The shell length is

Shell OD is
Tube ID =
Tube OD

170 cm =
37.5 cm =

From WorkSheet:
No. Tubes =
Tube Gauge =
Flow area per tube
Surface area per lin ft =

66.93
14.76
1.00
1.25

50
12
0.8332
0.2697
0.3272
78.65
95.45

Total surface area inside =

Total surface area outside =

inches
inches
inches
inches

(from Triangular Pitch Wo

wall thickness =

in2
ft2 (inside)
ft2 (outside)
ft2
ft2

Recommended Fabrication Configuration:

Hot Gas In

Internal Guide Shroud - this

should all condensate to the
bottom of the sump

LC

(from Triangular Pitch WorkSheet)

0.109 inches

Cool Gas Out

Leave enough height between the bottom of the Internal Guide
Shroud and the top of the max. liquid level so that there is good,
slow velocity for the separated Nitrous Oxide gas to exit the coolercondenser.
LC

Condensate Drain

Nitrous Oxide is produced by thermally decomposing molten Ammonium Nitrate in a batch reactor.
The decomposition reaction is as follows:
NH4NO3 ---------> N2O + 2H2O
NH4NO3 molecular weight =
N2O molecular weight =
H2O molecular weight =
Basis:

80.052 lb/lb-mol
44.013 lb/lb-mol
18.0153 lb/lb-mol

110 lb/hr of N2O

Amount of NH4NO3 required =

=

(50 lb N2O) (mol N2O/44.013 lb N20) (lb mol NH4NO3/lb mol N

200.071 lbs NH4NO3
1.81883 lbs NH4NO3 / lb of N2O produced

Pakistani N2O plant fabricator (S.S. Gas Lab Asia; Rawal Pindi, Pakistan) claims a consumption of
This means there is an excess of ammonium nitrate consumed over the theoretical of
Amount of H2O produced =

(50 lb N2O) (mol N2O/44.013 lb N20) (2 lb mol H2O/lb mol N2O

90.0498 lbs H2O =

10.81 gals/hr =

The calculation of the flow rate of water produced is based on the decomposition taking place at a steady s
This is not what takes places in the real-life decomposition inside the reactor.
The rate of decomposition of the ammonium nitrate can be very rapid at first and then it levels out
to a slower pace. It is conceivable that the instantaneous decomposition rate can be as fast as
five to ten times the calculated steady state rate.

Therefore, the size of the reactor's overhead cooler-condenser should be calculated for an excess of that cal
the steady state. The correct and appropriate size of cooler-condenser is usually decided upon based on em
knowledge of past experiences and/or laboratory pilot plant operations. If there is an existing, operating re
this can be used to generate operating decomposition rates by measuring the amount of either nitrous oxide
produced in the reactor in an incremental amount of time. Of course, the shorter the time period, the more
the reaction rate calculated.

Nitrate in a batch reactor.

N20) (lb mol NH4NO3/lb mol N2O) (80.02 lb NH4NO3/lb mol NH4NO3)

claims a consumption of
15.46%

2.1 lbs NH4NO3 / lb of N2O produced

N20) (2 lb mol H2O/lb mol N2O) (18.01 lb H2O/lb mol H2O)

0.18 gpm

sition taking place at a steady state.

st and then it levels out

te can be as fast as

culated for an excess of that calculated at

ually decided upon based on empirical
there is an existing, operating reactor,
e amount of either nitrous oxide or water
horter the time period, the more accurate

September 30, 2003

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Heat Exchanger Tube Sheet Layout Count Table

Source: "Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants"; Vol. 3; p.24
Ernest E. Ludwig; Gulf Publishing Co.; Houston, TX (1965)

Shell I. D., inches

Fixed Tubes Fixed Tubes
U Tubes
Fixed Tubes
U Tubes
Fixed Tubes
U Tubes
Fixed Tubes
U Tubes

Eight-Pass

Six-Pass

Four-Pass

Two-Pass

One-Pass

Tube O. D. & Pitch

10

12

13-1/4

33

35

37

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

33
33
33
15
17

69
57
53
33
33

105
91
85
57
45

135
117
101
73
65

193
157
139
103
83

247
217
183
133
111

307
277
235
163
139

391
343
287
205
179

481
423
355
247
215

553
493
419
307
255

663
577
495
361
303

763
667
587
427
359

881
765
665
481
413

1,019
889
765
551
477

1,143
1,007
865
633
545

1,269
1,127
965
699
595

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

32
28
26
16
12
8
8
12
XX
XX

58
56
48
32
26
34
26
30
8
12

94
90
78
52
40
64
60
52
26
22

124
110
94
62
56
94
72
72
42
38

166
154
126
92
76
134
108
100
58
58

228
208
172
126
106
180
158
142
84
76

300
264
222
162
136
234
212
188
120
100

370
326
280
204
172
304
270
242
154
134

452
398
346
244
218
398
336
304
192
180

528
468
408
292
248
460
406
362
234
214

626
556
486
346
298
558
484
436
284
256

734
646
560
410
348
648
566
506
340
304

846
746
644
462
402
768
674
586
396
356

964
858
746
530
460
882
772
688
466
406

1,088
972
840
608
522
1,008
882
778
532
464

1,242
1,088
946
688
584
1,126
1,000
884
610
526

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX

48
44
48
24
24
28
20
24

84
72
72
44
40
56
52
44
20
16

108
96
88
60
48
84
64
64
36
32

154
134
126
78
74
122
98
90
50
50

196
180
142
104
84
166
146
130
74
66

266
232
192
138
110
218
198
174
110
90

332
292
242
176
142
286
254
226
142
122

412
360
308
212
188
378
318
286
178
166

484
424
366
258
214
438
386
342
218
198

576
508
440
308
260
534
462
414
266
238

680
596
510
368
310
622
542
482
322
286

788
692
590
422
360
740
648
560
376
336

904
802
688
486
414
852
744
660
444
384

1,024
912
778
560
476
976
852
748
508
440

1,172
1,024
880
638
534
1,092
968
852
584
500

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX

80
66
54
34

116
104
78
56
44
110
88
80
42
42

174
156
116
82
66
156
134
118
68
60

230
202
158
112
88
206
184
160
100
80

294
258
212
150
116
272
268
210
130
110

372
322
266
182
154
358
300
268
168
152

440
388
324
226
184
416
366
322
206
182

532
464
394
274
226
510
440
392
252
224

632
548
460
338
268
596
518
458
304
268

732
640
536
382
318
716
626
534
356
316

844
744
634
442
368
826
720
632
426
362

964
852
224
514
430
944
826
718
488
420

1,106
964
818
586
484
1,058
940
820
562
478

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX

94
82

140
124
94
66

102
82
70
38
34

142
122
106
58
50

198
170
132
90
74
190
170
146
90
70

258
224
174
120
94
254
226
194
118
98

332
286
228
154
128
342
286
254
154
142

398
344
286
190
150
398
350
306
190
170

484
422
352
240
192
490
422
374
238
206

576
496
414
298
230
578
498
438
290
254

682
588
490
342
280
688
600
512
340
300

790
694
576
400
334
796
692
608
404
344

902
798
662
466
388
916
796
692
464
396

1,040
902
760
542
438
1,032
908
792
540
456

74
56
56
30

68
52
48
24

15-1/4

17-1/4

19-1/4

21-1/4

23-1/4

25

27

29

Notes: 1) The above tube counts have an allowance made for Tie Rods.
2) The Radius of Bend for the U-Tube bundles is equal to (2.5) (Tube O.D.); The actual number of U-tubes is 1/2 of the above figures.

Page 8 of 28

31

FileName: 246870856.xlsx.ms_office
WorkSheet: Tube Counts

Some of this data was taken from Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA); 7th Edit

BWG
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
22

Wall
Tube flow
thickness Tube I. D.
area
inches
inches
in2
0.165
0.148
0.134
0.120
0.109
0.095
0.083
0.072
0.065
0.058
0.049
0.035
0.028

1/2" O. D. Condenser tube

Surface area per
Tube weight
Constant Tube I. D.
per linear foot,
linear foot, ft2
inches
C **
Outside
Inside
lb of steel*

0.282

0.0625

0.1309

0.0738

0.456

0.334

0.0876

0.1309

0.0874

0.370

0.370

0.1075

0.1309

0.0969

0.302

168

0.402
0.430
0.444

0.1269
0.1452
0.1548

0.1309
0.1309
0.1309

0.1052
0.1126
0.1162

0.236
0.174
0.141

198
227
241

3/4" O.

0.482
0.510
0.532
0.560
0.584
0.606
0.620
0.634
0.652
0.680

NOTES:
* The weight of the condenser tubes is based on low carbon steel with a density of 0.2836 lbs/in3. For other metal
Material
Aluminum
Titanium
A.I.S.I. 300 Series Stainless Steels
A.I.S.I. 400 Series Stainless Steels
Aluminum Bronze
Aluminum Brass
Nickel-Chrome-Iron
Admiralty
Nickel
Nickel-Copper
Copper and Cupro-Nickels

Factor
0.35
0.58
0.99
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.07
1.09
1.13
1.12
1.14

** Liquid Velocity within the tubes = (Lbs Per Tube Hour) / (C * Liquid Specific Gravity) in feet per sec. (Specific g

rers Association (TEMA); 7th Edition (1988); page 178. Note: some of the tabular TEMA data contained ERRATA, but this was corrected wi
3/4" O. D. Condenser tube
Tube flow Surface area per linear Tube weight
area
per linear foot,
foot, ft2
2
Outside
Inside
lb of steel
in

0.1825
0.2043
0.2223
0.2463
0.2679
0.2884
0.3019
0.3157
0.3339
0.3632

0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963

0.1262
0.1335
0.1393
0.1466
0.1529
0.1587
0.1623
0.1660
0.1707
0.1780

0.883
0.808
0.747
0.665
0.592
0.522
0.476
0.429
0.367
0.268

Tube flow
Constant Tube I. D.
area
inches
C **
in2

285
319
347
384
418
450
471
492
521
567

0.2836 lbs/in3. For other metal materials multiply by the following factors:

avity) in feet per sec. (Specific gravity of Water @ 60 oF = 1.00)

0.670
0.704
0.732
0.760
0.782
0.810
0.834
0.856
0.870
0.884
0.902
0.930

0.3526
0.3893
0.4208
0.4536
0.4803
0.5153
0.5463
0.5755
0.5945
0.6138
0.6390
0.6793

1" O. D. Condenser tube

Surface area per
linear foot, ft2
Outside
Inside
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
0.2618

0.1754
0.1843
0.1916
0.1990
0.2047
0.2121
0.2183
0.2241
0.2278
0.2314
0.2361
0.2435

ATA, but this was corrected with this spreadsheet's formulas.

Condenser tube
1-1/4" O. D. Condenser tube
Surface area per
Tube flow
Tube weight
Tube weight
Constant Tube I. D.
Constant Tube I. D.
area
per linear foot,
per linear foot,
linear foot, ft2
**
inches
inches
C
C **
Outside
Inside
lb of steel
lb of steel
in2
0.890
0.6221
0.3272
0.2330
2.059
970
1.473
550
0.920
0.6648
0.3272
0.2409
1.914
1,037
1.170
1.348
0.954
0.7148
0.3272
0.2498
1.744
1.200
1.241
656
0.982
0.7574
0.3272
0.2571
1.599
1,182
1.230
1.129
708
1.010
0.8012
0.3272
0.2644
1.450
1,250
1.260
1.038
749
1.030
0.8332
0.3272
0.2697
1.341
1,305
1.280
0.919
804
1.060
0.8825
0.3272
0.2775
1.173
1,377
1.310
0.814
852
1.080
0.9161
0.3272
0.2827
1.059
1,440
1.330
0.714
898
1.110
0.9677
0.3272
0.2906
0.883
1.360
0.650
927
1.120
0.9852
0.3272
0.2932
0.824
1,537
1.370
0.584
1.130
1.0029
0.3272
0.2958
0.763
1.380
0.498
997
1.150
1.0387
0.3272
0.3011
0.641
1,626
1.400
0.361
1,060
1.180
1.0936
0.3272
0.3089
0.455
1,706

1-1/2"

1-1/2" O. D. Condenser tube

2" O. D. Condenser tube
Surface area per
Surface area per
Tube flow
Tube flow
Tube weight
Constant Tube I. D.
2
area
area
per linear foot,
linear foot, ft
linear foot, ft3
**
inches
C
2
3
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
lb of steel
in
in
1.0751
1.1310
1.1882
1.2469
1.2868
1.3478
1.3893
1.4527
1.4741
1.4957
1.5394

0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927
0.3927

0.3063
0.3142
0.3220
0.3299
0.3351
0.3430
0.3482
0.3560
0.3587
0.3613
0.3665

2.355
2.165
1.970
1.771
1.635
1.427
1.286
1.070
0.997
0.924
0.775

1,860
2,014
2,180
2,300

1.760
1.782
1.810
1.834

2.4328
2.4941
2.5730
2.6417

0.5236
0.5236
0.5236
0.5236

0.4608
0.4665
0.4739
0.4801

ndenser tube
Tube
Constant
weight per
C **
linear

2.412
2.204
1.935
1.701

3,795
3,891
4,014
4,121

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER TUBESHEET LAYOUTS (TUBE CO

Source: "Process Heat Transfer"; Donald Q. Kern, McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1950);
3/4" O. D. tubes on 15/16-inch triangular pitch
Shell I. D.
Inches
8
10
12
13-1/4
15-1/4
17-1/4
19-1/4
21-1/4
23-1/4
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39

3/4" O. D. tubes on 1-inch triangular pitch

1
2
4
6
8
1
2
4
6
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass
36
62
109
127
170
239
301
361
442
532
637
721
847
974
1102
1240
1377

32
56
98
114
160
224
282
342
420
506
602
692
822
938
1068
1200
1330

26
47
86
96
140
194
252
314
386
468
550
640
766
878
1004
1144
1258

24
42
82
90
136
188
244
306
378
446
536
620
722
852
988
1104
1248

18
36
78
86
128
178
234
290
364
434
524
594
720
826
958
1072
1212

37
61
92
109
151
203
262
316
384
470
559
630
745
856
970
1074
1206

30
52
82
106
138
196
250
302
376
452
534
604
728
830
938
1044
1176

24
40
76
86
122
178
226
278
352
422
488
556
678
774
882
1012
1128

24
36
74
82
118
172
216
272
342
394
474
538
666
760
864
986
1100

Note: These tube counts can be taken only as an estimate. For accurate tube counts, an actual scaled layout should be d
Kern does not reveal where he obtained this information and he is not specific in giving details to what TEMA type, o
As an example of a discrepancy, refer to the 8" shell with 3/4" tubes on 15/16" triangular pitch and 2-passes. An ac
Consequently, the user is advised to scrutinize this information before using it.
Triangular pitch should never be used with a dirty or fouling fluid on the shellside of an exchanger. This configuratio

Another estimating method for tube counts is found in "Petroleum Refinery Engineering"; Nelson; McGraw-Hill; Page
The number of heat exchanger tubes can be estimated from the equation

N = C * (L/P)2
where,
C = 0.86 (a constant for Triangular pitch)
P = the tube spacing, in inches ("Pitch")
L = the Outer Tube Limit, in inches
The OTL is about 1-1/2" less than the inside diameter of the shell in floating head exchangers.
It is about 5/8" less than the shell inside diameter of fixed-head or U-tube construction.
Tube Spacing =
Outer Tube Limit =

1.75 inches
13.375 inches
Number of Tubes =

50

EET LAYOUTS (TUBE COUNTS)

Graw-Hill Book Co. (1950); page 842

h triangular pitch

1" O. D. tubes on 1-1/4 inch triangular pitch

8
1
2
4
6
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass

70
74
110
166
210
260
328
382
464
508
640
732
848
870
1078

21
32
55
68
91
131
163
199
241
294
349
397
472
538
608
674
766

16
32
52
66
86
118
152
188
232
282
334
376
454
522
592
664
736

16
26
48
58
80
106
140
170
212
256
302
338
430
486
562
632
700

14
24
46
54
74
104
136
164
212
252
296
334
424
470
546
614
688

1-1/4" O. D. tubes on 1-9/16 inch triangular pitch

8
TubePass

4
50
72
94
128
160
202
242
286
316
400
454
532
598
672

1
2
4
TubePass TubePass TubePass
20
32
38
54
69
95
117
140
170
202
235
275
315
357
407
449

18
30
36
51
66
91
112
136
164
196
228
270
305
348
390
436

14
26
32
45
62
86
105
130
155
185
217
255
297
335
380
425

l scaled layout should be done.

etails to what TEMA type, orientation, and Outer Tube Limits (OTL) this data applies.
pitch and 2-passes. An actual layout yields 48 tubes with 3/16" OTL, as compared with the listed 32 tubes.

changer. This configuration is impossible to clean mechanically.

Nelson; McGraw-Hill; Page 544:

Nelson wrote:
The holesthrough the baffles are about 0.01 to 0.018 inches larger in diameter than the tubes' OD.
Common center-to-center spacings for the various pitch arrangements are:
Tube OD
Pitch Arrangements, inches
inches
Triangular
Square
Diamond
3/8
13/16
7/8
3/4
15/16 and 1 15/16 and 1
1
1
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
The outer tube limit is about 1-1/2 inches less than the inside diameter of the shell of floating
head exchangers, or 5/8 inches less than the shell diameter of fixed head or U-tube bundle
constructions.
Exchangers built with closer tube spacing are not accessible for cleaning.

s on 1-9/16 inch triangular pitch

1-1/2" O. D. tubes on 1-7/8 inch triangular pitch

6
8
1
2
4
6
8
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass

22
28
42
58
78
101
123
150
179
212
245
288
327
374
419

ameter than the tubes' OD.

of the shell of floating

ad or U-tube bundle

20
26
38
54
69
95
117
140
170
202
235
275
315
357
407

18
27
36
48
61
76
95
115
136
160
184
215
246
275
307

14
22
34
44
58
72
91
110
131
154
177
206
238
268
299

14
18
32
42
55
70
86
105
125
147
172
200
230
260
290

12
16
30
38
51
66
80
98
118
141
165
190
220
252
284

12
14
27
36
48
61
76
95
115
136
160
184
215
246
275

Handbook of Thermodynamic Diagrams

Volume 4 Inorganic Compounds and Elements
Carl Yaws
1996
Gulf Publishing Company
Houston, Texas

Handbook of Thermodynamic Diagrams

Volume 4 Inorganic Compounds and Elements
Carl Yaws
1996
Gulf Publishing Company
Houston, Texas