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CPSC 226 Homework Set 1 Spring 2014

Directions: Work all the following problems. Be sure to indicate your answers clearly. I strongly suggest
using your favorite word processor instead of hand-writing your answers. Include diagrams, circuits, etc as
images.
If you draw circuits by hand, use graph paper to keep it neat and tidy.
You should consider using an inexpensive or free circuit drawing program such as
Scheme-it at http://www.digikey.com/us/en/mkt/scheme-it.html
Circuit Lab at https://www.circuitlab.com
Fritzing at http://www.fritzing.org
from among the many available. All these options oer schematic editors which greatly simplify the actual
drawing of wiring in schematics at the expense of learning another application interface and quirks.
Figure 1: SPST Switch.
1) Figure 1 is a schematic for a switch (usually called a single pole-single throw or
SPST) used to control the ow of current in a circuit. The name indicates there
is a single pole (movable part) and single throw (number of contact positions).
We saw how to use such a switch to control the operation of a single light bulb.
a) Just for practice, draw a VERY NEAT AND TIDY schematic of a circuit having a single lamp controlled
by a single SPST switch, voltage source (battery) , wires, and ground. The lamp should be lit with the
switch in the closed position and o when the switch is open.
b) Design a slightly more complex switch which has the ability to control two lights so that when one light
is on, the other is o and vice-versa. Draw a schematic, including voltage supply, two lights, one switch, and
wires for such a circuit. Hint: Invent a single pole-double throw switch.
c) In my house there is a staircase going from the rst oor to the second with a single light in the ceiling to
illuminate the steps. For safety purposes there are two switches, one upstairs and one downstairs. You can
independently turn the light on and o from either switch. Design a schematic for such a lighting circuit
using symbols for a power supply, wires, two switches, and a lamp. Hint: You will probably need to a couple
of the switches you just invented in the previous problem.
d) (Harder) Suppose I worked in an older three story science building (we mention no names) with a central
staircase running from top to bottom again illuminated by a single light. Design a circuit which will control
the light from any of three switches. Again, you should invent yet another improved switch (double pole-
double throw cross-over it is called) in order to make this problem easier to solve.
e) (The inevitable result) Suppose we have a building and staircase with an arbitrary number, call it n, of
levels (n > 3). Describe a circuit which will independently control a single staircase light from n switches.
Figure 2: A normally open
push button switch.
2) A push button switch is often used when we want direct pressure
on the button to connect/disconnect the contacts and releasing
the pressure opens/closes the switch contacts. Figure 2 shows a
normally open push button switch. Some push button switches
are manufactured so they are normally closed and the contacts
are disconnected only when pressure is applied to the switch. You
get the idea.
a) Design a schematic for a simplied set belt warning circuit like
you would nd in todays cars. In this circuit, if the driver starts the car engine without her/his seat belt
fastened, a warning light comes on in the instrument panel. Draw this schematic using a voltage source,
wires, switch, a lamp, etc. Choose the types of switch for the ignition and seat belt you think are most
appropriate.
b) Improve the circuit so it lights the warning lamp if either the driver or right side passenger have not
buckled their seat belts when the car is started. Note that your circuits needs to sense when there is a right
side passenger.
c) Add a warning buzzer to your circuit so it buzzes when the warning light is on and warnings for doors
ajar when the ignition key is turned.
3) Calculate the voltage present at the labelled output for the circuit in Figure 3. You must show your work!
Figure 3: A voltage divider.
4) Generalize this problem to the following circuit shown in Fig-
ure 4. Write down a general formula for the output voltage in
terms of arbitrary resistance values R1, R2 and V, the source volt-
age.
5) Further generalize this to the following three resistor circuit
shown in Figure 5. Write down general formulas for the two out-
put voltages in terms of R1, R2, R3 and V.
Figure 4: A general voltage divider.
6) We know that resistances in series circuits such as the one above
add together to give our total resistance. So, in our schematic
above R
total
= R1 +R2. What about two resistors R1, R2 placed
in parallel with one another? Derive the formula for R
total
in
this situation. I do not want you to simply look up this formula
and write it down, instead gure out on your own how to create
the formula using just two facts: total current through parallel
resistors is the sum of the currents through each resistor AND
Figure 5: A triple voltage divider.
Ohms Law works for each resistor!
7) Rules of thumb. There are many, many shortcuts and intuitions pro-
grammer, circuit designers, and engineers use constantly to simplify their
analysis of projects. Here are two shortcuts for understanding circuits I
want you to justify.
Rule 1. When looking at two resistors in series, if one resistor has very
large resistance and the other is much, much less, their total resistance
can be estimated by just using the larger value.
Rule 2. When looking at two resistors in parallel, if one resistor has very large resistance and the other is
much, much less, their total resistance can be estimated by using the smaller value.
Justify these rules by using the formulas for total resistance in series and parallel resistor circuits.

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