COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO

1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA

Report 3
Cohesion: It is the capability of molecules to stay combine
Adhesion: Is the property of matter by which two surfaces together
and embody the same or different substances when they contact and
are held together by intermolecular forces.
Surface tension: Tension between molecules of water.
What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
Give examples of substances with high cohesion and
adhesion.
Cohesion is the strength of molecules when they are together, and
adhesion is the capability of the molecules to adhere to the water.
Water: High adhesion
Mercury: High cohesion

What property of water keeps leaves, mosquitoes, or a
lizard to stand on or walk on water? Explain how it works?
It is surface tension because thats the force between water
molecules in the first layer.

What can cause water surface tension to be weaken up?
High temperatures or detergent.

Why dirty clothes are better washed in warm water?
Because temperature breaks water surface tension so it Makes it
able to pull away the dirt.

Interpret the following graph 1.
COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO
1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA







The graph represents how when water temperature increases,
water surface tension decreases, which shows an inversely
proportional graphic.

Explain hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen bonding is when a positive molecule combines with a
negative molecule of other molecule of Hydrogen (the one that is a
good dancer )

Is the height water rises in a vessel an indirect ratio to its
diameter? Explain this relation.
Its indirect, because when the ratio decreases there will be less
water to raise.

Calulations: a) if the diameter of a tree capillary vessel (xylem)
is 0.8 microns, then the approximate height of the tree ( related to
the height of the column that water rises) is 39.52m b) If the
height of a tree is 15,8 m, then what is the radius of the phloem
COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO
1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA

(consider the phloem as one vertical microscopic vessel from the
root tip)? 1*10-6 m

What is specific heat?
Is the level of heat water that can be holded until it changes into
gas

Has water, among other substances, a very high or a very
low specific heat? What is water specific heat in calories
per gram?
It has a very high specific heat wich is 1.000 cal/ml


Which of the following substances have a higher heat
capacity of adding or giving energy: ethyl alcohol 95%,
propyl alcohol, water, Brine 25% salt, or ammonia? Explain.
Its ammonia because it has a high specific heat.
Which of the following substances have a lower capacity of
absorbing heat but a higher capacity of retaining heat for
longer time: ethyl alcohol 50%, Ethyl alcohol 100%, or
acetone? Why?
- Ethyl Alcohol 50%
COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO
1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA

How much energy is given to one liter of water during
daylight considering that the initial temperature in the room
is 20 C and the final temperature is 30C?
Q=1*1(30-20) Q=10 cal
How much water (in American gallons) is needed to remove
2400 BTU that our body produces every hour after strenuous
exercise? (hint: 1 BTU = 252 calories)
It should be 0.01921 American galloons needed to remove the 2400
BTU that our body produces every hour after strenuous exercise.


If you weigh 30 ml of water and 30 of alcohol, the mass will
be different (in fact 6.24 g more) and 2 parts of water in a test
tube is 60 ml, but 1 part water and 1 part alcohol is less than
60 ml. Why? (Check video atom and molecules by science
guy Bill Nye)
Water has a higher density than alcohol.
What is the electrolysis of water for? What can you
conclude from this demonstration?
Electrolysis is the way to break the water into molecules by
electricity, I can conclude that.
COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO
1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA

According to the following diagram, label the anode and
cathode for the correct water dissociation.

Its the process in which water molecules
break with electrolysis, just as explained
before.



What can be said about water properties for life just by
observing the following figure?
It represents water as an effective dissolvent because this molecule
allows to bind other molecules and be useful for life.






COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO
1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA

What are the four main buffers in our blood and what do
they do?
Sulphates, Carbonates, Proteins, phosphates.

Which are the first line of defense against changes in blood
pH? List the most important chemical buffers in extracellular
fluids (ECF). How do they work?
First line: The chemical buffer system: Bicarbonate, Hemoglobin,
Phosphate, Proteins
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid Proteins Phosphate
Is external, they use external stimuli to protect inside, for
example, sweat, mucus, etc.

What is the third line of defense of blood pH regulation?
What is important about this third line of defense that the
other two cant do?
It is the renal response. Those are leucodits, they are important
because they prevent antigens to enter in the body.
What is the desired blood pH? What is the blood pH range
for humans and for most mammals?
7.35 - 7.45
Why is phosphate a very important chemical buffer in
intracellular fluids (ICF)?
Because it helps to balance PH in the blood.
Which chemicals are largest buffer pools in the body and
why are they amphoteric? Give 2 examples.
Proteins as COOH and NH2, because they act like acid or
base, depending on the substance they are reacting with.
COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO
1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA

What reasons make HCO
3
-
and CO
2
buffer pairs especially
important in acid-base physiology?
That its components are abundant; the concentration of HCO3
in plasma or ECF normally averages 24 mmol/L. Although the
concentration of dissolved CO2 is lower (1.2 mmol/L), metabolism
provides a nearly limitless supply. Despite a pK of 6.10, a little far from
the desired plasma pH of 7.40, it is effective because the system is
open (i.e., its components can be added to or removed from the body
at controlled rates). It is controlled by the lungs and kidneys.
Why is HCO
3
-
and CO
2
system open in several ways?
Metabolism provides an endless source of CO2, which can
replace any H2CO3 consumed by a base added to the body.
The respiratory system can change the amount of CO2 in body
fluids by hyperventilation or hypoventilation. The kidneys can
change the amount of HCO3 in the ECF by forming new
HCO3 when excess acid has been added to the body or by
excreting HCO3 when excess base has been added.

How can an athlete under strenuous exercise keep his/her
blood pH regulated?
Athletes can do it because their diet has high levels of proteins
and potassium which increases the endurance during exercise.

How can diabetes, starvation, or alcoholism be controlled
for excess endogenous production of acids in the blood?
What are ketone bodies and how they work? Give examples
of three endogenous ketone bodies.

These effects of pH on endogenous acid production result from
changes in enzyme activities brought about by the pH changes, and
COLEGIO EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICO
1
st
BACCHALAUREATE PARIS VII
2013-2014 SCHOOL YEAR
BIOLOGY


ALISON IVETTE ALEJANDRO VERA

they are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating blood
pH.