" e%istin" road )ia *ota Tin""i+ or tra)el by a
small plane alon" strai"ht path.
,alculate how far it is from &ohor 'ahru to esaru if you tra)eled by:
a. The car
b. The plane
*ota Tin""i
#1 -m
.! -m
Solution:
&ohor
/0 -m
esaru
a. by car 1 #1 2 .!
1 3# -m
b. by plane 1 /0 -m
The path tra)eled by the plane is shorter than tra)elled by
the car.
So+ istance 1 3# -m
isplacement 1 /0 -m
4ands5on 6cti)ity 2.2 p" 10 of the practical boo-.
7dea of distance and displacement+ speed and )elocity.
Sp eed an d velocity
the distance traeled per unit time or rate of change of distance
1. Speed is ..
2. Velocity is: ..
t

he

sp

eed

n a

ie

n d

ir

ect

io

n o

r r

at

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4


Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2
e o

f c

ha

ng

e o

f d

is

pla

ce

ent
...
total distance traeled! s "m# ! $ s m s
%&
!. 6)era"e of speed:
time taken! t "s# t
displacement! s "m# ! $ s ms
%&
#. 6)era"e of )elocity: ...
'ime taken! t "s# t
.. $%ample:
6n aeroplane flies from 6 to '+ which is located !00 -m east of 6. 8pon reachin" '+ the
aeroplane then flies to ,+ which is located #00 -m north. The total time of fli"ht is #
hours. ,alculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The )elocity of the aeroplane
Solution:
C
#00 -m
i( )peed $ *istan c e
'ime
$ +,, - 4,,
4
$ &./ km h
%&
6
!00 -m
6
!00 -m
'
,
#00 -m
'
ii( elocity $ disp l a ce m e nt
time
"*etermine the displacement denoted by 0C and
its direction#
= . 5 00 .
4
$ &2/ km h
%&
"in the direction of ,/+
,
#
A cce l er a tion a n d d ece le r a tion
1. Study the phenomenon below9
0 m s
51
20 m s
51
#0 m s
51
:bser)ation:
'

he

lo

cit

y o

f t

he

ca

r i

nc

rea

se

s(

2. 6cceleration is+
th

e r

at

e o

f c

ha

ng

e o

el

oc

ity
.
Then+ a 1
Final e locity 1 in i ti al e locity
'ime of change
Or, a = v
u t
!. $%ample of acceleration9
t 1 2 s
t 1 2 s
6 ' ,
0 m s
51
20 m s
51
#0 m s
51
%2
,alculate the acceleration of car9
i) from 6 to '
ii) ;rom ' to ,
a
02
$ 2, 1 , $ &, m s
%2
2
a
2C
$
4, 1 2, $ &, m s
2
#. eceleration happens ...
3h

en

th

el

oc

ity

of

an

bje

ct

de

cr

eas

es

! 4

cal

cu

lat

io

ns!

ill

be

eg

ati

.. $%ample of deceleration9
6 lorry is mo)in" at !0 m s
51
+ when suddenly the dri)er steps on the bra-es and it stop .
seconds later. ,alculate the deceleration of lorry.
0ns3er : $ , m s
%&
! u $ +, m s
%&
! t $ / s
'hen ! a $ , 1 +, $ %5 m s
%2
/
Ana l ysi n g o m o tion
1. <inear motion can be studied in the laboratory usin" a tic-er timer and a tic-er tape.
=efer te%t boo- photo picture 2.# pa"e 2/.
(i) etermination of time:
. . . . . . . .
the fre6uency of the ticker timer $ /, 78 " /, ticks in & second#
so! & tick $ & se c ond $ ,(,2 seconds
/,
(ii) etermination of displacement as the len"th of tic-er tape o)er a period of time.
. . . . . . . .
% y
t $ . ticks
(iii) etermine the type of motio
$
n9
,(&4 s
. . . . . . . .

9n

ifo

rm

elo

ci

ty
..
. . . . . . . .
0cceleration
...
.

.
.
.

.
..
.
0c

cel

er

ati

on

! th

en

ece

le

ra

tio

n
..
. . . . . . . .
displacement 1 time 1
(i)) etermination of )elocity
:(5 cm . ; ,(,2 $ ,(&4 s
..
Velocity+ ) 1 :(5 $ 5&(4+ cm s
%&
,(&4
()) etermine the acceleration
<en"th>cm
?
@
/
.
)
a $
$
$
1 u
t
4,(, 1 &/(, ((
/",(2#
2/(,
&(,
$ 2/(, m s
%2
#
u
!
2
1
0
T! e e"# ation o motion
tic-s
1. The important symbols :
s

dis

pl

ac

em

en

t!

: f

ina

el

oc

ity
..

u :

in

iti

al

loc

ity

t :

tim

e!

: a

cc

el

era

tio

2. The list of important formula9


&( s =
1
(u + )t
2
+( = u + at
/(
2
= u
2
+
2as
2( a =

u
t
4( s = ut +
1
at
2
2
!. $%ample 1 : 6 car tra)elin" with a )elocity of 10 m s
51
accelerates uniformly at a rate of !
m s
52
for 20 s. ,alculate the displacement of the car while it is acceleratin".
gien : u $ &, m s
%&
! a $ + m s
%2
! t $ 2, s( s $ <
s $ ut - = at
2
s $ "&,#"2,# - = "+#"2,#
2
$ 4,, m
;i"ure 2.1
$%ample 2 : 6 )an that is tra)elin" with )elocity 1/ m s
51
decelerates until it comes to rest.
7f the distance tra)eled is ? m+ calculate the deceleration of the )an.
gien : u $ &5 m s
%&
! $ ,"rest# ! s $ : m a $ <

2
$ u
2
- 2 as
,
2
$ &5
2
- 2 a":#
a $ %&5 ms
%2
E$ ec ise 2.%
1. ;i"ure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consistin" of .5tic- strip. escribe
<en"th > cm
1/
the motion represented by 6' and ',.
7n each case+ determine the 9
12
(a) displacement
?
s $ 4 - : - &2 - &5 - &5 - &5
$ .2(, cm
#
(b) a)era"e )elocity
@2.0
0

aerage
$
/(0.1)
6 ' , Time>s
$ &2,(, cm s
%&
(c) acceleration
Note : $
1/.0
0.1
$ &(5 cm s
%&
a $
u
$
1./ 0.#
u $
#.0
$ ,(4 cm s
%&
t 0.. 0.1
$ 2(4 cm s
%2
t $ / ",(&# $ ,(/ s
2. 6 car mo)in" with constant )elocity of #0 ms
51
. The dri)er saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the bra-e pedal and mana"ed to stop the car in ? s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the dri)er spotted it was 1?0 m. 4ow far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
u $ 4, ms
%&
$ , t $ : s
s
initial
$ &:, m "from car to obstacle 3hen the drier start to step on the brake#
s
final
$ < " from car to abstacle 3hen the stopped#
s $
1
(u + )t =
1
(#0 + 0)? =
1/0m
s
initial
s s
final
obstacle
2 2
s
final
$ s
initial
1 s
$ &:, 1 &5,
$ 2, m
2.2 ANA&'SIN( MOTION (RA)*S
0m 100m 200m !00m #00m .00m displacement
0s 10s 20s !0s #0s .0s time
The data of the motion of the car can be presented
in

th

for

of

gr

ap

h c

al

led

m
.
otion graphs
T! e d isplace men t+ti me (rap !
a) displacement+s>m Araph analysis:

nif

or

dis

pl

ace

en

t a

ll t

he

tim

>

ra

ph

gr

ad

ien

loc

ity

Time+t (s)
'he object is stationary or is not moing
...
b) displacement (m) Araph analysis:

is
..
p

la

cem

nt

inc

re

as

es

un

ifo

rm

ly

>

ra

ph

ra

die

nt

is

fi;

ed

time (s)
'

he

o
.
b

je

ct

mo

ith

un

ifo

rm

elo

ci

ty

c) displacement (m) Araph analysis:

'

he
.
ob

je

ct m

s 3

ith

ni

for

loc

ity

fo

r t

se

co

nd

s(

fte

t se

co

nd

s!

th

e o

bje

ct

re

tu

rns

to

rig

in

"re

rs

e#

3i

th

uniform elocity
time (s) ..
'

ot

al

dis

pl

ace

en

t is

8e

ro

d) isplacement (m) Araph analysis:

>

ra

ph

is

ua

dra

tic

fo

rm
.

is

pla

ce

ent

in

cr

ea

ses

ith

ti

me

(
..
time (s)
>

ra

ph

radie

nt

in

cre

as

es

un

ifo

rm

ly

'

he

ob

je

ct

mo

s 3

it

h i

nc

rea

si

ng

lo

cit

y 3

ith

nif

or

acceleration(
e) displacement (m) Araph analysis:

>r

ap

h i

s 6

ua

dr

at

ic f

or

m(
..

*i

spl

ac

em

en

t i

nc

rea

se

s 3

it

h t

im

e(
..

>

rap

gr

ad

ien

t d

ec

re

ase

un

ifo

rm

ly
..
time (s)

'h

e o

bj

ect

es

3i

th

de

cr

eas

in

el

oci

ty!

ith

un

if

orm
..
deceleration(
f) displacement (m) Araph analysis:
6 '
?

un

ifo

rm

elo

ci

ty

"po

si

ti

e 1

e a

he

ad

#
..

loc

ity

is

8e

ro

"r

est

#
..
: , time (s)
T! e velocity+ti me (rap!

2C

nif

or

loc

ity

"n

eg

at

ie

re

er

se

a) )> m s
51
Araph analysis:
N

ch

an

ge

in

lo

cit

y
..
@

er

gra

di

en

t th

ob

jec

t m

es

ith

co

ns

tan

el

oc

ity
..
or
t

he

ac

ce

ler

at

ion

is

8e

ro

t t > s
'he area under the graph is e6ual to the displacement of
the moing object :
s $ ; t
b) )> m s
51
Araph analysis:

4t

elo

ci

ty

inc

re

ase

un

ifo

rm

ly
....

'

he

gr

ap

ha

s a

co

ns

ta

nt

gra

di

en

'

he

ob

je

ct

mo

s 3

it

h a

nif

or

acc

el

era

ti

on

t t > s
'h

ar

ea

un

de

r t

he

gr

ap

h i

s
e

6u

al

to

th

displacement! s of the moing object :


s $ = " ; t#
c) ) (m s
51
) Araph analysis:

'h

ob

jec

t m

es

ith

un

ifo

rm
..
ac

ce

ler

ati

on

fo

r
.
t
&
s

fte

r t
&

s!

th

e o

bj

ec

t d

ece

le

ra

tes

un

ifo

rm

ly

"n

eg

at

ie

gr

ad

ien

# u

nti

l
it

co

es

to

re

st

t
1
t
2
t (s)
'he area under the graph is e6ual to the displacement of
the moing object : s $ = t
2
AB
d) ) (m s
51
) Araph analysis:
.
'
..
he

sh

ap

e o

f t

he

gr

ap

h i

s a

ur

e
....

4ts

lo

cit

y i

nc

rea

se

s 3

it

h t

im

e(
..

'h

e g

ra

di

en

t o

f th

gra

ph

ncr

ea

se

s(

t (s)
'h

e o

bj

ec

t m

es

ith

in

cre

as

in

g a

cc

ele

ra

tio

n(

.
'

e a

re

a u

nd

er

th

e g

ra

ph

is

e6

ua

l t

o t

he

to

tal

di

sp
.
l
.
a
.
cement of the
moing object(
e) ) (m s
51
) Araph analysis:

'h

e s

ha
..
p

of

gra

ph

is

cu

e
..
..

4ts

lo
.
c

ity

in

cr

ea

ses

ith

ti

me

(
..

'h

e g

ra

di

en

t o

f th

gra

ph

ec

rea

se

s u

ni

for

ly(

t (s)
'h

e o

bj

ec

t m

es

ith

de

cre

as

in

g a

cc

ele

ra

tio

n(

E$amp les
'h

e a

re

un

der

th

gra

ph

s
th

tot

al

di

spl

ac

em

en

t of the
moing object(
1. s>m
P
Q
,alculate:5
(i) Velocity o)er :B+ C= and =S
(ii) isplacement
Solution :
O
R
>ien : )
?P
$ 2, m )
?A
$ 2, m )
?B
$ , m
)
?)
$ % &, m
t
?P
$ 2 s t
PA
$ + s t
AB
$ 2 s
t
B)
$ & s
0 2 # / ? t>s
"i# C
?P
$
20
=10ms
1
C$
2
0
20
2
= 10ms
1
S
C
B)
$
-10
0
1
= 10ms
1
2.
)>m s
51
,alculate:5
"ii# ) $ 2, 1 &, $ &, m
(i) acceleration+a o)er :B+ BC and C=
(ii) isplacement
10
P
Q
>ien : C
?
$ , m s
%&
! C
P
$ &, m s
%&
!
Solution :
C
A
$ &, m s
%&
C
B
$ , m s
%&
t
?P
$ 4 s t
PA
$ 4 s t
AB
$ 2 s
.
10


0

10

10
"i# a
?P
$
O
R
=
2.5ms
4
,

&,
2
a
PA
$
4
= 0 ms
2
0 2 # / ? 10 t>s
a
AB
$
1
= /(, ms
2
2
"ii# ) $ ( 4 +10) ( 10)
2
= 70.0m
E$ cerc ise 2.2
1. (a) s>m (b) s>m (c) s>m
10
t>s 0 2 # t>s t>s
5. 510
;i"ure 2.21
escribe and interpret the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement
time "raphs in ;i"ure 2.21
a# 'he body remains in rest / m at the back of initial point
b# 'he body start moe at &, m infront of the initial point! then back to initial
point in 2 s( 'he body continue it motion back3ard &, m((
'he body moe 3ith uniform elocity(
c# 'he body moe 3ith inceresing it elocity(
2. escribe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the )elocity5time
"raphs shown in fi"ure 2.22. 7n each case+ find the distance co)ered by the body and its
displacement
(a) )>m s
51
(b) )>m s
51
10
t>s 0 2 # t>s
5. 510
;i"ure 2.22
"a# 'he body moe 3ith uniform elocity ! / m s
%&
back3ard(
"b# 'he body start it motion 3ith &, m s
%&
back3ard and stop at initial
point in 2 s! then continue it motion for3ard 3ith increasing the
elocity until &, m s
%&
in 2 s(
2., -NDERSTANDIN( INERTIA
I d e a o in er tia
1.
0 p

il

lio

n r

id

er

is

hu

rle

d b

ac

k3

ar

ds

he

n t

he

mo

to

rc

ycl

e s

ta

rts

to

e(

2.
2u

s p

as

se

ng

ers

re

thr

us

t fo

r3

rd

3h

en

th

bu

s s

top

im

ed

ia

tel

y(

!.
Da

rg

eh

icl

e a

re

ad

e t

o m

or

st

op

ped

ith

re

ate

r d

iff

icu

lty

4and5on acti)ity 2.. in pa"e 1? of the practical boo- to "ain an idea of inertia
#. Deanin" of inertia :

'h

e i

ne

rti
.
a
.
of

an

bje

ct

is

the

te

nd

en

cy

of

th

e
o

bj

ec

t to

em

ain

t r

est

r! i

f m

in

g!

to
.

co

nti

nu

e i

ts u

ni

fo

rm

oti

on

in

str

ai

gh

t li

ne

M ass a n d in er tia
1. =efer to fi"ure 2.1# of the te%t boo-+ the child and an adult are "i)en a push to swin".
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to be mo)ed
0n

du

lt
...
(ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stopE
0

ad

ul

t
2. The relationship between mass and inertia :
.

'h

e l

ar

ger

th

ma

ss

! th

lar

ge
.
r

it

s i

ner

tia

(
..
!. The lar"er mass
ha

th

ten

de

nc

y t

o r

em

ai

n i

ts

sit

ua

tio

n e

ith

er

t re

st

or

in
.

ing

(
E ects o in ertia

1. Bositi)e effect :
0

pp

lic

at

ion

f i

ner

tia

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
*

ryi

ng

of

f
a

n u

br

ell

a b

mo

in

an

d s

to

pp

ing

it

6u

ic

kly

uil

di

ng

flo

ati

ng

dr

ill

ing

ig

tha

t h

as

bi

g m

as

in

ord

er

to

e s

tab

le

an

sa

fe(

'o

ti

gh

t th

loo

se

am

me

2. Fe"ati)e effect :
E

sh

ou

ld

tak

a p

re

ca

uti

on

to

oi

d t

he

ef

fec

t(
.
(i)
(ii)
*

uri

ng

ro

ad

ac

ci

den

t!

pa

ss

eng

er

s a

re

th

ru

st

for

3a

rd

he

n t

he

ir
...
ca

r i

s s

ud

de

nly

top

pe

d(
..
Pa

ss

en

ge

rs

ar

e h

ur

led

ac

k3

ar

ds

3h

en

th

eh

ic

le

sta

rts

to

e a

nd

re

hu

rle

fo

r3

ar

d 3

he

it s

to

ps

im

me

di

ate

ly

(iii)
(i))
0

pe

rso

3i

th

a h

ea

erF

lar

ge

r b

od

3i

ll f

ind

it

e d

iff

icu

lt

to

sto

his

em

en

t(

he

ier

hi

cle

ill

ta

ke

a l

on

g t

im

e t

o s

to

p(

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4


Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
E$ ec ise 2.,
1. Ghat is inertiaE oes 2 -" roc- ha)e twice the inertia of 1 -" roc-E

ne

tia

is

th

e t

en
en

cy

f th

ob

jec

t t

o r

em

ai

n a

t r

es

t
o

r!

if m

in

g!

to

co

nt

inu

its

ni

for

mo

ti

on

in

str

aig

ht

lin

e(

es

! th

ine

rt

ia

inc

re

as

e
3

ith

th

ma

ss

in

cr

eas

ed

(
2.

;i"ure 2+!
6 wooden dowel is fitted in a hole throu"h a wooden bloc- as shown in fi"ure 2.!1.
$%plain what happen when we
(a) stri-e the top of the dowel with a hammer+
0 3ooden block moe up of a 3ooden do3el(

0 3ooden block has inertia to remains at rest(

(b) hit the end of the dowel on the floor.


'he 3ooden block moe do3n3ard of a 3ooden do3el(

0 3ooden block has inertia to continue it motion(

2.. ANA&'SIN( MOMENT-M


I d e a o m o m e n t# m
1. Ghen an obHect ic mo)in"+ ...
it h

as

om

en

tu

m(

2. The amount of momentum ...


de

fen

ds

on

it

s m

ss

an

el

oc

ity

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4


Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
!. Domentum is defined
as

the

ro

du

ct

of

its

ma

ss

an

its

lo

cit

y!

tha

t i

s
.

me

nt

um

! p

it$

g m

%&

Con servation o mo men t#m


m
b
v
b
m
g
v
g
= 0
Momentum $ m
b

b
Startin" position before
she catches the ball
(m
b
2 m
"
)
v
b&g
Beceiing a massie ball
Momentum $
"m
b
-m
g
#
bHg
v
b
v
g
m
b
Momentum $ m
b

b
'hro3ing a massie ball
Startin" position
before she throws
the ball
m
"
Momentum $ %
m
g

g
T ! e p r in c ip le o c o n s er vation o m o m e n t# m /

n t

he

ab

se

nc

e o

f a

e;

ter

na

l fo

rc

e!

the

to

ta

l m

me

ntu

of

sy

ste

re

ma

in

un

ch

an

ged

1. $lastic collision .
'

he

co

lli

din

ob

jec

ts

oe

epa

ra

te

ly

aft

er

co

llis

io

n(
..
u
1
m
1
u
2
)
2
m
2
m
1
m
2
'efore collision after collision
Momentum : m
&
u
&
- m
2
u
2
$ m
&

&
- m
2

2
m
2
%&
m
2. 7nelastic collision :
'h

co

llid

in

g o

bj

ec

ts m

to

ge

the

r a

fte

col

lis

ion

(
...
u
1
m
u
2
1 0
m
2
1
)
2 m
2
'efore collision after collision
Momentum : m
&
u
&
- m
2
u
2
$ "m
&
- m
2
#
!. e%plosion :
'h

e
.
o
..
b
..
j

ect

s i

ol

ed

ar

in

co

nta

ct

3i

th

ea

ch

ot

he

r b

efo

re

;pl

os

ion

a
.
n
..
d are
separated after the e;plosion(
(m
1
2 m
2
)+ u 1 0
)
1
)
2
'efore e%plosion after e%plosion
Momentum : "m
&
- m
2
#u $ m
&


% m
2

2
$%ample 1 :
,ar 6 ,ar '
,ar 6 of mass 100 -" tra)elin" at !0 m s
51
collides with ,ar ' of mass 30 -" tra)elin" at
20 m s
51
in front of it. ,ar 6 and ' mo)e separately after collision. 7f ,ar 6 is still mo)in" at
2. m s
51
after collision+ determine the )elocity of ,ar ' after collision.
Solution :
>ien : m
0
$ &,, kg ! u
0
$ +, m s
u
2
$ 2, m s
%&
!
2
$ <
!
0
$ 2/ m s
%&
! m
2
$ I, kg!
$%ample 2 :
m
0
u
0
- m
2
u
2
$ m
0

0
- m
2

2
"&,,#"+,# - "I,#"2,# $ "&,,#"2/# - "I,#"
2
#

2
$ 2/(/5 m s
%&
,ar 6 of mass 100 -" tra)elin" at !0 m s
51
collides with ,ar ' of mass 30 -" tra)elin" at
20 m s
51
in front of it. ,ar 6 is pulled by ,ar ' after collision. etermine the common )elocity
of ,ar 6 and ' after collision.
Solution :
>ien : m
0
$ &,, kg ! u
0
$ +, m s
%&
! m
2
$ I, kg! u
2
$ 2, m s
%&
!
"0-2#
$ <
m
0
u
0
- m
2
u
2
$ "m
0
- m
2
#
"2-0#
"&,,#"+,# - "I,#"2,# $ "&,, - I,#
"2-0#

"0 - 2#
$ 2/(25 m s
%&
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
$%ample ! :
6 bullet of mass 2 " is shot from a "un of mass 1 -" with a )elocity of 1.0 m s
51
. ,alculate the
)elocity of the recoil of the "un after firin".
Solution :
E$ercise 2..
>ien J m
b
$ 2 g $ ,(,,2 kg! m
g
$ & kg! u
"g-b#
$ , !
b
$ &/, m s%
&

g
$ <
, $ m
g

g
1 m
b

b
!
, $ "&#"
g
# 1 ",(,,2#"&/,#!
g
$ ,(+ m s
%&
1. 6n arrow of mass 1.0 " is shot into a wooden bloc- of mass #.0 " lyin" at rest on a
smooth surface. 6t the moment of impact+ the arrow is tra)ellin" horiIontally at 1. ms
51
.
,alculate the common )elocity after the impact.
m
a
$ &/, g m
3b
$ 4/, g m
"a-3b#
$ 5,, g

a
$ &/ m s
%&

3b
$ ,
"a- 3b#
$ <
m
a

a
- m
3b

3b
$ m
"a-3b#

"a-3b#
! ",(&/ ; &/# - ",(4/, ; ,# $ ,(5
"a- 3b#

"a- 3b#
1 !.@. m s
51
2. 6 riffle of mass ..0 -" fires a bullet of mass .0 " with a )elocity of ?0 m s
51
.,alculate
the recoil )elocity. $%plain why the recoil )elocity of a riflle is much less than the
)elocity of the bullet.
m
r
$ /(, kg m
b
$ /, g

r
$ <
b
$ :, m s
%&
m
r

r
$ m
b

b
! " /(, #
r
$ " ,(,/#":,#

r
$ ,(: m s
%&
2.0 -NDERSTANDIN( T*E EFFECT OF A FORCE
I d e a o o rc e
1. Ghat will happen when force act to an obHectE

or

ce

ca

n m

ke

an

ob

je

ctJ

&(

2(

top

th

mo

ng

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4


Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

+(

ha

ng

e t

he

sh

ap

e o

the

ob

je

ct

ol

d t

he

ob

je

ct a

res

I d e a o 1 al a n ce d o rce s
1. 6n obHect is said to be in balance when it is:

&(

4n

st

ati

on

ar

y s

tat

2(

in

g a

t u

ni

for

loc

ity

2. Stationary obHect

or

ma

l r

ea

cti

on

! N
e%planation :
Stationary obHect

ag

ni

tud

$ E

bu

t B

ac

ts

in

an

pp

osi

te

dir

ec

tio

to

the

eig

ht

3e

igh

t!

mg

!. 6n obHect mo)in" with uniform )elocity

"

ob

jec
.
t is

in

e6

ui

lib

riu

#
..

or

ma

l r

ea

cti

on

! N
.. e%planation :

Fr
.
i
.
c

tio

na

l f

or

ce
.
Fo

rce

! F

Fo

rce

$
F

ri

cti

on
..

Be

sul

ta

nt

$ F

ric

tio

n
..

"o

bj

ect

is

in

e6

ui

lib

riu

#
..

3e

igh

t!

mg

K;

am

pl
.
e
.
s :
.

&(0

ar

mo

t c

on

sta

nt

loc

ity

(
..

2(0

lan

fly

ing

t c

on

sta

nt

loc

ity

(
..
I d e a o # n1 ala n ce d o rce s
1. 0 body is said to be in unbalanced((
3h

en

it

is

oi

ng

in

cce

le

rat

io

n(

2.
B

esu

lt

an

t fo

rc

e
.. $%planation9

'h

e b

al

l m

e i

n a

cc

el

era

tio

bec

au

se

th

e f

or

ce

s a

ct

ar

e n

ot

ba

la

nce

d(

F L

F

F

M
..
)o

! th

ba

ll m

in

dir

ec

tio

R e latio n s ! ip 1 e t2 ee n o rce s3 m ass a n d a c c e le r a tion 4F 5 m a 6


K;periment 2(2 page 2I(
6im : To in)esti"ate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant
mass.
K;periment 2(+ page +&
6im: To in)esti"ate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an obHect under
constant force.
1. =efer to the result of e%periment 2.2 and 2.!+

it

is

fo

un

d t

ha

tJ

3h

en

is

co

ns

tan

an

&

Fm

en

is

co

nst

an

t(

'

he

ref

or

e!

FF

ro

Fm

'

he

ref

or

e!

F $

a N

k $

co

ns

ta

nt

2. 1 newton (; 1 1 F) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s


52
(a11 m s
52
) when its actin" on an obHect of mass 1 -" ( m 1 1 -")
So+
F

!. $%ample 1 : ,alculate ;+ when a 1 ! m s


52
dan m 1 1000 -"
F $ ma
F $ "&,,,#"+#
F $ +,,, N
$%ample 2 :
m m 1 1 2. 2. -" -"
; ; 1 1 200 200 F F
E$ercise 2.0
,alculate the acceleration+ a of an obHect.
F $ ma
2,, $ 2/ a
a $ :(, ms
%2
1. 6 trolley of mass !0 -" is pulled alon" the "round by horiIontal force of .0 F. The
opposin" frictional force is 20 F. ,alculate the acceleration of the trolley.
m $ +, kg ! F $ /, N ! F
f
$ 2, N ! a $ <
F 1 F
f
$ ma ! /, 1 2, $ +, a
a $ &(, m s
2
2. 6 1000 -" car is tra)ellin" at @2 -m h
51
when the bra-es are applied. 7t comes to a stop in
a distance of #0 m. Ghat is the a)era"e bra-in" force of the carE
m $ &,,, kg ! u $ .2 km h
%&
! $ ,! s $ 4, m! F $ < Note : u $ .2 km h
%&
$2, m s
%&
F $ ma!
2
$ u
2
- 2as
$ &,,, ; /(, , $ 2,
2
- 2a"4,#
$ /,,,(, N a $ /(, m s
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.7 ANA&'SIN( IM)-&SE AND IM)-&SI8E FORCE
I m p# lse and im p# ls i ve o rc e
1. 7mpulse is
'h

e c

ha

ng

of

mo

me

nt

um
.
2. 7mpulsi)e force is
'h

e r

ate

f c

ha

ng

e o

f m

me

nt

um

uri

ng

co

lli

sio

an

d e

;p

lo

sio

n(

!. ;ormula of impulse and impulsi)e force:


=efer+ ; 1 ma
F $ m 1 mu !
t
4t is kno3n that a $ " 1 u # F t
'herefore! F $ m" 1 u#
t
)o! Ft $ m 1 mu ! 9nit $ N s
Ft is defined as impulse! 3hich is the change in momentum(
Ft $ m 1 mu 9nit : ne3ton "N#
F is defined as impulsie force 3hich is the rate of change of momentum oer the
short period of time
$%ample 19 ) u
wall
7f 9 u 1 10 m s
51
+ ) 1 5 10 m s
51
+ m 1 . -" and t 1 1 s
7mpulse+ ;t 1
/"%&,# % " /"&,##
and impulsi)e force+ ; 1
%&,, $ %&,, N
$ % &,, Ns &
$%ample 29 ) u
Gall with a soft surface
7f 9 u 1 10 m s
51
+ ) 1 5 10 m s
51
+ m 1 . -" and t 1 2 s
7mpulse+ ;t 1
/"%&,# % "/"&,##
and impulsi)e force+ ; 1
&,, $ /, N
$ &,, Ns 2
#. The relationship between time of collision and impulsi)e force.

4m

pu

lsi

fo

rce

&

F
t

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4


Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

'h

ere

fo

re

! F

de

cr

ea

ses

he

n t

he

tim

of

co

lli

sio

inc

re

as

es

" r

efe

r t

o e

;a

ple

s #

E$ erc ise 2.7


1. 6 force of 20 F is applied for 0.? s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
Ghat is the impulse "i)en to the ballE
F
impulse
$ Ft
$ 2, ; ,(:
$ &5(, Ns
2. 6 stuntman in a mo)ie Humps from a tall buildin" an falls toward the "round. 6 lar"e
can)as ba" filled with air used to brea- his fall. 4ow is the impulsi)e force reducedE
&( 0 large canas bag 3ill increase the time of collision.
2( Ehen the time of collision increase the impulsive force will ecre!se(
2.9 :EIN( A;ARE OF T*E NEED FOR SAFET' FEAT-RES IN 8E*IC&ES
S a fe t y fe a tu r e s i n v e hi c le s
Reinforced passenger compartment
Crash resistant door
pillars
Anti-loc !rae
s"stem #A$%&
'ead rest
(indscreen
Crumple )ones
*raction control
!umpers
Air !ags
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Imp or tance o sa ety eat# res in ve! icles
Saety eat#res Importance
Badded dashboard
4ncreases the time interal of collision so the impulsie force
produced during an impact is thereby reduced
=ubber bumper
0bsorb impact in minor accidents! thus preents damage to the car(
Shatter5proof windscreen
Preents the 3indscreen from shattering
6ir ba"
0cts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
preents injuries to the drier and passengers(
Safety seat belt
Preents the passengers from being thro3n out of the car( )lo3s
do3n the for3ard moement of the passengers 3hen the car stops
abruptly(
Side bar in doors
Preents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the
passenger compartment( 0lso gies good protection from a side%on
collision(
E$ erc ise 2.9
1. 'y usin" physics concepts+ e%plain the midifications to the bus that help to impro)e that
safety of passen"ers and will be more comfortable.
% 'he absorber made by the elastic material
: 'o absorb the effect of impact "hentaman# during it moing
% Made by the soft material of bumper
: 'o increase the time during collision! then the impulsie
force 3ill be decreased(
% 'he passengerMs space made by the strength materials(
: 'o decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident(
% Oeep an air bag at the in front of dash board and infront of passengers
: 0cts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and
thus preents injuries to the drier and passengers(
% )hatter%proof 3indscreen
: Preents the 3indscreen from shattering(
..

.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.< -NDERSTANDIN( (RA8IT'
,arry out hands5on acti)ity 2.? on pa"e !. of the practical boo-.
A cce l er a tion d# e t o g r a vity.
1. 6n obHect will fall to the surface of the earth because
4t

pu

lle

d b

the

fo

rc

e o

f g
..
r
.
aity(
2. The force of "ra)ity also -nown
as

ea

rth

Ms

gr

ita

tio

na

l f

or

ce(

F
...
!. Ghen an obHect falls under the force of "ra)ity only+
the

bje

ct

is

sa

id

to

be

fr
.
e
..
e

all

in

#. The acceleration of obHects fallin" freely


i

s k

no

3n

s a

cc

ele

ra

tio

du

e t

o g

ra

it

y(

.. The ma"nitude of the acceleration due to "ra)ity depends ...

on

th

e s

tre

ng

th

of

th

e g

ra

tat

ion

al

fie

ld

!
g

(ravita tion
(
al ield
1. The re"ion around the earth is
the graitational field of the earth(
2. The obHect in "ra)itational field
is on the force of graity(

!. The "ra)itational field stren"th is defined


as the graitational force acting on a & kg mass(
#. The "ra)itational field stren"th+ " can be calculate as9
( g $ F ( 3here! F : graitational force
m m : mass of an object
.. 6t the surface of the earth+
g $ I(: N kg
%&
...
/. This means
that an object of mass & kg 3ill e;perience a graitational force of I(: N(
..
@. $%ample 1. ,an you estimate the "ra)itational force act to your bodyE
mass 1 /0 -"+ " 1 3.? F -"
51
+ ; 1 E
)olution : F $ mg $ "5,# "I(:#
$ /::(, N
$%ample 2+
6 satellite of mass /00 -" in orbit e%periences a "ra)itational force of #?00 F. ,alculate
the "ra)itational field stren"th.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
>ien : m $ 5,, kg( F $ 4:,, N! g $ <
g $ F $ 4:,, ( $ : N kg
%&
m 5,,
$%ample !+
6 stone is released from rest and falls into a well. 6fter 1.2 s+ it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) Ghat is the )elocity of the stone when it hits the bottomE
(b) ,alculate the depth of the well.
>ien : u $ , ms
%&
! t $ &(2 s! a $ g $ I(: ms
%2
"a# $ < $ u - at
$ , - "I(:#"&(2#
$ &&(.5 ms
%&
"b# *epth $ s $ < s $ ut - = at
2
$ ",#"&(2# - = "I(:#"&(2#
2
$ .(& m
; e ig ! t
1. The wei"ht of an obHect is defined
as

th

e g

ra

tat

ion

al

fo

rc
2. ;or an obHect of mass m+ the wei"ht can be calculate as :
3eight! E $ mg
3here! g $ acceleration due to graity(
a

cti

ng

on

th

ob

jec

t(
..
$%ample : The mass of a helicopter is /00 -". Ghat is the wei"ht of the helicopter
when it land on the pea- of a mountain where the "ra)itational field is
E$ercise 2.<
3.@? F -"
51
E E $ mg
$ 5,,, ; I(.:
$ /: 5:, N
1. S-etch the followin" "raphs for an obHect that fallin" freely.
(a) isplacement5time "raph+
(b) Velocity5time "raph
(c) 6cceleration5time "raph
"a# s F m "b# F m s
%&
"c# a F m s
2
t F s t F s t F s
2. The followin" data was obtained from an e%periment to measure the acceleration due to
"ra)ity.
Dass of steel bob 1 200 "+ distance co)ered 1 !.0 m+ time of fall 1 0.@3 s.
,alculate the acceleration due to "ra)ity of steel bob.
Ai)e the e%planation why your answer different with the constant of "ra)itational
acceleration+ " 1 3.? m s
52
.
m $ 2,, g s $ +(, m t $ ,(.I s u $ , g $ <
$ ,(2 kg
s $ ut - = g t
2
+(, $ , ",(.# - = g ",(.I
2
#
g $ I(5 m s
%2
'he ans3er less than the constant because of the air frictional force(
2.= IDEA OF E>-I&I:RI-M FORCES
6n obHect is in e"#ili1ri#m when :
1.
4

t i

s i

n a

st

ati

on

ar

y s

ta

te

2.
4

t i

s m

in

g 3

it

h u

ni

for

lo

cit

Normal reaction! B Normal reaction! B


Eeight! E$mg 3eight! E$mg
stationary obHect
Magnitude of B $ E Magnitude of B $ mg cos
B and E acts in opposite direction( 0nd acts in opposite direction(
)o! Besultant force $ E 1 B $ , )o!Besultant force $ mg cos 1 B $ ,
" object in e6uilibrium # " object in e6uilibrium #
normal reaction! B
friction force force! F
6n obHect mo)in" with uniform )elocity
Force ! F $ Frictional force
Eeight! E
Besultant force $ F 1 Frictional force
$ , "object in e6uilibrium#
Ad d ition o F o r c e
1. 6ddition of force is defined as ...
a

re

su

lta

nt

for

ce

is

sin

gl

e f

orc

the
..

ep

res

en

ts

in

ma

gn

it

ud

e a

nd

di

re

cti

on

t3

or

mo

re

fo

rc

es

ac

tin

g o

an

ob

je

ct

esu

lta

nt

th

e t

ota

l o

f f

or

ce

s "

in

clu

di

ng

th

e d

ire

ct

ion

of

the

fo

rc

es#

K;amples : the forces are acting in one direction


;
1
1 10 F
;
2
1 . F
=esultant force+ ;
$ F
&
- F
2
$ &, - / $ &/ N
K;ample : the forces are acting in opposite directions
;
1
1 10 F
;
2
1 . F
=esultant force+ ;
$ F
&
% F
2
$ &, % / $ / N
K;ample : the forces are acting in different directions
;
2
1 . F
.0
0
;
;
1
1 10 F
Barallelo"ram method:
1. raw to scale.
2. raw the line parallel with ;
1
to the ed"e of ;
2
+ and the line parallel with ;
2
to the
ed"e of ;
1
!. ,onnect the dia"onal of the parallelo"ram startin" from the initial point.
#. Deasure the len"th of the dia"onal from the initial point as the )alue of the
resultant force.
;
2
;
;
1
Trian"le method
1. raw to scale.
2. isplace one of the forces to the ed"e of another force.
!. ,omplete the trian"le and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
$%ample 1: urin" Sport ay two teams in tu" of war competition pull with forces of
/000 F and .!00 F respecti)ely. Ghat is the )alue of the resultant forceE
6re the two team in equilibriumE
)olution : Besultant force! F $ 5,,, 1 /+,,
$.,, N
'hey mere not in e6uilibrium
$%ample 2: 6 boat in a ri)er is pulled horiIontally by two wor-men. Gor-men 6
pulls with a force of 200 F while wor-men while wor-men ' pulls with a
force of !00 F. The ropes used ma-e an an"le 2.
0
with each other. raw a
parallelo"ram and label the resultant force usin" scale of 1 cm : .0 F.
etermine the ma"nitude of resultant force.
2.
0
10.. cm
Besultant force! F $ &,(/ ; /,
$ /2/ N
;
R e sol # tion o a o rc e
1. =esolution of a force is
re

er

se

pr

oc

ess

f fi

nd

ing

th

res

ul

tan

t f

or

ce

F
y
F is the resultant force of F; and Fy
'herefore! F can be resoled
into F; and Fy
F
Certical
Component

F
;
hori8ontal component
=efer to tri"onometric formula: Cos $
+
,
! therefore F $ F cos
+
+
"
)in $
+
! therefore F
y
$ F sin
$%ample : The fi"ure below shows 6li moppin" the floor with a force .0 F
at an an"le of /0
0
to the floor.
; 1 .0 F
F
;
$ F cos $ /, cos 5,
F
;
$ /, ",(/#
$ 2/ N
60
0
Fy $ F )in $ /, sin 5,,
F
y
$ /, ",(:55,#
$ 4+(+ N
$%ample of resolution and combination of forces
F = ?
200 N
40
0
F $ mg sin 4,, - 2,,
$ :,,",(542.# - 2,,
$ /&4(2 - 2,,
$ .&4(2 N
40
0
mg $ :,, N
) r o 1 le m solvi n g
1. Ghen a system is in equilibrium+
th

e r

esu

lt

an

t fo

rc

e i

s e

6u

al

to

8e

ro

(
2. 7f all forces actin" at one point are resol)ed into horiIontal and )ertical
.
components+
t

he

su

of

ea

ch

co

po

ne

nt

is

e6u

al

to

8e

ro

(
!. $%ample 19 Show on a fi"ure9

70
0
70
0
a)
T b) TJ T
m
lamp
1 1.. -"
a) the direction of tension force+ T of strin"
b) the resultant force act to lamp
c) calculate the ma"nitude of tension force+ T
"c # 'M $ 2' sin .,
,
'herefore! m
lamp
g $ 2' sin .,
,
m
lamp
g
' $
-sin.0
0
E$ercise 2.=
G
lamp
1 1#.@ F
$
/.5#0.1&
$ .(:2 N
-sin.0
0
1. Two force with ma"nitude 1? F and / F act alon" a strai"ht line. Gith the aid of
dia"rams+ determine the ma%imun possible )alue and the minimum possible )alue of the
resultant force.
F
ma;imum
3hen both of forces act in same directionJ
F
ma;imum
$ &: - 5 &: N 24 N
$ 24 N 5 N
F
minimum
3hen the forces act in opposite direction J
F
minimum
$ &: 1 5 &: N &2 N
$ &2 N 5 N
2. 6 football is -ic-ed simultaneously by two players with force 220 F and 200 F
respecti)ely+ as shown in ;i"ure 2.3. ,alculate the ma"nitude of the resultant force.
F $ Besultant of Force
F
2
$ 22,
2
- 2,,
2
F $ 2I.(+2 N
220 F
F
30
0
200 F
2.%? -NDERSTANDIN( ;OR@3 ENER(' AND EFFICIENC'
;o r A
1. Gor- is done+
E

he

n a

fo

rc

e t

ha

t a

cts

n a

ob

jec

t
m

es

th

ob

jec

t t

hro

ug

a
..

di

sta

nc

e i

n t

he

di

rec

tio

of

th

e fo

rc

e(

2. G:=* is the product.


o

f a

fo

rce

nd

th

e d

ist

an

ce

tr

ele

d i

n t

he

di

re

cti

on

of
.

th

e f

orc

e(

!. The formulae of wor-9


#. $%ample 19
E?BO $ F?BCK P *4)PD0CKMKN'
E $ F ; s
E : 3ork in JouleFJ
F : force in Ne3tonFN
s : displacement in meterFm
;orce+ ;
E $ Fs
s
4f! F $ 4, N and s $ 2 m
7ence! E $ 4, ; 2
$ :, J
$%ample 29
?0 F
/0
0
E $ Fs
$ :, cos 5,
,
"/#
$ :, ",(/# "/#
$ 2,, J
s 1 . m
$%ample !9
' '
F $ +, N
h $ &(/ m
E $ F s $ F h
$ +, "&(/#
$ 4/(, J
$%ample #9
; 1 /00 F
S 1 0.? m
E $ F s
$ 5,, ; ,(:
$ 4:, J
E n er gy
1. $ner"y
is ...........
4
.
t
..
i
.
s
...
t
.
h
..
e
...
p
..
o
..
t
.
e
.
n
..
t
..
i
.
a
..
l
..
t
.
o
...
d
..
o
...
3
...
o
..
r
.
k
..
(
.........................................................
2. $ner"y cannot be ...
c
..
r
.
e
..
a
..
t
.
e
..
d
...
n
..
o
..
r
..
b
..
e
...
d
..
e
..
s
.
t
..
r
.
o
..
y
..
e
..
d
.
(
. ........................................................
!. $%ist in )arious forms such as
po

ten

tia

l e

ne
.
r
..
g

y!

ki

net

ic

en

erg

y!

el

ec

tric

al

ner

gy

! s

ou

nd

en

er

gy

! n

uc

lea

r e

ne

rg

y a

nd

he

mi

ca

l en

er

gy

(
#. $%ample of the ener"y transformation9

en

3e

re

ru

nn

ing

p a

tai

rca

se

th

e 3

rk

do

ne

co

ns

ist

s o

f e

ne

rg

y c

ha

ng

e f

ro

he

ica

l K

ne

rg

Oi

ne

tic

Kn

er

gy

ot

en

tia

l K

ne

rg

y
..
'

he

en

er

gy

6u

an

ti

ty c

on

su

ed

is

e6

ua

l to

th

3o

rk

do

ne

(
$%ample :

f &

,,

of

3o

rk

is

do

ne

! it

ea

ns

&,

J o

f e

ne

rg

y i

s c

on

sum

d(

...
;o r A d o n e a n d t! e c ! a n ge in A in e tic e n er gy
Force, F
s
1. *inetic ener"y is
en

erg

of

an

ob

je

ct

du

e t

o i

ts m

tio

n(

2. =efer to the fi"ure abo)e+


Eork $ Fs
$ mas
$ m " =
2
#
*hrough, v
-
= u
-
2-as
u = 0
and, as = 3 v
-
'he formulae of Oinetic energy! Kk $ = m
2
!. $%ample 19 6 small car of mass 100 -" is mo)in" alon" a flat road. The
resultant force on the car is 200 F.
a) Ghat is its -inetic ener"y of the car after mo)in" throu"h 10 mE
b) Ghat is its )elocity after mo)in" throu"h 10 mE
)olution : >ien : m $ &,, kg ! F $ 2,, N
a( Oinetic energy! Kk $ Fs
$ 2,, ; &,$ 2,,, J
b( Celocity! = m
2
$ 2,,,
$ 5(+2 m s
%&
;orA d on e an d gravitational p oten tial en ergy
h 1 1.. m
1. Ara)itational potential ener"y is
energy of an object due to its position(
"possessed by an object due to its position in a graitational field#

2. =efer to the fi"ure abo)e9


!. $%ample9 7f m 1 10 -"
E $ Fs $ mg h 3here! F $ mg
)o! >raitational energy! K
p
$ mgh
E $ &, "&,# &(/
$ &/,, J
'herefore Eork done $ &/,,J
0
n
d
!
K
p
$

&
/
,
,
J

1. $ner"y cannot be
) r in c ip le o c o n s er vati o n o e n er gy
,arry out hands5on acti)ity 2.10 on pa"e !? of the practical boo-.
To show the principle of conser)ation of ener"y.
created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to

another form(

2. $%ample : a thrown ball upwards will achie)e a ma%imum hei"ht before chan"in" its
direction and falls
Ma;imum Potential energy
Oinetic energy decrease potential energy decrease
and potential energy and kinetic energy
4ncrease increase
Ma;imum kinetic energy
!. $%ample in calculation : 6 coconut falls from a tree from a hei"ht of 20 m. Ghat is the
)elocity of coconut Hust before hittin" the earthE
>ien : h $ 2, m! u $ , ! g $ I(: ms
%2
! $ <
K
p
$ K
k
mgh $ = m
2
m"I(:#"2,# $ =m
2

2
$ +I2! $ &I(: m s
%&
) o 2 e r
the rate of doing 3ork(
1. Bower is
'herefore! po3er! P $
3orkdone
! so! P $
E
timetaken t
Ehere! P : po3er in 3attFE
E : 3ork in jouleFJ
t : time to do 3ork in secondsFs
2. 6 wei"htlifter lifts 1?0 -" of wei"hts from the floor to a hei"ht of 2 m abo)e his head in a
time of 0.? s. Ghat is the power "enerated by the wei"htlifter durin" this timeE
" 1 3.? ms
52
) )olution : >ien : m $ &:, kg! h $ 2 m! t $ ,(: s and g $ I(: ms
%2
( P $ <
P $
E
$
t
mgh
t
$
/10 0.1 -
$ 4 4&, E
0.1
Device/
mechie
E ici e n c y
1. efined
as
..
t

he

pe

rc

en

tag

of

the

en

er

gy

in

pu

t t

ha

t is

tr

an

sfo

rm

ed

in

to

us

ef

ul

en

er

gy
.
(
2. ;ormulae of efficiency :
Kfficiency
=
9seful energy output
100K
Knergy input
!. 6nalo"y of efficiency9
un3anted energy
Knergy input! K
input
Device/
mechie
9seful energy! K
output
$ner"y transformation
#. $%ample9 6n electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 -" wei"ht throu"h a hei"ht of
0.# m in . s. urin" this time+ the batteries supply 0.? & of ener"y to the motor. ,alculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
)olution : >ien : m $ ,(&2 kg! s$ ,(4 m! t $ / s! K
input
$ ,(: J
"a# K
output
$ <
K
output
$ F ; s
$ ",(&2 ; &,# ; ,(4
$ ,(4: J
"b# Kfficiency $ <
K
Kfficiency =
o u tp u
t
K
in p u
t
; 100K
=
0.48
0.80
x
100%
= /0K
,arry out hands5on acti)ity 2.11 on pa"e !3 of the practical boo- to measure the power.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
E$ erc ise 2.%?
1. Ghat is the wor- done by a man when he pushes a bo% with a force of 30 F throu"h a
distance of 10 mE State the amount of ener"y transferred from the man to the force.
E $ F s 'he energy transferred to the force $ I,, J
$ I, ; &,
$ I,, J
2. 6 sales assistant at a shop transfers .0 tins of mil- powder from the floor to the top shelf.
$ach tin has a mass of !.0 -" and the hei"ht of thee top shelf is 1.. m.
(a) ,alculate the total wor- done by the sales assistant.
m $ +(, ; /, $ &/, kg h $ &(/ m
E $ mhg $ &/, ; I(: ; &(/
$ 22,/ J
(b) Ghat is his power if he completes this wor- in 2.0 sE
P $
E
t
$
2205
$ :(:2 3
250
2.%% A))RECIATIN( T*E IM)ORTANCE OF MABIMISIN( T*E EFFICIENC'
OF DE8ICES
1. urin" the process of transformation the input ener"y to the useful output
ener"y+
so

e o

f e

ne

rg

y t

ra

nsf

or

me

d i

nt

o u

n3

an

te

d f

or

ms

of

en

er

gy

(
..
2. .
'h

e e

ffi

cie

nc

y o

f e

ne

rg

y c

on

rte

rs

is

al

3a

ys

les

tha

&,

,Q

(
..
!.
'h

un

3a

nte

en

erg

pr

od

uce

in

the

ice

go

es

to

as

te(

$%ample of wastin" the ener"y9

Oi

ne
.
t
.
i

c e

ne

rg

7nput ene"y output


from the petrol ener"y
Knergy loss due to Knergy loss Knergy loss Knergy loss due to friction at
. .
friction in as heat as sound other parts in the
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
.... .. .. .
moing parts engine
.... . . .
#. The world we are li)in" in face acute shorta"e of ener"y.
.. 7t is )ery important that a de)ice ma-es

th

e b

es

t p

os

sib

le

us

e o

f t

he

in

pu

t e

ne

rgy

;ays o in cre asi n g t!e e ici e n c y o d e vic e s


1. 4eat en"ines
K

ng

ine

us

t b

e d

es
..
i

gn

ed

3i

th

the

ap

ab

ilit

y t

o p

ro

du

ce

gr

ea

te

r a

mo

un

of

ec

ha

nic

al

ork

2. $lectrical de)ices. ......

i"#

t $

it

tin

"s

rep

la

ce

fil

am

en

t l

igh

t b

ul

b 3

it

h f

luo

re

sc

en

t la

ps

3h

ic

h h

e h

ig

he

eff

ici

en

cy(

use

la

mp

ith

re

fle

cto

so

tha

t t

he

il

lum

in

at

ion

an

be

di

re

cte

d t

sp

ec

ific

rea

f t

he

us

er

ir%

co

itio

ers

cho

os

a m

del

ith

hi

gh

eff

ici

en

cy

acc

om

od

at

e t

he

po

3e

of

air

%c

on

dit

ion

er

an

the

i8e

of

th

e r

oo

Kn

su

re

tha

t t

he

ro

om

ota

lly

los

e s

tha

t t

he

te

mp

er

atu

re

in

th

e r

oo

ca

n b

int

ai

ned

fri

"er

!t

or

ch

oo

se

th

cap

ac

ity

cc

ord

in

g t

o t

he

si

8e

of

th

e fa

ily

in

sta

ll

ed

a3

ay

fr

om

ou

rce

f h

ea

t a

nd

di

rec

t s

un

lig

ht

th

e d

oo

mu

st

al

3a

ys

be

sh

ut

tig

ht

% m

or

eco

no

ica

l u

se

la

rge

ap

aci

ty

re

fri

ger

at

or

se

ma

nu

al

de

fro

st

co

ns

um

pt

ion

&

s#

in

" m

c#

ine

se

a f

ro

nt

loa

di

ng

as

su

ch

or

e e

co

no

mi

ca

l o

n 3

ter

nd

ele

ct

ric

ity

% front loading use less detergent as compared to a top loading machine(

O p er a tion o e le c tr ical d e vic e s


1. The electrical de)ices increase the efficiency
3

he

the

y a

re

in

oo

d o

pe
.
rat

ing
2. Broper mana"ement
co
..
n
..
d
.
itio

n(

3i

ll i

nc

rea

se

th

life

sp

an

f d

ice

!.
K

;a

ple

:
..
%th

e f

ilte

in

an

ai

r%c

on

di

tio

ne

r a

nd

fin

of

the

oo

lin

g c

oi

l o

f a

ef

rig

er

ato

r m

st

be

pe

rio

di

ca

lly

cl

ea

ned

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4


Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.%2 -NDERSTANDIN( E&ASTICIT'
,arry out 4ands5on acti)ity 2.12 pa"e #0 of the practical boo-.
1. $lasticity is
t

he

pr

op

er

ty

of

an

ob

je

ct

tha

t e

na

bl

es

it t

o r

et

urn

it

s o

ri

gin

al

sh

ap

e a
..
n
.
d

im

en

sio

ns

fte

r a

n a

pp

li

ed

e;

ter

na

l f

orc

is r

em

ed

2. ;orces between atoms


'

he

pr

op

er

ty

of

ela

st

ici

ty

is c

au

se

d b

the

;is

ten

ce

f fo

rc

es
.
o
.
f

ep

uls

io

n a

nd

ttr

act

io

n b

et3

en

ole

cu

les

in

th

sol

id

ma

te

ria

l(

!. ;orces between atoms in equilibrium condition


Force o! re"#$sio
Force o! %&&r%c&io
Force o! re"#$sio
$%planation :

&(

'

he

tom

ar

e s

ep

ara

te

d b

a d

is

tan

ce

ca

lle

the

6u

ilib

ri

um

ist

an

ce

an

ib

rate

t i

t p

os

itio

n(

2(

Fo

rc

e o

f r

ep

uls

ion

or

ce

of

at

tra

ct

ion

#. ;orces between atoms in compression


compressi)e force
compressi)e force
;orce of repulsion
;orce of repulsion
$%planation 9

&(

or

ce

of

re

pu

lsi

on

ta

ke

s e

ffe

ct(

2(

en

th

e c

om

pr

es

si

e f

or

ce

is

rem

d!

for

ce

of

re

pu

lsi

on

be

t3

ee

n t

he

at

om

us

he

.. ;orces between atoms in tension


force of attraction
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
stretchin" force stretchin" force
$%planation 9

&

Fo

rc

e o

f a

ttr

ac

tio

n t

ak

es

eff

ec

t(

he

n t

he

co

mp

re

ss

ie

fo

rc

e i

s r

em

ed

! fo

rc

e o

f r

ep

ul

sio

bet

3e

en

th

at

om

s p

us

he

the

tom

ac

to

the

ir

e6

uil

ibr

iu

po

sit

ion

s(

,arry out $%periment 2.# on pa"e #1 of the practical boo-


To in)esti"ate the relationship between force and e%tension of a sprin"
*ooA e Cs &a2
1. 4oo-eJs <aw states
th

at

th

e e

;te

ns

io

n o

f a

sp

ri

ng

is

di

rec

tly

rop

or

tio

na

l t

o t

he

ap

pl

ied

fo

rc

e p

ro

ded

th

at

th

e e

la

sti

c l

im

it i

s n

ot

e;

ce

ed

ed

2. $lastic limit of a sprin" is defined


a

s th

ma

;i

mu

fo

rce

th

at

ca

be

ap

pl

ied

to
.

spr

in

g s

uc

h t

ha

t t

he

sp

rin

3i

ll r

etu

rn

to

it

s
o

rig

in

al

len

gt

3h

en

th

e f

or

ce

rel

ea

se

d(

!. The sprin" is said to ha)e a permanent e%tension+...


3

hen

th

len

gt

h o

f
t

he

spr

in

g l

on

ge

r t

ha

n t

he

rig

ina

l l

en

gth

n
t

ho

ug

h t

he

fo

rce

cts

as

re

lea

se

d a

nd

th

ela

sti

c l

im

it

is e

;c

ee

de

d(

Ehen the spring obey 7ookeMs Da3(


#. The elastic limit is not e%ceeded+.
'he mathematical e;pression for 7ookeMs Da3 is :

F ;

F $ k;! k $ Force constant of the spring


Force constant! k $ $ 3ith unit N m
%&
! N cm
%&
or N mm
%&
'
.. A Ara raf f ; ; a a" "a ainst inst % %
;> F
Q
P
F $ k;
)pring obeying
7ookeMs Da3
'
)pring not obeying 7ookeMs la3
"e;ceeded the elastic limit#
Force constant! k $ $ 3ith unit N m
%&
! N cm
%&
or N mm
%&
;
0
R
( )cm*
/. Sprin" ,onstant+ -
;>F
0.?
0 ?
%>cm
k is the gradient of the F % ; graph
k $
F
;
$
0 .1
1
$ ,(,& N cm
%&
x
$%ample 19 6 sprin" has an ori"inal len"th of 1. cm. Gith a load of mass 200 "
attached+ the len"th of the sprin" is e%tend to 20 cm.
a. ,alculate the sprin" constant.
b. Ghat is the len"th of the sprin" when the load is in increased
by 1.0 "E Lassume that g 1 10 F -"51M
>ien : l
o
$ &/ cm! m $ 2,, g ! F $ 2(, N! l $ 2, cm ; $ / cm
a( k $ <! k $
F
=
2.0
5
= 0.4Ncm
1
b( l $ < ! 3hen m $ &/, g! F $ &(/ N From a! k $ 4(, N cm
%&
; $
+
=
/.5
= !.@.cm
0.4
$%ample 29
l $ &/ - +(./ $ &:(./ cm
The "raph shows the relationship between the
F )N*
+
7
6
,
Araph ; a"ainst % of
sprin" B and sprin" C
P
Q
stretchin" force+ ; and the sprin" e%tension+ %.
(a) ,alculate the sprin" constant of B and C.
(b) 8sin" the "raph+ determine the
stretchin" force acts to sprin" B and
sprin" C+ when their e%tension are 0.. cm
)olution
a( )pring constant! k $ gradient of graph
6

4
k
P
$
0.3
8
=15.79 N cm
1
-
3

k
A
$
2
0.
5
= 6.0 N cm
1
.
0
0.1 0.2 0.! 0.# 0..
% (cm)
b( Ehen ; $ ,(/! F
P
$ :(, N
" e;trapolation of graph P#
F
A
$ +(, N
Elastic pot e n tial e n er gy
1. $lastic potential ener"y
the

ne

rgy

tor

ed

in

sp

rin

g 3

en

it

is

e;t

en

de

d o

com

p
.
r
.
essed
sprin" with the ori"inal len"th
% sprin" compressed %
; % 1 compression %
% ; sprin" e%tended
; compression
% 1 e%tension ;+ e%tension
:ther situation where the sprin" e%tended
and compressed
Type of material different same same same
iameter of sprin" wire same different same same
iameter of sprin" same same different same
<en"th of sprin" same Same same different
R e latio n s ! ip 1 e t2 ee n 2o r A a n d e lastic pot e n tial e n er gy
F/N
Araph ; a"ainst %
F
(
0rea under the graph $ 3ork done
$ = F;
)o! Klastic potential energy $ = F;
$%ample 9
., cm
( / cm
, /g
+ cm
; $ &/ 1 :
$ . cm
$ ,(,. m
Force act to the spring!
F $ / ; &, $ /, N
Klastic potential energy $ = F;
$ = /, ",(,.# $ &(./ J
F a c to r s t!at e ec t e las t icity
4ands5on acti)ity 2.1! on pa"e #2 the practical boo- to in)esti"ate the factors that affect
elasticity.
Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity
;actor ,han"e in factor $ffect on elasticity
<en"th
Shorter sprin" <ess elastic
<on"er sprin" Dore elastic
iameter of sprin"
Smaller diameter <ess elastic
<ar"er diameter Dore elastic
iameter of sprin" wire
Smaller diameter Dore elastic
<ar"er diameter <ess elastic
Type of material the elasticity chan"es with the type of materials
E$ erc ise 2.%2
1. 6 / F force on a sprin" produces an e%tension of 2 cm. Ghat is the e%tension when the
force is increased to 1? FE State any assumption you made in calculatin" your answer.
'o sole the problem! determine the spring constant to use the formula F $ k ;
F $ 5 N ! ; $ 2 cm
F $ k; Ehen! F $ &: N! ; $ <
5 $ k "2# &: $ + ;
k $ + N cm
%&
; $ 5 cm
2. 7f a 20 F force e%tends a sprin" from . cm to 3 cm+
(a) what is the force constant of the sprin"E
F $ 2, N! ; $ I 1 / $ 4 cm! k $ < F $ k;
2, $ k "4#
k $ / N cm
%&
(b) ,alculate the elastic potential ener"y stored in the sprin".
K $ = F;
$ = "2,#"4#
$ 4, J
Rein orce men t C!ap ter 2
)art A / O1Dective >#estions
1. Ghen a coconut is fallin" to the
"round+ which of the followin"
quantities is constantE
6. Velocity
'. Domentum
!. ,alculate the wei"ht of a stone with
mass /0 " on the surface of the
moon.
(The "ra)itational acceleration of the
moon is 1>/ that of the $arth.)
(. Acceler!tion
. *inetic ener"y
2. 7n an inelastic collision+ which of the
followin" quantities remains
constant before and after the
A. ).1 N
'. 0.2 F
,. 0.# F
. 0./ F
$. 0.? F
5, g $ ,(,5 kg
E $ ,(,5 "&F5#"&,#
$ ,(& N
collisionE
6. Total acceleration
'. Total )elocity
(. Tot!l momentum
. Total -inetic ener"y
#. The momentum of a particle is
dependent on
6. mass and acceleration
'. wei"ht and force
(. m!ss !n velocit*
,0 Ghich of the followin" dia"rams
shows a body mo)in" at constant
)elocityE
A. 2 N 2N '.
12 F @ F
,. 12 F 1# F
. 20 F 1@ F
?. m 1 0.! -"
. m
Ghat is the momentum of the stone
Hust before it hits the "roundE
6. 0.1. -" m s
51
'. 0.! -" m s
51
,. 1.. -" m s
51
+. ,.) -" m s
%1
51
/. The "raph below shows the motion
of a trolley with mass 1.. -".
Velocity > ms
51
#
0 2 # / Time > s
,alculate the momentum of the
trolley from t 1 2s to t 1 #s.
$. 1..0 -" m s
Solution :
P $ m "find first to calculate the P#
K
p
$ K
k
mgh $ = m
2
",(+#"&,#"/# $ = ",(+#
2
$ &, m s
%&
P $ ",(+#"&,#
$ +(, kg m s
%&
3. 6 bi" ship will -eep mo)in" for some
distance when its en"ine is turned off.
This situation happens because the ship
has
6. 1.. -" m s
51
'. !.0 -" m s
51
,. #.0 -" m s
51
+. ..) -" m s
%1
$. @.. -" m s
51
P $ m
$ &(/ ; 4
$ 5(, kg ms
%&
A. "re!t inerti!
'. "reat acceleration
,. "reat momentum
. "reat -inetic ener"y
@. This fi"ure shows an aircraft flyin"
10. 6n iron ball is dropped at a hei"ht of
in the air.
<ift
10 m from the surface of the moon.
,alculate the time needed for the
iron ball to land.
(Ara)itational acceleration of the
Thrust 6ir friction
moon is 1>/ that of the $arth and
" 1 3.? F -"
52
)
Gei"ht
The aircraft abo)e accelerates if
6. <ift > Gei"ht
'. Thrust > <ift
,. <ift > 6ir friction
+. T#rust > Air friction
6 0./ s
' 1.# s
, 1.@ s
+ ,./ s
$ 12.0 s
s $ ut - = gt
2
$ ",#t - =
"I(:F5#t
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
)art : / Str#ct#re >#estions
1.
(i) ,ar 6 (ii) ,ar '
ia"ram 1.1
ia"ram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to mo)e a brea-down
car. 6 constant force+ ; 1 .00 F is used to push and pull the car in method 6 and '.
(a) (i) Ghich method is easier to mo)e the carE

et

ho

d "

a#

(ii) State a reason for your answer in (a)(i).

'h

e f

orc

es

gi

n p

ar

al

lel

3i

th

th

e s

ur

fac

e o

f m

tio

n!

)o! all the forces gien used to moe the car(

(b) The frictional force actin" between the car and trac- surface in both methods is
200 F. ,alculate+ the
(i) horiIontal resultant force in method 6.
F $ F
gien
% F
friction
$ /,, 1 2,,
$ +,, N
(ii) horiIontal resultant force in method '.
F $ F
gien
Cos /,
,
1 F
friction
$ /,, cos 5,
,
1 2,,
$ /,(, N
(iii) acceleration of the car in method '.
F $ m a
/,(, $ &,,, a
a $ ,(,/ m s
%2
( c ) Su""est a method to mo)e ,ar ' so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method 6.
'he acceleration of Car 0 $ ,(+ m s
%2
....

'o

oe

ar

ith

th

e s

am

ac

cel

er

ati

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4


Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
on

of

ar

0!

in

cr

ea

se

the

fo

rc

e g

en

to &,,, N
2. ceilin"
Tin water D F

hand
B C =
(i) ia"ram 2.1 (ii)
a) ia"ram 2.1(i) shows tin B that is empty and tin C that is filled with water. 6
student find difficult to pushed tin C. Grite the inference about the obser)ation.
'he difficulty to moe the tin depends to its mass(

b) ia"ram 2.1(ii) shows a tin bein" released from the different positions D and F.
The hand of a student at position = needs "reater force to stop the motion of the
tin fallin" from position D. $%plain this obser)ation.
From position M the elocity of tin is more than the elocity compare 3hen it is

fr

om

( K

k
i

nc

re

ase

th

en

th

for

ce

to

st

op

it

3i

ll b

inc

re

ase

d(

c) 'ased on the obser)ation (i) and (ii)+ state two factors that affect the ma"nitude of
the momentum of the obHect.

ma

ss

an

el

oc

ity

d) 7f water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin C+ how would the inertia of
Tin C depends on time E
ine

rti

a o

f t

in

3i

ll d

ec

re

as

e b

ec

au

se

th

e
m

as

s o

f t

in

de

cr

ea

sed

!. 2 ms
51
B iron ball ( 2 -" )
!.0 m smooth surface
S T
1.0 m 2.0 m
C =
ia"ram ! =ou"h surface
The fi"ure shows a iron ball that is rolled throu"h BC=ST. The rou"h surface of C= has
frictional force of # F.
a) ,alculate
(i) the -inetic ener"y of the iron ball at B.
K
k
$ = m
2
$ = "2#"2
2
# $ 4(, J
#2
a) (i) Ghat is the meanin" of momentumE
(ii) 'ased on the obser)ations of ia"ram (i) and (ii)+ compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. 4ence+ relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept+ and name this concept.
(ii) the potential ener"y of the iron ball at B.
K
p
$ mgh
$ "2# "&,# "+(,#
$ 5,(, J
(iii) the total of ener"y of the iron ball at B.
K $ K
k
- K
p
$ 4(, - 5,(,
b) $ 54(, J
c) (i) ,alculate the total of ener"y of the iron ball when it reaches at C E
54(, J " the conseration of energy #
(ii) ,alculate the wor- done a"ainst friction alon" C=.
E $ F
f
; s
$ 4 ; &(,
$ 4(, J
d) ,alculate the total -inetic ener"y of the iron ball at S.
K
s
$ K 1 K
f
K
k
at ) $ K
s
% K
p
at s
$ 54(, 1 4(, $ 5,(, 1 "2#"&,#"2(,#
$ 5,(, J $ 2,(, J
e) ,alculate the speed of the ball at position T.
K
k
at ' $ 2,(, J
2
$ 2,
$ = m
2
$ 4(/ m s
%&
$ = "2#"
2
#
)art C / Essay >#estions
1.
(i) (ii)
ia"ram 1.1
ia"ram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car mo)in" at hi"h )elocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
ia"ram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
#!
b) $%plain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playin".
c) 7n launchin" a roc-et+ a few technical problems ha)e to be o)ercome before the
roc-et can mo)e upri"ht to the s-y. 'y usin" appropriate physics concepts+
describe the desi"n of a roc-et and the launch techniques that can launch the
roc-et upri"ht.
0ns3er
a# "i# momentum is product of mass and elocity
"ii# % 'he shape of car changed but the shape of 3all remained(
% 'he shape of ball remained but the shape of the rac6uet string 3as
changed( "'he rac6uet string is elastic but the 3all is harder#
% 'he time taken of collision bet3een the ball and rac6uet string more than
the time taken 3hen the car hit the 3all(
% 'he impulsie force 3ill decrease 3hen the time of collision increased(
% 'he concept is the impulsie force(
b# % 'o decrease the time of collision bet3een the ball and the rac6uet string(
% 4mpulsie force 3ill be increased(
% 'he force act to the ball 3ill be increased(
% 'he elocity of ball 3ill be increased(
c# % Make a gradually narro3er at the front shape "tapering#
: 'o decrease air friction
% Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials
: 'o decrease the probability to become dented "kemik#(
% Made by the lo3 density of material(
: 'o reduce the massF3eight
% 'he structure is fractional engine
: 'he mass 3ill be decreased and the elocity 3ill increase(
% Made by the high of heat capacity of materials
: 4t 3ill be high heat resistance(
2.
Broperties
'rand
=eaction time > s Dass > -"
$n"ine thrust
force > F
=esistance force
> F
6 0.! 1.. 10.0 #.0
' 0.. 1.? 12.. 2.#
, 0.2 0.3 /.. 2.2
0./ 2.. 1/.0 /..
7n a radio5controlled car racin" competition+ # mini5cars branded 6+ '+ , and too-
part. The information of the # cars is "i)en in the table abo)e. etails of the abo)e
information are "i)en as below9
=eaction time 5 uration between the moment the radio5controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts mo)in".
=esistance 5 6)era"e )alue of opposin" forces includes the friction between
wheels and trac-+ and air resistance.
(a) Ghat is the meanin" of accelerationE
(b) raw a "raph of )elocity a"ainst time that shows a car mo)in" initially with
constant acceleration+ then mo)in" with constant )elocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c) $%plain the suitability of the properties in the abo)e table in constructin" a radio5
controlled car racin" purpose. 4ence+ determine which brand of car will win the
.05metre race.
(c) 7f ,ar ' in the abo)e table is mo)ed up the plane at the an"le of !0
o
to the
horiIon+
(i) Show that the car is able to mo)e up the plane.
(ii) etermine the acceleration of the car.
0ns3er :
"a# 4ncrease the elocity
"b# F ms
%&
displacement $ area under the graph
t F s
"c# % time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its moe
% has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia! then easier to start moe and to
stop its moing(
% thrust force is high : has more po3er during its moing F increase the
acceleration
% friction force is lo3 : decrease the lost of force
% the best car is 0 : because it has short of time reaction! small of mass! high of
thrust force and lo3 friction of force(
"d# "i# K
2
$ "&2(/ 1 2(4 # "/,# $ /,/(, J
/, m /,)in+,
,
K "suitable to moe up# $ &(: "&,#"/,)in+,
,
#
!0
0
$ 4/, (, J
K
2
L K " car 2 can moe up the plane#
"ii# F $ ma ! &2(/ 1 2(4 $ &(: a! a $ /(5& ms
%&

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