1.

A magnet is moving towards a coil with a

uniform speed v as shown in the figure.
State the direction of the induced current in
the resistor R.
Sol. As the magnet moves, flux through the coil changes which
in turn induces an emf in the coil and due to this there is an
induced current in the coil, the direction of induced current
is such that it opposes the flux-change i.e., motion of the
magnet. So, in order to maintain the Lenzs lawthe current
in resistor is from X to Y coming from the inductor.
2. A square coil, OPQR of side a, carrying a
current I, is placed inthe YZ-plane as shown
in figure. Find the magnetic moment
associated with this coil.
Sol. For any current carrying loop, the magnetic
moment will be
IA (i)
As A area vector, has the direction
perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
As, loop is in the YZ- plane so, it is clear that A
has the direction perpendicular to YZ- plane i.e.,
in X-direction.
Therefore, Eq. (i) can be written as
IAi
$
If the side length of the coil is a
Then, A a
2
I a
2
$
i
3. Give one example each of a system
that uses the
(i) sky wave
(ii) space wave mode of propagation.
Sol. (i) Example of sky wave mode of propagation
is short wave broadcast services.
(ii) The example of space wave communication
is microwave links or satellite communi-
cation or television broadcast.
X Y
S N
v
R
Time : 3 hrs Max. Marks : 70
CBSE Sample Paper
Physics-XII
Ful l y Sol ved (Question-Solution)
Issued by Central Board of Secondary Education
Latest
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. There are 30 questions in total. Questions no. 1 to 8 are very short answer type questions and carry one mark each.
3. Questions no. 9 to 18 carry two marks each, questions no. 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions no. 28 to 30 carry
5 marks each.
4. One of the questions carrying three marks weightage is value based question.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, 1 question of 3 marks
and all 3 questions of five marks each weightage. You have to attempt only 1 of the choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you may use log tables if necessary.
7. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary c 3 10
8
ms
1
, h .

663 10
34
Js,
e

1 6 10
19
. C,
0
7
4 10

TmA
1
, 1/4
0
9
9 10 Nm
2
-C
2
,
X
Y
Z
P
Q
R
O
I
1
1
1/2
1/2
4. A concave mirror, of aperture 4 cm, has
a point object placed on its principal
axis at a distance of 10 cm from the
mirror. The image, formed by the mirror,
is not likely to be a sharp image. State
the likely reason for the same.
Sol. The incident rays are not likely to be paraxial
(i.e., parallel to the principal axis).
Here, distance of the point is large as compare to the
aperture of the mirror.
5. Two dipoles, made fromcharges t q and
t Q, respectively, have equal dipole
moments. Give the
(i) ratio between the separations of
these two pairs of charges
(ii) angle between the dipole axis of
these two dipoles.
Sol. Suppose, length between the two charges of the
dipoles is d d
1 2
and respectively.
Dipole moments of the dipoles are qd Qd
1 2
and
(i) By the question
qd Qd
1 2
or
q
Q
d
d

2
1
(ii) The angle between the dipole axis of these two
dipoles will be zero.
6. The graph, shown here, represents the
V-I characteristics of a device. Identify
the region, if any, over which this device
has a negative resistance.
Sol. As we see that the milliampere current in the region
BC is decreasing with voltage increasing; so it is
clear that resistance is negative in this region.
7. Define the term transducer for a
communication system.
Sol. Transducer It converts energy from one form to
another for example, electrical transducer converts
the physical signal into electrical signal.
8. State the steady value of the reading of
the ammeter inthe circuit shownbelow.
Sol. At steady state the capacitor is fully charged.
So, there is no current through the circuit which
ammeter shows zero current through the electrical
circuit (capacitor behaves as to be open circuited).
9. The following table gives data about the
single slit diffraction experiment.
Wavelength of light
Half angular width of
the principal maxima

p q
Find the ratio of the widths of the slits
used in the two cases. Would the ratio of
the half angular widths of the first
secondary maxima, in the two cases, be
also equal to q?
Sol. Let d d and are the width of the slits in the two
cases.
As,

d
...(i)
and
p
d
q

(ii)
On dividing, Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get

q
d
p
d

d
d
q
p

Yes, ratio of the half angular width of the secondary
maxima in two cases be equal to q.
10. N spherical droplets, each of radius r,
have been charged to have a potential V
each. If all these droplets were to
coalesce to form a single large drop,
what would be the potential of this large
drop?
(It is given that the capacitance of a
sphere of radius x equals 4
0
k x).
Or
Two point charges, q q
1 2
and , are
located at points ( , , ) and ( , , ) a b 0 0 0 0
respectively. Find the electric field, due
to both these charges, at the point,
( , , ) 0 0 c .
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|2
A
+
V
C
R
+

O
I (mA)
A
B
C D
V (volt)
10 cm
1
1
1
1
1
2
Sol. Total charge on all the droplets , initially,
N krV 4
0

(Given, capacitance of sphere of radius x is 4

0
kx)
Also, N r R
4
3
4
3
3 3

R N r
1 3 /
If V is the potential of the larger drop, then
4 4 4
0 0
RV k rV
V
Nr
R
V N V
2 3 /
Or
r a c
1
+ i k and r b c
2
+ j k
Net electric field at point ( , , ) 0 0 c
E
net
Electric field due to charge q
1
+ electric field
due to charge q
2
E
i k j K
net

+
+

+
+
1
4
0
1
2 2 3 2
2
2 2 3

q a c
a c
q b c
b c
( )
( )
( )
( )
/ / 2

1
]
1
[Q| | ( )
/
r
2
2 2 2 2 1 2
+ + b c b c
and | | ( ) ].
/
r
1
2 2 1 2
+ a c
11. When a given photosensitive material is
irradiated with light of frequency , the
maximum speed of the emitted
photoelectrons equals v
max
. The square
of v
max
, i.e., v
max
2
, is observed to vary
with , as per the graph shown below.
Obtain expressions for
(i) Plancks constant
(ii) The work function of the given
photosensitive material, in terms of
the parameters l n , and the mass m
of the electron.
Sol. We have, KE
1
2
max max
mv
2
h
0
frequency and
0
work function
v
h
m m
max
2 0
2 2

_
,


(i)
This is like as the equation of the straight line with v
2
is at the place of Y (variable), is at the place of
X
m
and
2
0
is at the place of constant C having
slope is equal to
2h
m
.
Comparing Eq. (i) with the graph, we get
2h
m n

l
or h
m
n

l
2
and l
2
0
m
or
0
2
ml
12. For the circuit shown below, would the
balancing length increase, decrease or
remain the same, if
(i) R
1
is decreased (ii) R
2
is increased
without any other change, (in each case)
in the rest of the circuit. Justify your
answers in each case.
Sol. (i) If the value of R
1
decreases.
As we know that V IR
1 1

R decreases, V
1
decreases
But potential gradient would be increased.
(ii) If the value of R
2
increases the balancing length
would be increased (The terminal potential
difference of the cell would be increased).
13. Find the potential energy associated
with a charge q, if it were present at the
point P with respect to the set-up of two
charged spheres, arranged as shown in
figure. Here, O is the mid-point of the
line O O
1 2
.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|3
n O
l
Frequency

v
Square of the speed
2
max
X
Y
Z
a
c
b
( , 0, 0) a
(0, 0, ) c
(0, , 0) b
r
2 q
1
q
2
r
1
( )
( )
K
1
K
2
R
1
R
2
A B
+
+
J
G
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
q
P O
r
1
r
2
O
1
O
2
r
b
a
C
=
a
+
b
2
(
)
Sol. As, r O P r a b
1 1
2 2
2 + + ( )
and r O P r a b
2 2
2 2
2 + + ( )
Now, potential (net) at P due to both the charges,
V
Q
r
Q
r
net

_
,

1
4
0
1
1
2
2

+ +
+
+ +

1
]
1
1
4 2 2
0
1
2
2 1 2
2
2 2 1 2

Q
r a b
Q
r a b { ( ) } { ( ) }
/ /
Potential energy of charge q at P qV

+
+
+ +

1
]
1
q Q
r a b
Q
r a b 4 2 2
0
1
2 2 1 2
2
2 2 1 2
{ ( ) } { ( ) }
/ /
14. An athlete peddles a stationary tricycle
whose pedals are attached to a coil
having 100 turns each of the area 0.1
m
2
. The coil, lying in the XY-plane is
rotated, in this plane, at the rate of
50 rpm about the Y-axis, in a region
where a uniform magnetic field,
B k (0.01)
$
tesla, is present. Find the
(i) maximum emf
(ii) average emf generated in the coil
over one complete revolution.
Sol. Hence given that, for the coil
Number of turns N 100, Area A 01 . m
2
Speed of rotation 50 rpm
50
60
5
6
rev
1
Magnetic field B 0 01 .
$
k
(i) Maximum emf generator in the coil is
NBA NBA f 2 [Q 2 f ]
100 01
5
6
2 0.01 .

6
V
0 52 . V
(ii) The average emf generator in the coil over a
complete revolution 0
(Because average value of cosine of an angle
over a complete revolution is zero andexpression
of emf contains the terms cos in it).
15. A monochromatic source, emitting light
of wavelength 600 nm, has a power
output of 66 W. Calculate the number of
photons emittedby this source in2 min.
Sol. Here, wavelength of light 600 nm


600 10
9
m

6 10
7
m
Power output 66W
Now, energy of a photon, E
hc

66 10 3 10
6 10
34 8
7
.
E

3 3 10
19
. J
Given, energy emitted per second 66J.
Number of photons emitted per second
n

66
3 3 10
19
.
2 10
20
.
Therefore, number of photons emitted in 2 min
n 2 60
2 10 120
20
2.4 10
22
photons
16. For the circuit shown below, find the
current flowing through the1 resistor.
Assume that the two diodes, D D
1 2
and ,
are ideal diodes.
Sol. Diode D
1
is forward biased while diode D
2
is reverse
biased.
Hence, resistance of the diodes can be taken as zero
for D
1
and infinity for D
2
.
Then circuit becomes
( D
1
as short circuits and D
2
as open circuit)
Using Ohms law, I
+

6
2 1
2 A
Current through 1 resistance is 2 A.
17. The galvanometer, in each of the two
given circuits, does not show any
deflection. Find the ratio of the resistors
R R
1 2
and , used in these two circuits.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|4
1
2
2
D
1
D
2
6 V
+
1
2
6 V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
G
G
4
6 9
6 12
8
R
1
R
2
6 3.0 V
Circuit 1 Circuit 2
3.0 V 1.20
Sol. For circuit 1, from Wheatstone bridge balance
condition
R
1
4
9
6
R
1
6
For circuit 2, the interchange of the positions of the
battery and the galvanometer does not change the
Wheatstone bridge balance conditions.
R
2
6
8
12

R
2
4

R
R
1
2
6
4
or
R
R
1
2

3
2
18. The electron, in a hydrogen atom,
initially in a state of quantumnumber n
1
makes a transition to a state whose
excitation energy, with respect to the
ground state, is 10.2 eV. If the
wavelength, associated with the photon
emitted in this transition, is 487.5 nm,
find the
(i) energy in eV and
(ii) value of the quantum number n
1
of
the electron in its initial state.
Sol. In a hydrogen atom, the energy E
n
of an electron in a
state havingprinciple quantumnumber nis given by,
E
n
n

136
2
.
eV
E
1
136 . eV
and E
2
34 . eV
It follows that the state n 2has an excitation energy
of 10.2 eV (i.e., E E
2 1
). Hence, the electron is
makinga transition fromn n
1
to n 2, where n
1
2 >
(i) Now, E E
hc
n
1
2

and
hc

energy of the radiator

6.63 10 3 10
487. 5 10 1.6 10
34 8
9 19

663 3
487 5 16
10
2
.
. .
2 55 . eV
E
n
1
34 2 55 + . .
~
0.85eV
(ii) We have, E
n
n
1
136
1
2

.

136
1
2
.
n
0 85 .
n
1
4
19. Three identical polaroid sheets
P P P
1 2 3
, and are oriented so that the
(pass) axis of P P
2 3
and are inclined at
angles of 60 and 90, respectively, with
respect to the (pass) axis of P
1
. A
monochromatic source S, of intensity I
0
,
is kept in front of the polaroid sheet P
1
.
Find the intensity of this light, as
observed by observers O O O
1 2 3
, and ,
positioned as shown below.
Sol. Intensity observed by
Observer O
I
o
1
2

Observer O
I
2
0 2
2
cos

I
0
2
2
2
60 cos
I
0
8
Observer O
I
3
0 2
8
90 60 cos ( )

I
0 2
8
30 cos
I
0
8
3
4

3
32
0
I
20. A fine pencil of -particles, moving with
a speed v, enters a region (region I),
where a uniform electric and a uniform
magnetic field are both present. These
-particles then move into region II
where only the magnetic field, (out of
the two fields present in region I), exists.
The path of the -particles, in the two
regions, is as shown in the figure.
(i) State the direction of the magnetic
field.
(ii) State the relation between E and Bin
region I.
(iii) Drive the expression for the radius of
the circular path of the -particle in
region II.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|5
S
O
1
O
2
O
3
P
1
P
2
P
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + + +

q
E II
I
S
If the magnitude of magnetic field, in
region II, is changed to n times its
earlier value, (without changing the
magnetic field in region I) find the
factor by which the radius of this
circular path would change.
Sol. (i) The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane
of paper and its direction is inward to the plane
paper.
(ii) In region I,
| | | | f f
e m

where f f
e m
and is electric force and the
magnetic force acting on charge respectively.
qE qvB
E vB
(iii) In region II,
mv
r
qvB
2

r
mv
qB

Substituting the value of v in above equation,

we get
r
mE
qB

2
Let B nB ( )denotes the newmagnetic field in
region II. If r is the radius of the circular path
followed by the charge, then
r
mv
qB
mE
qnB

2
Hence, radius of the circular path would be
decreased by a factor n.
21. Draw an appropriate ray diagram to
show the passage of a white ray,
incident on one of the two refracting
faces of a prism. State the relation for
the angle of deviation, for a prism of
small refracting angle.
It is known that the refractive index ,
of the material of a prism, depends on
the wavelength , of the incident
radiation as per the relation

+ A
B
2
where A B and are constants. Plot a
graph showing the dependence of on
and identify the pair of variables, that
can be used here, to get a straight line
graph.
Sol.
For a small angled prismof refracting angle, angle of
deviation is given by
( ) 1
where, is the refractive index of the material of the
prism.
To get a straight line graph, we need to use

and
1
2
as the pair of the variables.
Note The refractive index of a material depends
slightly on the wavelength of light as the relation,

+
0
2
A
. Here, Ais known as Cauchys constant.
22. Define the terms
(i) mass defect
(ii) binding energy for a nucleus and state
the relation between the two.
For a given nuclear reaction the
binding energy/nucleon of the product
nucleus/nuclei is more thanthat for the
original nucleus/nuclei. Is this nuclear
reaction exothermic or endothermic in
nature? Justify your choice.
Or
(i) The number of nuclei, of a given
radioactive nucleus, at times t 0 and
t T , are N
0
and
N
n
0

_
,

respectively.
Obtain an expression for the half-life
( )
/
T
1 2
of this nucleus interms of n T and .
(ii) Identify the nature of the radioactive
radiations, emitted in each step of the
decay chain given below
z
A
z
A
z
A
z
A
X Y Y W

2
4
2
4
1
4
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|6

min

max

W
h
ite
lig
h
t
b
e
a
m
Glass prism
Angle of prism
S
c
r
e
e
n
O
A

1
1
1
1
1
1
Sol. (i) Mass defect (M) of any nucleus
Z
A
X, is the
difference in the mass of the nucleus (M)and the
sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons
( ) M
M M M
[ ( ) ] ZM A Z M M
p n
where, M
p
mass of the proton
and M
n
mass of the neutron
(ii) Binding energy is the energy required to separate
a nucleus into its constituent nucleons. The
relation between the two is
Binding energy (mass defect) c
2
where, c speed of the light
This is a case of release of energy (reaction is so
called exothermic).
Reasons Increase in binding energy/nucleon
implies that more mass has been converted into
energy. This wouldresult in release of energy.
Or
(i) As we know that (from the law of radioactivity)
N N e
t

Given, N
N
n

0
and time T

N
n
N e
t 0
0

_
,


n e
t

ln ( ) n
T
(i)
Half-life, T
T
n
1 2
0 6931 0 693
/
. .
ln ( )

[by Eq. (i)]

for ,
/
T N
N N
n
n
1 2
0 0
2
2

1
]
1
(ii) X Y Y W

23. Draw the waveforms for the
(i) input AM wave at A,
(ii) output B, of the rectifier and
(iii) output signal C, of the envelope
detector.
Sol. Figures are shown below
(i) Waveform for the input AM wave at A
(ii) Waveform for the output B of the rectifier
(iii) Waveformfor the output signal C, of the envelope
detector
24. The capacitorsC C
1 2
and , having plates
of area A, each are connected in series,
as shown below. Compare the
capacitance of this combinationwiththe
capacitorC
3
, againhaving plates of area
A each, but made up as shown in the
figure.
Sol. We have,
C
A K
d
1
0 1

and C
A K
d
2
0 2

Equivalent capacitance, C
CC
C C

+
1 2
1 2
C
A
d
K K
K K

_
,

0 1 2
1 2
Now, capacitor C
3
can be considered as the
combination of two capacitors C
1
and C
2
, each
having plate area A, separation between the plates is
d and are connected in series.
Let C C
31 32
and are two capacitors which are the
constituent of C
3
then,
C
A K
d
31
0 1

and C
A K
d
32
0 2

C
C C
C C
3
31 32
31 32

+


+

_
,

0 1 2
1 2
A
d
K K
K K
C

C
C
3
1
Hence, net capacitance of the combination is equal
to that of C
3
.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|7
AM wave
Rectifier
Envelope
Detector
Output
M t ( )
C B A
time
time
time
K
2
K
1
d d
C
1
C
2
K
1
K
2
2d
C
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25. (a) Write the formula for the velocity of
light in a material medium of relative
permittivity
r
and relative magnetic
permeability
r
.
(b) The following table gives the
wavelength range of some
constituents of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
S.No. Wavelength Range
1. 1 mm to 700 nm
2. 0.1 m to 1 mm
3. 400 nm to 1 nm
4. < 10
3
nm
Select the wavelength range and name
the (associated) electromagnetic waves,
that are used in
(i) RADAR systems for aircraft
navigation.
(ii) earth satellites to observe growth of
crops.
Sol. (a) The velocity of length in a medium having
permittivity and permeability
0
, is given by
v

v
r r

0
1
0

r r
t
t

_
,

0 0
and
(b)(i) Wavelength range 0.1 m to 1 mm is
microwaves.
(ii) Wavelength range 1 mm to 700 nm is infrared
waves.
26. Suhasinis uncle was advised by his
doctor to have an MRI scan of his chest.
Her uncle did not know much about the
details and significance of this test. He
also felt that it was too expensive and
thought of postponing it.
When Suhasini learnt about her uncles
problems, she immediately decided to
do something about it. She took the help
of her family, friends and neighbours
and arranged for the cost of the test. She
also told her uncle that an MRI
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan of
his chest would enable the doctors to
know of the condition of his heart and
lungs without causing any (test related)
harm to him. This test was expensive
because of its set up that needed strong
magnetic field (0.5 T to 3 T) and pulses
of radiowave energy.
Her uncle was convinced and had the
required MRI scan of his chest done.
The resulting information greatly
helped his doctors to treat him well.
(a) What according to you, are the values
displayed by Suhasini and her family,
friends and neighbours to help her
uncle?
(b) Assuming that the MRI scan of her
uncles chest was done by using a
magnetic field of 1.0 T, find the
maximum and minimum values of
force that this magnetic field could
exert on a proton (charge


16 10
19
. ) that was moving with a
speed of 10
4
ms
1
. State the
condition under which the force has
its minimum value.
Sol. (a) The values displayed by suhasini, her family,
friends and neighbours are
(i) The presence of mind with high degree of
general awareness.
(ii) Solution making capacity in the middle of
difficulties, peoples promoting skill that how
two tackle the bad situation easily.
(iii) Empathy; helping and caring nature.
(b) Maximum magnetic force F qvB qvB sin
(as 90 )
F

1 6 10 10 1
19 4
. N


1 6 10
15
. N
Minimum force will be zero, as v and B are
parallel to each other i.e., 0 .
27. Aconducting rod X Y sides freely on two
parallel rails, A B and , with a uniform
velocity v. A galvanometer G is
connected , as shown in the figure and
the closed circuit has a total resistance
R. A uniform magnetic field, perpendi-
cular to the plane defined by the rails
A B and and the rod XY (which are
mutually perpendicular), is present over
the region, as shown below.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|8
1
1
1
2
1
G
A
B
Y
X
K
v
(a) With key K open
(i) Find the nature of charges developed
at the ends of the rod XY.
(ii) Why do the electrons, in the rod XY,
(finally) experience no net force even
through the magnetic force is acting
onthemdue to the motionof the rod?
(b) Howmuch power needs to be delivered,
(by an external agency), to keep the rod
moving at its uniformspeed when key K
is (i) closed (ii) open?
(c) With key K closed, how much power
gets dissipated as heat in the circuit?
State the source of this power'.
Or
Box A, in the set up shown below,
represents an electric device often
used/needed to supply, electric power
from the (AC) mains, to a load.
It is known that V V
o i
< .
(a) Identify the device A and draw its
symbol.
(b) Draw a schematic diagram of this
electric device. Explain its principle
and working. Obtain an expression
for the ratio between its output and
input voltages.
(c) Find the relation between the input
and output currents of this device
assuming it to be ideal.
Sol. (a) (i) As due to relative motion between the
conductor XY and the magnetic field, there
is an induced emf in the conductor which is
the cause to induced current from end Y to
end X in conductor XY.
Also, we know that the flow of positive is
always high potential to low potential. So,
we concluded that at the end Y positive
charge is developed while at the end X
negative charge is developed.
(ii) The magnetic force F
m
experienced by the
moving electrons gets balanced by the
electric force due to the electric field, caused
by the charges developed at the ends of the
rod. Hence, net force on the electrons inside
the rod. Finally, become zero.
(b) (i) When key K is closed, the power required to
be delivered by the external energy
P F v I B v
m
( ) l (as F i l B)

vB
R
Bv
l
l Q I
R
vB
R

1
]
1
l

v B
R
2 2 2
2
l
.
(ii) When K is opened, there is an induced emf
but no induced current. Hence, power that
required to be delivered is zero.
(c) Power dissipation as heat, (K is closed)
P i R
B v
R

2
2 2
l
The source of this power is the mechanical
work-done by the external agency.
Or
(a) Device A is transformer (step-down) which
symbol
(b)
In step-down transfer number of winding in
primary side is greater than number of winding in
secondary side.
Principle Transformer is a device which converts
the high voltage AC into low voltage AC and
vice-versa. Step-down transformer is used to
convert high voltage AC to low voltage AC. It is
based upon the principle of mutual induction.
When an alternating current is passed through a
coil, an induced emf is set up in the other coil
which is neighbouring.
Working When an alternating current is passed
through the primary, the magnetic flux through
the iron core changes. It produces an emf in
primary and induced emf is also setup in the
secondary. Let emf at the primary and secondary
be V V
1 2
and respectively.
V N
d
dt
1 1


and V N
d
dt
2 2


where N N
1 2
and are number of turns in primary
and secondary of the transformer respectively.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|9
P
PN
S
SN
N
2
N
1
Load
Secondary
winding
Primary
winding
AC
source
Input
AC
V
i
V
o
A
Load
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
V
V
N
N
1
2
1
2
Ratio of primary voltage or emf to
the secondary voltage or emf
Now,
output voltage
input voltage

V
V
N
N
2
1
2
1
(c) As, the transformer assumed to be ideal it means
there is no resistive drop of power in the windings
of the transformer.
i.e., power in primary side is equal to the power at
the secondary side.
V I V I
1 1 2 2

I I
1 2
and is the current in the primary coil (input
current) and secondary coil (output current
respectively).
I
I
V
V
N
N
k
1
2
2
1
2
1

Here, k is known as the transformation ratio.
28. Define the terms depletion layer and
barrier potential for a p-n junction
diode. How does an increase in the
doping concentrationaffect the width of
the depletion region?
Draw the circuit of a full wave rectifier.
Explain its working.
Or
Why is the base region of a transistor
kept thin and lightly doped?
Draw the circuit diagram of the set-up
used to study the characteristics of a
n-p-n transistor in its common emitter
configuration. Sketch the typical (i)
input characteristics and (ii) output
characteristics for this transistor
configuration.
How can the output characteristics be
used to calculate the current gain of the
transistor?
Sol. With the formation of p-n junction, the holes from
p-region diffuse into the n-region and electrons from
n-region diffuse into p-region,also the electron-hole
pair combine and get annihilated. This in turn
produces potential barrier V
B
across the junction
which opposes the further diffusion through the
junction. Thus small region formed in the vicinity of
the junction which is depleted of free charge carrier
and has only immotile ions is called the depletion
layer.
Now, the potential difference established across the
depletion layer is known as the barrier potential for the
p-n junction diode.
The width of depletion layer decreases with increase
in doping concentration.
The circuit using two diodes shown in figure (belows
gives output rectified voltage corresponding to both
the positive as well as negative half of the ACcycle. It
is known as full wave rectifier. Here the p-side of the
two diodes are connected to the secondary of the
transformer. The n-side of the diodes are connected
together and the output is taken between this
common point of the diodes and the mid-point of the
secondary of the transformer. So far a full-wave
rectifier, the secondary of the transformer is provided
with a centre tapping and so it is called centre-tap
transformer.
Voltage rectified by each diode is only half the total
secondary voltage. Each diode rectifies only for half
the cycle, but the two do so for alternate cycles. Thus
output between common terminals and the
centre-tap of the transformer becomes a ful
wave-rectifier output.
Suppose, the input voltage at A with respect to the
centre-tap at a time is positive, the voltage at B being
out of phase will be negative. So, diode D
1
gets
forward biased and conducts while D
2
being reverse
biased and not conducting.
When voltage at A becomes negative with respect to
centre-tap, the voltage at B would be positive, diode
D
1
would not be conduct while diode D
2
would
conduct.
So, there are output current and output voltage during
negative as well as positive half cycle of the input (AC)
and hence this is more efficient circuit for getting
rectified voltage.
Output waveforms across the load R
L
converted in
full-wave rectifier circuit.
Or
The base region of a transistor is thin and lightly
doped so that the base current I
B
is very small as
compared to the emitter current for an electronic
circuit.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|10
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
A
B
Diode 2( ) D
2
Diode 1( ) D
2
Centre-Tap
Transformer
R
L
Output
X
Y
Full-wave rectifier circuit
O
u
t
p
u
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
(
a
c
r
o
s
s
)
R
L Due to
D
1
Due to
D
2
Due to
D
1
Due to
D
2
t
1
The circuit diagram of the set-up used to study the
characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in its common
emitter configuration is as below.
And the input and output characteristics are as
shown below
The current gain () of a transistor in common emitter
configuration is,

I
I
c
B
I I
C B
and can be obtained from the two curves in
output characteristics.
29. (i) A thin lens, having two surfaces of radii
of curvature r r
1 2
and , made from a
material of refractive index
2
, is kept in
a medium of refractive index
1
. Derive
the Lens Makers formula for this
set-up.
(ii) A convex lens is placed over a plane
mirror. A pin is now positioned, so that
there is no parallax between the pin and
its image formed by this lens-mirror
combination. How can this observation
be used to find the focal length of the
convex lens? Give appropriate reasons
in support of your answer.
Or
The figure, drawn here, shows a
modified Youngs double slit
experimental set up. If SS SS
2 1
4


.
(i) State the condition for constructive
and destructive interference.
(ii) Obtain an expression for the fringe
width.
(iii) Locate the position of the central
fringe.
Sol. (i) Consider the situation as below
Two surfaces of the lens are ADB AEB and
The general equation for the reflection at a
spherical surface is

2 1 2 1
v u R


(i)
For the first refraction, the object at O and the
image is at O then fromEq. (i), we get (for surface
ADB)

2
1
1
v u


2 1
1
r
(ii)
Similarly, for the second refraction, from Eq. (i),
we get (for surface AEB)

2 1
1
v v


1 2
2
r
(iii)
Adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get

1 2 1
1 2
1 1 1 1
v u r r

_
,

_
,
( )

1 1
1
1 1
2
1 1 2
v u r r

_
,

_
,

For u , v will be equal to f

1
1
1 1
2
1 1 2
f r r

_
,

_
,

(iv)
This is lens Makers formula for the situation.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|11
100
80
60
40
20
0
2 4 6 8 10
V =
CE
10 V I
C
(in A)
Input characteristic
10
8
6
4
2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
Q
P
I
C
(in A)
V =
CE
(in volts)
50 A = I
B
30 A = I
B
20 A = I
B
Output characteristic
O
P
S
1
S
S
2
O
1
A
B
O C
2
D E C
1
I
P
H
r
2
r
1
u v
v
1
G
1

2
1
1
1
1
1
V
BE
V
EB
I
B
T
A
mA
I
E
V
V
CC
E
C
B
m
1
1
1
Now, suppose refractive index of material of the lens
is and it is place in air then
2
and
1
1

1
1
1 1
1 2
f r r

_
,
( )
This is the lens makers formula because it tells what
curvature needto make a lens of desiredfocal length.
(ii) The rays must falls normally on the plane mirror so
that the image of the pin concide with itself.
Hence, rays like CA DB and forms a parallel beam
incident on the lens.
Therefore, P is positioned on the focus of the lens and
distance OP equals to the focal length of the lens.
Or
(i) Initial path difference

4
And path difference between disturbance from
S S
1 2
and at a point P
dy
D
Now, total path difference, + x
dy
D

4
For constructive interference,
+

_
,
x
dy
D
n
n

4
where, n 0 1 2 , , , .......

y d
D
n
n

_
,

1
4
(i)
For distructive interference,
Total path difference +

x
dy
D
n

4
( ) 2 1
2
n

y d
D
n
n

_
,
2
3
2 2

(ii)
(ii) Fringe width
+
y y
n n 1
+

_
,
+

1
]
1
n n
D
d
1
1
4
1
4

[from Eq. (i)]

D
d

+
y y
n n 1
[As, +

_
,

1
]
1
+
y y n n
D
n n 1
2 1
3
2
2
3
2
( )

D
d
(iii) The position of
0
of central fringe is obtained
by putting n 0 in Eq. (i), or in Eq. (ii),
y
D
d
0
4

Here, negative sign shows that central fringe
is obtained at a point below the central point
on the screen.
30. Excessively large amount of energy
is released in an uncontrolled way in
a nuclear bomb explosion. Some
scientists have expressed fear that a
future nuclear war on earth would be
followed by a severe nuclear winter
with a devasting effect on life on
earth.
Answer the following questions
based on above possible scenario.
(i) Name the basic principle
responsible for release of large
amount of energy in a nuclear
bomb explosion. How will the
nuclear bomb explosion result in
nuclear winter?
(ii) Which two human values need to
be promoted in individuals so that
such a situation of nuclear winter
does not arise?
(iii) Suggest any one method to
promote these values in school
students.
Sol. (i) The basic principle responsible for release of
large amount of energy in a nuclear bomb
explosion is uncontrolled nuclear chain
reaction.
The thick smoke produced due to nuclear
explosion would perhaps cover substantial
parts of the sky preventing solar light from
reaching many parts of the earth resulting in
lowering of atmospheric temperature. Thus
nuclear bomb explosion results in nuclear
winter.
(ii) The two human values are
(a) International understanding.
(b) Love for humanity/non-violence.
(iii) (a) Group discussion for value clarification.
(b) Vigorous campaign for spreading aware-
ness using mass media.
Latest CBSE Sample Paper-XII Physics|12
A B
C D
O
D
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1