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+ + =
(1)
where, K= thermal conductivity, T=temperature, = density
of the material, c = specific heat and t = time.
Eq.(1) can be written as:
T
T
c
t
L q (2)
where
x
y
z
L is vector operator and q is heat flux vector.
T
= L q q and T T = L
where, represents grad operator.
Fouriers law is used to relate the heat flux vector to the
thermal gradient
T = q DL
where,
0 0
0 0
0 0
K
K
K
=
D
is conductivity matrix.
Eq.(2) can be written as:
( )
T
T
c T
t
L DL (3)
To solve Eq.(3), a set of boundary conditions is needed.
(i) Initial condition
A specified initial temperature for the welding that covers
all the elements of the specimen:
T=T
for t = 0 (4)
where T
+ +
L DL
(8)
where, vol = volume of the element; T = an allowable
virtual temperature ( ) ( )
T x, y, z,t = .
2.1 Derivation of heat flow matrices
The variable T is allowed to vary both in space and time.
This dependency is expressed as shown in Eq.(2.9).
{ }
T
e
T T = N (9)
where, ( ) T T x, y,z,t = is temperature, ( ) x, y,z = N N is
element shape function and ( )
e e
t = T T is nodal temperature
vector.
The time derivative of Eq.(2.9) may be written as shown in
Eq.(2.10).
{ }
T
e
T
T T
t
= =
N
& &
(10)
T has the same form as T as shown in Eq.(11).
T
=
e
T T N (11)
The combination of LT is written as shown in Eq.(12).
LT=BT
e
(12)
where, B=LN
T
Now the variational statement of Eq.(8) can be combined
with Eqs.(9, 10, 11 & 12) to yield Eq.(13).
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
T T T T
vol vol
T T T
sup 1 2
d vol d vol
d d
f
e e e e
e e e
S S
c
q S h T S
+ =
+
T NN T T B DBT
T N T N N T
&
(13)
In this present situation the density is assumed to remain
constant and specific heat c may vary over the element.
Finally ,
e e
T T
&
and
e
T are nodal quantities and do not
vary over the element, so that they can be taken out from the
integrals. Now, since all quantities are pre-multiplied by
e
T , this term may also be dropped from the resulting
equation. Thus Eq.(13) is reduced to Eq.(14).
( ) ( )
1 2 2
T T
vol vol
T
sup 1 2 2
d vol d vol
d d d
e e
f f e
S S S
c
q S T h S h S
+ =
+
&
NN T B DB T
N N NN T
(14)
Eq.(14) can be rewritten as shown in Eq.(2.15).
( )
t th tc f c
e e e e e e e
+ + = +
&
C T K K T Q Q
(15)
where,
( )
T
vol
d vol
t
e
c =
C NN is element specific heat matrix,
( )
T
vol
d vol
th
e
=
e
the elastic strain
total strain
pl
plastic strain
th
thermal strain
the stress
stress vector
D stiffness matrix
density of the base metal (kg/m
3
)
Pankaj Biswas, et al. A Study on the Effect of Welding Sequence in Fabrication of Large Stiffened Plate Panels
436
Dr. Pankaj Biswas was born in 1979. He is an
Assistant Professor of IIT Guwahati, Dept. of
Mechanical Eng. His current research interests
include manufacturing and design: computational
weld mechanics, ship production, line heating, and
FE structural analysis.
Mr. D. Anil Kumar was born in 1983. He is a
Research Scholar of IIT Guwahati, Dept. of
Mechanical Eng. His current research interests
include manufacturing: computational weld
mechanics and FE thermo mechanical analysis.
Dr. Nisith Ranjan Mandal was born in 1954. He
is a professor of IIT Kharagpur, Dept. of OE&NA.
His current research interests include ship
production, ship design, line heating, welding
distortion of large stiffened structures and welding
techniques.
Dr. M. M. Mahapatra was born in 1970. He is
working as an assistant professor in the Mechanical
and Industrial Engineering Department at Indian
Institute of Technology, Roorkee. His current
research interests include plate forming by line
heating, welding deformation, welding residual
stress analysis, and design of welded structures.
.
OCEANS'12 MTS/IEEE YEOSU
May 21 to May 24, 2012
The OCEANS12 Conference, jointly sponsored by the Marine Technology Society (MTS), the Oceanic
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