Made By: Vineet kumar

Reg.No: CRO0189072
Batch: 30
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Preface
This Project is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to the working
and analysis of different softwares operating on the windows interface. This
project primarily focuses on the basic applications and functions of softwares like
MS Word MS !"cel Tally and #isual $asic.
The topics covered in this project are macros and mail merge in MS Word charts
and cell referencing in MS !"cel creating a company and creating books of
account in Tally and designing software in #isual $asic. These topics have been
e"tensively e"plained with the help of practical e"amples. Screen snapshots
have been used to depict the step%by%step working of each individual topic.
Making this project was &uite interesting as well as a great learning e"perience. 't
not only made me well versed with the various features of the above mentioned
softwares but also made me understand the practical significance and
application of the same. (ot only this in course of making this project ' was able
to generate an ability to organi)e and present the material in an interesting
manner.
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Acknowledgement
There are a number of individuals who have helped me with the contents
of this project. Specifically ' would like to give my sincere regards to both my
teachers i.e. Shashank sir and *icha mam for making my concepts clear and
bearing with me.
' am also grateful to all my former teachers from whom ' gained the basic
knowledge in computers and who helped me a lot with this project. There have
been a number of friends and office colleagues whose comments have lead to
improvements in my project. ' am particularly thankful to (eha +garwal for her
insightful comments. ' am also truly indebted to my sister for her detailed
comments and constructive criticism which were e"tremely useful.
,inally ' would like to warmly thank my parents for providing advice
encouragement and support at various stages of the preparation of this project.
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Contents
Introduction to Computers
Microsoft Word
Introduction to MS Word
Macros
Mail Merge
Microsoft Excel
Introduction to MS Excel
Charts
Cell Referencing
Tally
Introduction to Tally
Creating a Company& VAT
oo!s of Account
Visual asic
Introduction to Visual asic
Visual asic En"ironment
uilding Visual asic Application
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Introduction to Computers
-omputer is an electronic device%a fle"ible machine that can manipulate data. 't
performs the following four basic operations.
Input : + computer accepts data that is provided by means of an input device
such as a keyboard.
Processing. + computer performs operations on the data to transform it in
some way.
Output : + computer produces output on a device such as a printer or a
monitor which shows the results of processing operations.
Storage: + computer stores the results of processing operations for future use.
Computer
Uses & Working Of Computers:
The purpose of computer is to transform the data into meaningful information. 'n
this conte"t data means some kind of unorgani)ed material that can be entered
into the computer. What results from processing the operations is information i.e.
data that has been made meaningful and useful.
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

/+T+
01
23
45
06
32
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INFORMATION
REPORT
The Average
Number is 34.
SOFTARE
INSTR!"TIONS
A## 5 Numbers
1$%
&ivi#e b' 5
34
SOFTARE
INSTR!"TIONS
A## 5 (umbers
1$%
&ivi#e b' 5
34
Today dairy farmers are using computers to optimi)e feeding times resulting in
gains up to 278 in milk output. -omputers are used to analy)e the writing styles
of known authors to identify the authors of the unsigned te"ts. They are built in
special purpose devices such as video game players microwave ovens wrist
watches etc. !ven cars use tiny computers to control their engine. $ecause of its
manifold uses its importance has increased by leaps 9 bounds in all spheres of
life since the past few years.
'n order to work computer needs some sort of :brain;. +t the core of every
computer there is a device known as -P< or -entral Processing <nit. This is the
:$rain; of the -omputer. 't reads 9 e"ecutes program instructions performs
calculations and makes decisions. This is done by the -ontrol unit of the -P<
which sends command signals to the other components of the system. The -P<
is responsible for storing and retrieving information on discs 9 other media. This
function is performed by the memory unit of the -P< and the control unit helps it
to communicate information from one part of the computer to another like a
switching station.
Central Processing Unit
Working of Computer
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Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
Output
Input
Memory Unit
Backing Store
( $ )
Introduction to MS-
Word
-omputers were first developed to perform arithmetic operations such as adding
and subtracting%in other words to process numbers. =owever it soon became
apparent that computers could also be very useful in manipulating te"t to
produce documents such as memos class notes letters term papers and other
written te"t. (ot only could computers process numbers%they could also process
words. (owadays word processing has become one of the principal applications
used on personal computers. -omputeri)ed word processing makes it possible
to edit the original version on the computer screen%to correct an error change a
word rearrange the se&uence and adjust the format%without retyping the entire
document. Word Processors combine the editor and formatter in such a way that
the document is W'S'W>? i.e. what you see is what you get i.e. the page
appears on the screen in a similar fashion as it would be printed.
Some of the features common to all word processors are as follows.
Word Wrap: This feature allows us to type continuously without thinking about
where one line will end and the ne"t one begins. +s we approach the end of the
line the computer determines if the word being typed is e"tending beyond the
margins if so it hunts backward until it finds a separator%a space or hyphen. 't
then moves the block of te"t following the separator in the ne"t line.
Spell Checking: The computer underlines the word if it is not available in its
dictionary. We can correct it our self or ask the computer to find the correct
spelling.
Appearance: We can adjust the si)e of characters or choose to print some
characters in boldface italics or underlined. We can specify the page si)e
orientation any of the four margins as well as the line spacing.
Alignment: The te"t can be aligned in various ways. We can indent the first
line of a paragraph or the entire paragraph or can create a :hanging indent;
where all lines e"cept the first one are indented. We can also create lists with
bullets besides each item as well as the numbered lists..
Justification: Te"t can be automatically centered by a word processor. 't can
also be justified either at the right or the left margin or can be full justified so that
the right and left margins are even.
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Tales: We can create a table of the re&uired number of rows 9 columns
adjust the styles of the separator lines 9 justify the te"t within the table.

Loading Word
To load Word -lick on Start in the bottom left hand corner on the Windows
Taskbar and select Microsoft Word as shown below.
!oading of "s#Word
( + )
The Word Screen
There are three basic areas on the word screen. the bars on the top of the
screen the document window and the bar below the document window.
The title bar displays The menu bar gives *uler helps to ,ormatting
(ame of document access to commands change margins Toolbar
Status bar shows /ocument
@ine column page Window
That the insertion
Point is on
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Macros
Macro is an action or set of actions that can be used to automate tasks. + macro
is a single instruction that performs several different commands in a se&uence
and is triggered when run. 't can be created by recording the series of actions or
by writing the instructions in a special format but the se&uence of actions is
important.
Steps for recording "acro:
An the Tools menu point to Macro and then click Recor Ne! Macro"
+ dialog bo" as shown below will appear.
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'n the Macro name bo" type a name for the macro and click AB.
To assign the macro to a toolbar or menu click Tool#ars and then click the
Commans tab. 'n the Commans bo" click the macro you are recording
and drag it to the toolbar or menu you want to assign it to. -lick Close to
begin recording the macro.
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To assign the macro to shortcut keys click $e%#oar. 'n the Commans
bo" click the macro you are recording. 'n the Press ne! s&ortcut ke% bo"
type the key se&uence and then click 'ssign. -lick Close to begin recording
the macro.
Perform the actions you want to include in your macro.
To stop recording your macro click Stop Recoring in the macros option in
the Tools ta# or click the Stop button on the Stop recoring tool#ar.
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Stop Recoring Tool#ar
Steps for $unning a "acro:
+fter a macro is recorded it must be tested to make sure that the actions
e"pected to happen actually occur. To run a recorded macro following steps
should be performed.
An the Tools menu point to Macro and then click Macros"
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+ dialog bo" as shown below will appear.
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'n the Macro name bo" click the name of the macro and click RUN. 'f the macro
had been recorded using the keyboard option then simply press the shortcut key
assigned to the macro to run the macro.
%eleting a "acro:
An the Tools menu point to Macro and then click Macros"
The above dialog bo" will appear.
-lick the name of the macro to be deleted and click the elete button.
&diting a "acro:
An the Tools menu point to Macro and then click Macros.
'n the Macro name bo" click the name of the macro you want to edit.
-lick Eit"
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Mail Merge
Mail merge is used when we have to create a set of documents that are
essentially the same but where each document contains uni&ue elements. ,or
e"ample in a letter that announces a new product your company logo and the
te"t about the product will appear in each letter and the address and greeting
line will be different in each letter. -reating each letter message fa" label
envelope or coupon individually would take hours. ThatCs where mail merge
comes in. <sing mail merge all you have to do is create one document that
contains the information that is the same in each version. Then you just add
some placeholders for the information that is uni&ue to each version. Word takes
care of the rest.
Mail merge is a ()step process
/efine the Main /ocument.
This can #e a letter that is already created or a #lan! document$
-reate or open the /ata Source.
The data source is the data#ase %here the information is stored$ A data#ase can
#e Word& Excel& the 'utloo! Address oo! or Access$
Merge Main /ocument with the /ata Source.
This is the final product that %ill #e printed$
Steps for creating a mail merge form letter:
Start up Word.
,rom the Tools menu select letters * mailings.
Select Mail Merge Wi+ar.
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This will open the mail merge pane on the right on the screen.
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There are si" steps in the wi)ard.
Step ,: Select t&e ocument t%pe.
Select letters.
-lick on Ne-t. Starting ocument)))) at the bottom of the pane.
Step .: Select t&e starting ocument"
+s we are going to create the form letter from scratch select use current
ocument"
-lick on Ne-t: Select recipients"
Step (: Select recipients"
Select t%pe a ne! list.
-lick on the create link that appears below.
The new address list dialog bo" appears.
't already has some suggested fields. 'n this instance we want to have different
ones. So the list needs to be changed.
-lick on the Customi+e button.
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/irst0 remo1e t&e fiels !&ic& are not re2uire"
0. -lick the first name in the /iel3s Name bo".
3. -lick on 4elete.
2. -lick %es to confirm.
1. *epeat the process for the other unre&uired fields till all of them are
removed.
No!0 a t&e ne! fiel names t&at are re2uire"
0. -lick on the a button.
3. 'n the a fiels: #o- type Initials"
2. -lick O$"
1. *epeat the process until all the re&uired fields have been entered.
5. =ighlight the 'nitials field and use the mo1e up button to position it after
the title.
6. -lick O$"
(ow we are ready to start adding data.
Type in the appropriate spaces all the data re&uired for the first letter
pressing enter to move to the ne"t field then click on ne! entr%.
( 2% )
This will form the first record of the database file. There will be one record for
each letter.
-lick on the Close button.
'n the Sa1e 'ress 5ist dialog bo" type a suitable name for the file in
the filename #o-"
-lick on Sa1e.
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Word will now return to the Main /ocument.
Step 6: Write t&e letter
'n the Main /ocument type the data 9 press enter a few times to
make some space under it.
-lick on the Insert Merge /iels button on the toolbar select title from
the list and click Insert followed by Close"
The field name will be inserted in the document in double chevrons. !.g.
DDTitleEE
Similarly insert all other fields in the appropriate places in the
document.
The document would appear as under.
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-lick on Ne-t: Pre1ie! 7our 5etters"
Step 8: Pre1ie! 7our 5etters"
Ane of the merged letters is now displayed on the screen.
<se the arrow buttons in the Wi)ard Pane to move through the
recipient list and view other letters.
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-lick on Ne-t: Complete t&e Merge.
Step 9: complete t&e Merge.
There are two options available.
Merge to the printer%%%%% gives the choice of printing all the letters.
!dit 'ndividual @etters%%% this will produce a new document containing all
the merged letters.
-lick on Eit Ini1iual 5etters.
-hoose the 'll option 9 click O$"
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+ new file called letters0 is displayed which contains all the letters
separated by page breaks.
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( 2) )
'f you want to make changes in future then amend the te"t of the main
document and then re%run the merge.
( 2$ )
( 2* )
Introduction To
MS-Excel
E-cel is what is known as a spreadsheet application. + spreas&eet is a table of
values arranged in rows 9 columns. These values can take many forms such as
te"t dates 9 times and numbers. !ach value is stored in a cell. The relationship
between cells is called formulae. 'f the value of one cell is changed the contents
of any cell that depend on it will change. The page or spreadsheet is known as a
gri referenced by letters hori)ontally and numbers vertically. + spreadsheet can
be split into several pages and this collection of pages is known as a !ork#ook.
'n addition to powerful calculations e"cel is also able to produce a wide range of
high &uality charts to make the presentation of data more effective. ,ormulaes
calculate the results if changes are made to the contents of the related cells.
Spreadsheet programs are developed to automate tasks such as technical
calculations inferential statistics and analy)ing data. They have a powerful
program for graphical preparation of numerical data. They are commonly used in
Production planning Personnel Management Marketing Payroll and
+ccounting.
'eatures of "S &(cel
Worksheet & )raphics: +part from working with numbers 9 te"ts it is also
possible to present graphical data.
%ata lists & dataases: 't is possible to work with data listed in tabular form.
,unctions are available for evaluating values 9 combining data.
%ata e(change *ith other applications: !"cel takes advantage of the
Windows environment which applies to the /ynamic /ata !"change and Abject
@inking 9 !mbedding concepts.
Standardi+ed User interface: !"cel is a part of the Microsoft +pplication
Package%Affice 3772.
Workooks: !"cel works with a consistent file concept. +ll the data is
gathered in workbooks which store the current status of the workspace.
( 2+ )
Loading MS-Excel
To load !"cel -lick on Start in the bottom left hand corner on the Windows
Taskbar select all programs and select Microsoft E-cel as shown below.
( 3% )
The Excel Screen
'n !"cel the normal file type is referred to as a Workbook. !ach workbook
contains sheets that are refereed to as worksheets. Anly a part of e"cel
worksheet is visible at one time due to restricted si)e of computer. 't is divided
into 65526 rows and 356 columns. +t the top of the e"cel workspace there is title
bar menu bar formatting bar 9 formula bar.
+ctive -ell ,ormula bar Standard Toolbar Menu $ar
+ctive Sheet
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Charts
-hart is a graphical representation of the worksheet data. 't is used to interpret
the complicated data &uickly. -hart can be either embedded in a worksheet or a
new chart sheet can be created in a workbook. $ut in both methods the chart
data is automatically linked with the worksheet from which it was created. 'f the
data is changed the chart will change accordingly. !"cel offers several chart
types each of which has subtypes 9 variations.
Steps for creating a column chart:
Prepare a data table in the e"cel worksheet.
T&is is t&e ata to #e c&arte.
Select the data in :;:E,,.
-lick on c&art !i+ar button on the toolbar.
'n the C&art Wi+ar)Step , of 6)C&art T%pe window that opens click on
the Stanar T%pes ta#.
( 32 )
'n the C&art T%pe: window click on Column.
'n the C&art Su#)t%pe: area make sure that the first type in the first row is
selected.
To see what the chart is going to look like hold down the mouse button on
the Press an <ol to =ie! Sample #utton"
( 33 )
*elease the button and click on Ne-t>"
The C&art Wi+ar)Step . of 6)C&art source 4ata window as shown
under will appear.
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-heck that the 4ata range is set to ?S&eet,@ A:A;:AEA,,.
-heck that the Ro!s radio button is selected.
-lick on Ne-t>
The C&art Wi+ar)Step ( of 6)C&art options window as under will appear.
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-lick in the C&art title bo" and type B/irst Cuarter SalesD"
-lick on the =alueE7F '-is bo" and type BNum#er of Tickets SolD"
-lick in the =alueEGF '-is bo" and type BSales PersonD"
-lick on Ne-t>
( 3) )
The following C&art Wi+ar)Step 6 of 6)C&art 5ocation bo" appears.
'n the Place c&art bo" make sure that the as o#Hect in: radio button is
selected.
-lick on /inis&"
The re&uired chart is displayed with eight small black s&uares called handles on
the frame around the chart as shown below. They indicate that the chart is
currently selected.
The -hart toolbar shown below is also displayed which disappears when the
chart is deselected by clicking on the worksheet somewhere outside the chart
area and re%appears if the chart is selected again.
( 3$ )
$esi+ing and mo,ing the chart:
To select the chart single click inside the chart area.
Point to a blank area of the chart then click and drag to move the chart to
a new position on the worksheet.
Point to one of the chart corners 9 drag it to resi)e the chart. +s the chart
is resi)ed the te"t in the chart is resi)ed automatically.
The si)e of the te"t in the chart can be set as follows.
'n the /ont Si+e bo" on the ,ormatting toolbar select 4.
-lick outside the chart area to deselect the chart.
&diting the Chart:
Make sure that the chart is selected.
Change Appearance of titles:
-lick on the title to select it.
-hange its font si)e and make the te"t in 'talics.
Inserting %ata tale in the chart.
*ight click on the blank area of the chart and select chart options from the pop%
up menu.
( 3* )
The -hart Aptions dialog bo" will appear.
-lick the ata ta#le tab and tick S&o! ata ta#le as shown below. -lick O$
The chart will appear in with the data table as below.
( 3+ )
@egend
Changing
the chart
t-pe.
*igh
t%
click
on the chart area then from the sub%menu that appears select the chart
type command.
The following chart type dialog bo" appears.
( 4% )
'n the C&art t%pe bo" select line and click O$"
The following result will be seen.
Adding Chart %ata using drag#and#drop:
( 41 )
/ata can be added to embedded charts by dragging new source data from the
worksheet onto the chart.
Steps:
+dd data to the data table. The data of -elia has been added.
Units Sol t&is Cuarter
4a1i Ellen Ma- Celia
Ianuar% 0F 27 07 05
/e#ruar% 36 37 03 04
Marc& 27 05 4 0F
Totals ;8 98 (J 8.
Select the added data in the worksheet.
Move the mouse pointer over an edge of the selection until it becomes an
arrow.
/rag the selection onto the chart area. The mouse pointer displays a small
GHI sign to show that data is being copied onto the chart.
To add the data release the mouse button.
The following result is available.
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Cell eferencing
+ reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and tells Microsoft
!"cel where to look for the values or data we want to use in a formula. With
references we can use data contained in different parts of a worksheet in one
formula or use the value from one cell in several formulas. We can also refer to
cells on other sheets in the same workbook and to other workbooks. *eferences
to cells in other workbooks are called links"
Wh- to use cell references.
'nstead of hard typing all the values used in our spreadsheet it is possible
to use cell references. This means that your spreadsheet becomes more
dynamic and will change accordingly when the values in the cells change.
+ny formulas that contain cell references that are entered in lowercase or
mi"ed case Gi.e. $2.=6I will be automatically changed to uppercase.
+n individual cell can be referenced by an unlimited number of formulas.
+ cell reference does not have to contain an operator unless we want to
use it to perform some operation.
Cell $eferences on the same *orksheet:
't is possible to use references to other cells that are on the same worksheet. We
can insert a cell reference into a formula by either typing the address
directly or by selecting the cell with the mouse. When we use the mouse
to enter a cell reference the address will appear automatically and a
dotted line will appear around the cell.
Ance the cell Gor range of cellsI has been selected click back into the formula bar
to enter the rest of the formula. We can use either the formula bar to add
and edit our formulas or we can edit them directly in the cell.
Select cell /4 enter an e&ual sign and immediately select cell /2 as shown
below.
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The cell addresses of any cells that we select will automatically be included in
our formula. We can easily include more cell references by inserting an
operator and then selecting on another cell. !"cel uses colour coding to
help you manage our cell references. !ach cell reference and the cell it
refers to are displayed in the same colour. The colour coding makes it very
easy to identify which references in the formula match which cells on the
worksheet.
This has been shown below.
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Press the Enter key to confirm the final formula.
Cell $eferences on a different *orksheet on the same *orkook:
't is possible to use references to other worksheets in formulas. @ets assume
that we have another worksheet in our workbook called Sheet2 and that
this worksheet contains a number in cell 46. To select a cell on a different
worksheet we can use the worksheet tabs at the bottom to switch between
the worksheets. Type the formula as usual and at the point where we want
to include the cell reference select that worksheet using the tabs at the
bottom. We will notice that the corresponding prefi" JSheet2KJ will be
automatically inserted into our formula.
Select cell /1. $efore selecting the original worksheet we must either insert
another operator or press the !nter key to confirm the formula.
( 45 )
Works&eets Ta#
Cell $eferences to a *orksheet in a different *orkook:
't is possible to use references to cells in other workbooks. These workbooks can
either be open or closed. When the referenced workbook is open the
formula is displayed as shown.
The name of the workbook must be surrounded by s&uare brackets.
'f the name of the worksheet contains any spaces then the worksheet name must
be enclosed in single &uotes.
'f the referenced workbook is not currently open then the full directory location of
the file can be used.
( 4) )
To create a cell reference to another workbook open the other workbook first and
then use the Window drop%down menu to switch to the other workbook
and select the re&uired cell.
When we create a cell reference to a different workbook the actual data is stored
in the other workbook and a copy of the data is just displayed.
The cell references will still update even when the other workbook is closed.
/#% $eferences:
We can use references to perform calculations on cells that span a range of
worksheets in a workbook. This techni&ue is e"tremely useful if we want to
summari)e a group of worksheets that all have an identical layout.
LS<MGSheet0.Sheet1K+3I
Steps:
Type GLI sign on the active cell in a worksheet.
-lick the tab for the first worksheet to be referenced.
=old down S=',T and click the tab for the last worksheet to be referenced.
Select the cell or range of cells to be referenced.
0amed $anges:
't is possible to include named ranges in the formulas and using them in our
formulas can often make our formulas a lot easier to understand. 'nstead
of referring to a cell K?4.K Gor a range of cellsI using the cell address we
can actually use a descriptive name.
( 4$ )
'n the e"ample below a worksheet named range has been created for cell J/3J
called KNameLRangeL4.K"
We can insert named ranges into our formula by selecting EInsert > Name >
CreateF.
T-pes of Cell $eferences:
We can refer to cells using relative absolute or mi"ed cell referencing.
Relati1e References will change so they refer to cells relative to the cell
containing the formula.
'#solute References will always refer to the same cells.
Mi-e References will have a part of the cell address absolute and a part
relative by locking in either the column or the row.
$elati,e Cell references:
This is the most widely used type of cell reference in formulas. *elative cell
references are basic cell references that adjust and change when copied or when
using +uto,ill.
!"ample.
LS<MG$5.$4I as shown below changes to LS<MG-5.-4I when copied across
to the ne"t cell.
( 4* )
Asolute Cell $eferences:
Situations arise in which the cell reference must remain the same when copied or
when using +uto,ill. 4ollar signs are used to hold a column andMor row
reference constant.
( 4+ )
E-ample:
'n the e"ample below when calculating commissions for sales staff we would
not want cell $37 to change when copying the formula down. We want both the
column and the row to remain the same to refer to that e"act cell. $y using
N$N37 in the formula neither the row nor the column changes when copied.
Cell B20 doe not change
!hen "illed.
( 5% )
E-ample:
-alculation of prices of items with two different price discounts.
'n the formula shown in cell /36 by making the first cell reference N-36 the
column will be prevented from changing when copied across but allow the row to
change when copying down to accommodate the prices of the different items
going down. $y making the last cell reference +N21 the row number can be kept
from changing when copied down but the column is allowed to change and
reflect discount $ when copied across. The graphics and the cell results below
e"plain it further.
( 51 )
Copie 'cross
Copie 4o!n
( 52 )
We can also use 078 and 058 in the actual formulas but only if we are sure the
discount percentages will never change % which is highly unlikely. 'tCs more likely
that eventually those percentages will need to be adjusted. $y referencing the
cells containing 078 and 058 and not the actual numbers when the percentage
changes all we need to do is change the percentage one time in cell +21 andMor
$21 instead of rebuilding all of our formulas. !"cel would automatically update
the discount prices to reflect the discount percentage change.
Summar% of a#solute cell reference uses:
N+0
+llows the row reference to change
but not the column reference.
+N0
+llows the column reference to
change but not the row reference.
N+N0
+llows neither the column nor the
row reference to change.
There is a shortcut for placing absolute cell references in the formulasK
While typing a formula after typing a cell reference % press the /6 key. !"cel
automatically makes the cell reference absoluteK $y continuing to press /6
!"cel will cycle through all of the absolute reference possibilities. ,or e"ample
in the first absolute cell reference formula is L$1ON$N07 ' could have typed
L$1O$07 then pressed the /6 key to change $07 to N$N07. -ontinuing to press
/6 would have resulted in $N07 then N$07 and finally $07. Pressing /6
changes only the cell reference directly to the left of the insertion point.
"i(ed Cell $eferences:
+ mi"ed reference can also be created by making part of cell address absolute
and a part relative by locking in either the column or the row. The above
e"ample of sale price comparisons can be treated as an e"ample of mi"ed cell
referencing.
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( 54 )
Introduction to Tall!
Tally is a versatile accounting package based on a window interface. +ll screens
in tally are viewed as windows processing the following.
+ title bar that displays the name of the application.
+ tally icon to the left that pulls down a menu comprising restore move
si)e ma"imi)e and minimi)e menu items.
Three small buttons to the right that activates minimi)e ma"imi)e and
closure of window.
The advantages of the package are.
%ata $eliailit-: Tally offers e"tremely high reliability data. Tally uses a fle"i%
field fle"i%length self inde"ed weighted file structure for a e"tremely compact
and fast database. Tally is robust and will not be affected even if there is a power
failure or if the machine is shut down while the system is still functioning and
hence there will be no data loss.
%ata Securit-: Tally use of data integrity checks ensures that no e"ternal
change to the data can pass thru Tally. 't also uses a binary encoding format of
storage to prevent devious grouping of information.
Tall- Audit: Tally audit feature provides the user with administrator rightsP a
capability to audit for the correctness of the entries made by authori)ed users
and alters them if needed. Ance entries are audited if there are any alterations
made to those entries then Tally will display all the altered entries along with the
name of the user who has altered the entry and date and time of alteration.
Tall- 1ault: Tally offers a data encryption option called Tally #ault. The Tally
vault password given cannot be broken by any means.
User defined securit- le,els: Tally offers high levels of security. The user
can define multiple levels of security as per his re&uirements and every
authori)ed user in the company can have individual passwords with rights to use
specific features only. The user with administrator level password will have full
access and can set controls to other users.
Internal 2ackup3$estore: Tally has an in built user friendly $ackup and
*estore option. The user can take a backup in the local hard disk or in any
e"ternal media. Tally provides the user with capability to take backups of one or
more companies or all companies in a single directory.
( 55 )
Installation of tall!
'nsert the Tally -/ and access the contents of the -/ drive.
/ouble click the 'nstall icon.
This runs the Tally set up. + dialog bo" is displayed as shown below.
The 'pplication 4irector% houses the tally software the 4ata 4irector% stores
all the data entered by the user through tally and the Configuration 4irector%
contains the initiali)ation file.GTally.iniI -lick on Install button.
( 5) )
Creating a new
com"an!# $AT
+ company is basically a file where transactions relating to a particular company
are entered. + company may be a sole proprietorship partnership Qoint Stock
-ompany. The day to day transactions at home can also be entered.
Steps:
,rom the -ompany 'nformation screen select Create Compan%.
-trlH- can also be used to create a company.
Compan% Information Screen
The following Screen +ppears as shown below.
( 5$ )
!nter the re&uired information and accept the screen.
The re&uired company will be created.
The following chart shows the fields which are to be necessarily filled and the
ones which can be skipped while creating a company.
/iel 4escription
(ame Mandatory ,ill in the name of the company.
Mailing (ame +ddress Aptional 't can be different from that of the
company name. 't is picked up for
inclusion in reports generated by tally.
!mail +ddress Aptional 't can be specified for using e%
services from tally.
'ncome ta" (o. Aptional
-urrency Symbol Mandatory -ountry or transaction specific
MaintainG+ccounts
onlyMwith inventory
Mandatory -hoose as per re&uirement. -hange
can be made later by pressing ,00.
,inancial >ear Mandatory
$ooks $eginning ,rom Mandatory
Tally #ault Password Aptional
$ase -urrency 'nfo Mandatory 'nput as per re&uirement
( 5* )
+cceptM*eject Mandatory -reates -ompany if accept is chosen
$alue Added Tax %$AT&
#alue +dded Ta" is a multi point sales ta" with set off for ta" paid on purchases. 't
is basically a ta" on the value addition on the product. The burden of ta" is
ultimately born by the consumer of goods. 'n many aspects it is e&uivalent to last
point sales ta". 't can also be called as a multi point sales ta" levied as a
proportion of #alued +dded.
The discussion regarding the #+T and the implementation which is being planned
is only confined to the State. There is no proposed -entral #+T at present in the
time frame of 0.1.3772. +ll the States are drafting their separate #alue +dded Ta"
+ct and as per the present position every State will have a separate #+T +ct with
different provision not corresponding with each other. 't can be stated that the
proposed #+T +ct is the primary stage of #+T.
't is proposed that there would be two ta"es rate slabs on which ta" would be
levied. The first one would be 18 and would cover all essential items. The
second one is 078 and all lu"ury items would be covered. 'n addition special rate
slabs are also proposed which are 08 for bullion and jewellery 378 for (on
!ssential ?oods and e"emption to certain goods like agricultural produce etc.
Petroleum products are not included in #+T rates. Separate rate would be
notified for them.
Set off EInput CreitF: +t present the set off would be available on the goods
locally purchased within the State only. (o set off would be available to the goods
purchased in the course of inter state trade and commerce. 't will be necessary
to produce the ta" invoice to claim set off. The ta" should have been charged in
the invoice.
E-empte Goos: Some goods would be declared as e"empted by the State
?overnment under the proposed #+T +ct. =owever the present views as per
guide lines issued by the State ?overnment are that no set off would be allowed
on the e"empted goods. 't means that the ta" suffered on the raw material for
manufacture of e"empted goods would not be refunded.
Manufacturer: The manufacturer would be re&uired to purchase raw material
after paying full ta" on the rate applicable on such material. <nlike the present
system wherein the manufacturer can purchase the goods at a concessional rate
of ta" against declaration form no declaration form will be re&uired to be issued
by the Manufacturer. The input ta" suffered by him would be adjusted R set off
from the sale of the finished product. The ta" adjustment of input credit of the
goods purchased within the State would be available on the sales made within
the State and also on the interstate sales subject to the ta" payable. (o
( 5+ )
adjustment would be available of the input credit in case of branch transfer
consignment sale.
Traer: The trader would be re&uired to collect ta" on the sales made by him and
the ta" liability would be set off R adjusted from the purchase R input ta" credit of
the goods locally purchased in that State.
Issue of in1oice: <nder the proposed #alue +dded Ta" +ct issue of invoice
would be mandatory. (o set off R input credit would be allowed unless the original
ta" invoice is produced wherein ta" is clearly charged separately in the invoice.
'ccounting: The basic account books re&uired for the purpose of #+T +ct are
Purchase and Sale *egister. $oth the registers would be the basis on which the
calculation of payment of ta" would be made. The normal practice of entering the
gross value of Purchase bill would be changed. The assesses would be re&uired
to enter the value of goods in the goods +Rc and the amount of ta" in the Ta" +Rc
separately. The accounting process has been shown below by means of an
illustration.
Steps for recording 1AT entries in tall-:
An the main gate!a% of tally press /,, to reach the compan% features
menu and select Statutor% * Ta-ation.
( )% )
Main Gate!a% of Tall%
( )1 )
Select Statutor% * Ta-ation
The following screen appears after selecting Statutory 9 Ta"ation.
Select 7es on Ena#le ='T option as well as SetM'lter ='T 4etails option.
( )2 )
The following screen appears.
,ill in the re&uired #+T details as shown above and accept the screen.
This will enable #+T feature in tally.
(e"t step is to create @edger accounts as shown below.
An the main gateway of tally select 'ccounts Info>5eger>Create.
Input ='T N 6O
( )3 )
Purc&ase
Similarly Output ='T N 60 Sales * ='T Pa%a#le 'Mc3s are created.
,inally the entries are made as shown below.
( )4 )
Entr% for purc&ase of goos
Entr% for sale of goos
( )5 )
Entr% for ='T creit
( )) )
='T Computation
Conclusion on ='T:
#+T would change the nature of trade in the coming years but the medium level
of trade that is -9, agents distributors stockiest etc. would face problems as
the companies would reduced the tier of marketing. Similarly small retail dealers
would be re&uired to maintain more accounts or pay composition money which
cannot be collected from the customers. The present provision of -ST and #+T
can not go together. +fter the abolition of -ST the direct marketing concept may
gain ground and the necessity of having warehouse godowns etc. in all states
may decrease or finish. 't would adversely affect the trade and employment of
the states.
( )$ )
'ooks of Accounts
'ccounting is the art of systematic recording classifying summari)ing in a
significant manner and in terms of money transactions and events which are in
part at least of financial character and interpreting the results thereof.
%oule &ntr- S-stem of Accounting.
!very financial transaction in an organi)ation has two aspects. There will always
be inflow of cash or kind on one side and outflow on the other. Thus according to
this system e1er% e#it &as an e2ual an corresponing creit" +ll the
entries are made in accordance with the debit and credit rules relating to various
types of accounts as shown in the chart below.
Chart of Accounts:
Personal 'ccounts Real 'ccounts Nominal 'ccounts
4e#it The *eceiver What comes in !"penses 9 @osses
Creit The ?iver What goes out 'ncomes ?ains
The basic steps in +ccounts -ompilation documents used and report are
represented by the flow diagram below.
Re,-r#i(g ".assi/'i(g
P-s0i(g
"-(s-.i#a0i(g
Re1-r0 2e(era0i-(
( )* )
3e#ger A,,-u(0s
4-ur(a. E(0r' 5-u,her Tra(sa,0i-(
Tria. 6a.a(,e
6a.a(,e Shee0 Pr-/i0 7 3-ss A,,-u(0
)enerating 2ooks of Accounts through Tall-:
(ew groups or ledgers are created as per user re&uirements.
The balances from the previous years balance sheet are entered first.
@edger +ccounts with opening balances are created.
+s and when financial transactions occur ledger accounts are created and
then entries are made in respective journals.
Where there is stock involved <nits of measurement and stock items are
also entered.
The stock entries are carried out in stock journal.
When all transactions are correctly entered the day books are
automatically created.
+lso postings to ledgers generation of Trial $alance Profit 9 @oss
account and $alance Sheet are carried out automatically with no user
intervention.
This process is illustrated by the illustration mentioned below.
,ollowing data availavle Tanu industriesSSGas per case of my TuestionI
Opening :alances:
-apital 3U3U57
-ash 57777
$ank 057777
Apening Stock U3U77
@Pro SS 377 tons V 037 31777
(pro @S U77 kg V 5 2577
(pro SS 0657 kg V 35 10357
*Prod + 0777 Bg V 1 1777
Salary paid by cash *s.0777
-ash Sales for *s.0777 *prod+ 377 kgs V *s. 5
-ash drawn from '$ che&ue no. 72036U *s. U5777
-ash deposited in -$ *s.37777M%
Payment through -entral $ank -he&ue (o. 67F676 for +uditor fees
*s.0777M%
Payment through '$ $ank -he&ue (o. 72010F5 for purchase of @pro SS
57 tons V *s.035
$ank purchases -he&ue (o. 7201264 @pro SS 57 tons V 035
-he&ue deposited in '$ for sales of *prod+ 177 kgs V 5
-ash sales of *prod+ 377 kgs V 5
-ash Sales of (pro SS 077 kgs V 36.5
-ash received as commission *s. 0577
-ash sales of @pro SS 57 tons V 035 9 (pro SS 057 kgs V 36.5
Sales Arder 0. #imal (ath 9 -o. orders (pro @S 577 kgs V 6. +lso give
discount of 38
( )+ )
-ash received as commission *s. 3777
'nvoice entry for the sales order 0
-ash sales of (pro @S 377 kgs V 6
Sales Arder 3. +lpha 'ndustries order (pro SS 077 kgs V 36.5
'nvoice entry for sales order 3
Purchase from Mehta 'ndustries @pro SS 57 tons V 035
*aise a debit note for the same
Purchase from $imanlal +gencies (pro SS 057 kgs V 36.5
*aise a debit note for the same
-redit note for rejection of (pro SS 57 kgs V 36.5 by +lpha 'ndustries
Sales to alpha 'ndustries (pro SS 277 kgs V 36.5
Sales to #imal (ath 9 -o. (pro SS 677 kgs V36.5
-ash receipt of rent *s. 0777
-ash receipt of interest on investment *s.0577
Sales to #imal (ath 9 -o. (pro SS 277 kgs V 36.5 and @pro SS 57 tons
V 035
Sales to +lpha 'ndustries (pro SS 057kgs V 36.5
Second purchase from +beeth 'ndustries 2777 kgs V 05
-redit note for #imal (ath 9 -o. (pro SS 177 kgs V 36.5
Purchase order for $imanlal +gencies @pro SS 57 tons V 035
Second sales to +crobat 0577 kgs V 06
Purchase order for Mehta 'ndustries @pro SS 57 tons V 035
!nter the above as purchases
Purchase from $imanlal +gencies (pro SS 277 kgs V 36.5
Purchase from Mehta 'ndustries (pro SS 057 kgs V 36.5
-ash sales of @pro SS 077 tons V 035
-ash sales of (pro SS 577 kgs V 36.5
Purchase from $imanlal +gencies. (pro SS 057 kgs V 36.5 @pro SS 077
tons V 035 *prod+ 077 kgs V 5 -arriage 'nward *s35
-ash sale of scrap wastages
Solution:
,irst step will be to create a company to record the above transactions. -ompany
can be created by following the steps e"plained earlier. =ere since inventory
record is also re&uired so books with inventory are to be created.
@edger +ccounts will be created. To create ledger +Mc the following path will be
followed. Main Gate!a% of Tall%>'ccounts Info>5egers>Create
+ ledger creation window will appear. 'n the (ame column write the name of the
+Mc to be created and in the uner column choose a group under which the
ledger +Mc will lie. @edger +Mcs can also be created while making voucher entry
by pressing +ltH-.
( $% )
This has been shown below.
Since in this illustration accounts with inventory are maintained units of
measurement and stock items will also be created by following the path. Main
Gate!a% of Tall%>In1entor% info>Stock itemsMUnits of Measurement>Create"
( $1 )
/or creating units of measurement
'n the s%m#ol column symbol of the unit e.g. kg is to be specified. 'n the formal
name the complete name is to be given.
/or creation of stock items
The units of measurement if not created earlier can also be created at the time of
creating stock items by pressing +ltH- in units column.
When all the ledgers and stock items are created the ne"t step is to pass
voucher entries.
=ouc&er entr%:
+ voucher is a basic document where financial transactions are entered. /ata is
entered by choosing the #oucher entry option from the main gateway of tally.
( $2 )
There are different voucher types for recording different transactions. The right
side on the screen displays a list of vouchers.
=ouc&er t%pes:
T%pe Purpose 'ccount 'mount 'mount
-ontra *ecords fund transfers
$Mw cash 9 bank +Mcs
-ashG-ash in handI
$ank
Wfor withdrawalX
/ebit
-redit
$ank
-ashG-ash in handI
/ebit
-redit
Payment *ecords all bank cash
payments
@edger +Mc paid
GS. -rs.M!"p.I
$ankM-ash
/ebit
-redit
*eceipt *ecords all bank 9 cash
receipts
$ankM-ash
@edger +Mc recvd.
GS. /rs.M'ncome rec.I
/ebit
-redit
Qournal *ecords adjustments bMw
ledgers
GParticularsI /ebit
-redit
Sales *ecords all sales $uyers +Mc
Sales +Mc
Sales ta"
/ebit
-redit
-redit
-redit note *ecords -redit note for
sales returns
Sales +Mc
Sales ta" +Mc
$uyers +Mc
/ebit
/ebit
-redit
Purchase *ecords all purchases Purchases +Mc
Suppliers +Mc
/ebit
-redit
/ebit (ote *ecords /ebit note entry
for purchase returns
Suppliers +Mc
Purchases Mc
/ebit
-redit
4ifferent t%pes of 1ouc&ers are s&o!n #elo!:
( $3 )
Contra =ouc&er
Pa%ment =ouc&er
( $4 )
Receipt =ouc&er
Sales =ouc&er
( $5 )
Creit Note
( $) )
Purc&ase =ouc&er
4e#it Note
( $$ )
Sales Orer
Purc&ase Orer
( $* )
Stock Iournal for Stock Transfer entries
When all the voucher entries have been made we proceed to look at the Trial
$alance in which the balances of all the ledger aMc are consolidated. ,or this we
follow the path. Main gate!a% of tall%>4ispla%>Trial :alance
Trial :alance
( $+ )
/inal reports:
The final reports are automatically generated by tally.
Profit * 5oss 'Mc
This report depicts the operating profitMloss for a given period. $eing the main
report it is present on the main gateway of tally.
<ori+ontal ProfitMloss 'Mc
:alance S&eet
$alance Sheet provides the information about the financial position of the
business. This report can also be accessed from the main gateway of tally.
The $alance sheet as generated in this illustration is shown below.
( *% )
:alance S&eet
( *1 )
( *2 )
Introduction to $isual 'asic
#isual $asic is a high level programming language evolved from the earlier /AS
version called $+S'-. $+S'- means $eginners +ll Purpose Symbolic
'nstructions -ode. 't is a fairly easy programming language to learn.
#isual $asic is a visual and events driven programming language. 'n $+S'-
programming is done in a te"t only environment and the program is e"ecuted
se&uentially. 'n #isual $asic programming is done in a graphical environment.
$ecause users may click on any object randomly so each object has to be
programmed independently to be able to respond to those actions. Therefore
#isual $asic program is made up of many sub%programs each has its own
program codes and each can be e"ecuted independently and at the same time
each can be with others in one way or the other.
Loading $isual 'asic
To load #isual basic -lick on Start in the bottom left hand corner on the
Windows Taskbar select Programs and select Microsoft =isual :asic as
shown below.
( *3 )
The $isual 'asic
En(ironment
The #isual $asic !nvironment is made up of several windows. The initial
appearance of the windows on the screen will depend on the way the
environment has been set up.
Toolbo" Toolbar ,orm /esigner Window Properties Window
Project !"plorer Window
T&e =isual :asic Screen
( *4 )
Tool 2ar
#isual $asic Tool $ar functions like a tool bar in any other Microsoft application.
't provides shortcuts for many of the common operating commands. 't also shows
the dimensions and location of the form being currently designed.
Tool#ar
Toolo(
Toolbo" gives access to the controls that are used on a form. + toolbo" is an
object such as a button label or grid. !ach control appears as a button in the
toolbo".
Te"t $o" @abel $utton @ist $o"
Tool#o-
Pro4ect &(plorer Windo*
+ project is a collection of forms and codes that make up an application. 'f this
window is not displayed on the screen choose ProHect E-plorer from the =ie!
menu.
ProHect e-plorer Wino!
( *5 )
'orm %esigner Windo*
This window is used to design the form that make up the user interface. 'f this
window is not displayed on the screen choose o#Hect from the =ie! menu.
/orm 4esigner Wino!
Properties Windo*
+ form and each control on it has a set of properties which control its
characterstics such as si)e position and colour. 'f it is not displayed on the
screen choose properties !ino! from the =ie! menu.
Properties Wino!
( *) )
'uilding $isual 'asic
A""lication
,irst of all we will launch #isual $asic from the start menu to get the new project.
The Ne! ProHect dialog bo" appears as shown below.
Select Stanadrd.!"e and then click Apen. (ormally a default form ,orm0 will be
available to start the project. 'f we double click on the form a source code window
will appear as shown below.
( *$ )
Source Coe !ino!
E-ample:
We will key in the lines mentioned below between the two statements in the
source code window.
Private sub ,ormY@oadGI
,orm0.show
Print :Welcome to #isual $asic;
!nd Sub
The following result would be seen.
We can also perform arithmetic calculations as shown below8
( ** )
E-ample:
Private Sub ,ormY+ctivateGI
Print 37H07
Print 37%07
Print 37O07
Print 37M07
!nd Sub

The following result would be seen.
( *+ )
Steps in uilding a 1isual 2asic Application
There are three steps in building an application.
/esigning the forms by drawing controls
Set initial property for the form and controls
Write code to perform the re&uired tasks.
%ra*ing Controls
't is a two step process.
+dd the control by double clicking on it in the tool bo".
Position and si)e the control by clicking and dragging it on the form.
4esigning a form
( +% )
"o,ing Controls
-ontrols can be moved around a form by bragging them with the mouse.
Setting Properties
Ance the control is positioned correctly on the form the properties need to be
customi)ed. This re&uires us to change the te"t that is displayed in the label
control from default :@abel0; to some other caption. The font and alignment of the
control can also be changed. To change the properties for a specific control the
control must be selected. The properties window will show the properties for the
control.
Selecte control
Propert% Wino! s&o!ing
Properties for t&e selecte control
( +1 )
$unning the Application
When the codes for the controls have been written running the application allows
us to activate the code. -lick on Run>Start on the tool bar.
'f several forms have been designed in a project then first the form to be run is
selected as shown below.
Select proHect, properties from proHect menu on the toolbar.
+ dialog bo" will appear. Select the form to be run in the start up object bo" and
click AB. Then run the form.
( +2 )
Sa,ing the Application
-lick on the save button on the toolbar. #isual $asic first asks us to save the
form and then the project. The file e"tension :frm indicates that the file is a form
file.
( +3 )
Program to displa- the names of cities of the selected state
/orm 4esign
Two labels are used to provide instructions and for guidance displaying
:Select State; and :-ity;.
+ combo bo" is used to enable the user to select a state from a list of
states.
+ list bo" is used to display the names of the cities of the selected state.
Source Coe
( +4 )
Result
An selecting :<ttar Pradesh; in the combo bo" a list of cities of <ttar Pradesh
appear in the list bo".
Similarly if we select some other state like Punjab the corresponding cities i.e.
:-handigarh; :+mritsar; and :Qalandhar; will be displayed.
Program to displa- the closing ank alance
/orm 4esign
( +5 )
Three labels are used to provide instructions and for guidance.
Ane label is used to display the result i.e. closing balance.
Two te"t bo"es are used to input data.
Ane list bo" is used so that the user can click and select the type of
transaction from the list.
Ane command button is used to e"ecute the refresh command.
Source Coe
/or Refres& :utton
/or t&e main program
( +) )
Result
'n the first te"t bo" the initial value of balance at bank is given
'n the second te"t bo" the transaction amount is given.
'n the list bo" the type of transaction is to be selected.
This will display the result in the label as shown above.
'f debit is selected the transaction amount and initial balance are added to show
the closing balance.
'f credit is selected the transaction amount is subtracted from the initial balance
to show the closing balance.
Selecting e"it unloads the form.
( +$ )
Program to print the tale of an- numer
/orm 4esign
Ane label is used to provide instructions and for guidance.
Ane te"t bo" is used to input the number for which table is to be printed.
Ane list bo" is used to display the table.
,ive command buttons are used to e"ecute the commands.
Source Coe
/or ispla%ing t&e ta#le
( +* )
/or Refres& :utton
/or E-it :utton
/or Goto :utton
/or 'rra% :utton
( ++ )
Result
+fter giving a number in the te"t bo" click on the table button. The table will be
displayed in the list bo".
-licking on the refresh button clears the te"t bo" and list bo" so that another data
may be provided.
-licking on the goto button takes us to another form.
-licking on the e"it button unloads the form.
-licking on the array button displays the array as shown below.
( 1%% )