C. Segre (IIT) : PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

How to Make a Fresnel Lens
The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

shape but this is impractical to make.
h(x) =
2
o
f
2
when h(x) = 100 1000m
x = 10
2
o
f 100m
aspect ratio too large for a stable structure
and absorption would be too large!
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 October 12, 2010 1 / 8
h(x) =
2
o
f
2
when h(x) = 100 1000m
x = 10
2
o
f 100m
h(x) =
2
o
f
2
when h(x) = 100 1000m
x = 10
2
o
f 100m
h(x) =
2
o
f
2
when h(x) = 100 1000m
x = 10
2
o
f 100m
h(x) =
2
o
f
2
when h(x) = 100 1000m
x = 10
2
o
f 100m
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mark o the longitudinal zones (of thickness
) where the waves inside and outside the
material are in phase.
Each block of thickness serves no
purpose for refraction but only attenuates
the wave.
This material can be removed and the
remaining material collapsed to produce
a Fresnel lens which has the same optical
properties as the parabolic lens as long as
f N where N is the number of zones.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
the wave.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
the wave.
Fresnel Lens Dimensions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The outermost zones become very small and
thus limit the overall aperture of the zone
plate. The dimensions of outermost zone, N
can be calculated by rst dening a scaled
height and lateral dimension
=
h(x)
=
x
2
o
f
Since =
2
, the position of the N
th
zone
is
N
=
N and the scaled width of the N

th
(outermost) zone is
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
=
h(x)
=
x
2
o
f
Since =
2
th
zone
is
N
=

th
(outermost) zone is
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
=
h(x)
=
x
2
o
f
Since =
2
th
zone
is
N
=

th
(outermost) zone is
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
=
h(x)
=
x
2
o
f
Since =
2
th
zone
is
N
=

th
(outermost) zone is
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
=
h(x)
=
x
2
o
f
Since =
2
th
zone
is
N
=

th
(outermost) zone is
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
=
1
1
N
1
1
2N
N

1
2
N
The diameter of the entire lens is thus
2
N
= 2
N =
1
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
=
1
1
N
1
1
2N
N

1
2
N
2
N
= 2
N =
1
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
=
1
1
N
1
1
2N
N

1
2
N
2
N
= 2
N =
1
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
=
1
1
N
1
1
2N
N

1
2
N
2
N
= 2
N =
1
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N
=
N

N1
=
N 1
=
1
1
N
1
1
2N
N

1
2
N
2
N
= 2
N =
1
N
Fresnel Lens Example
In terms of the unscaled variables
x
N
=
N
2
o
f
=
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
x
N
=
N
2
o
f =
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
x
N
=
N
2
o
f =
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
x
N
=
N
2
o
f =
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
x
N
=
N
2
o
f =
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
x
N
=
N
2
o
f =
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
x
N
=
N
2
o
f =
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m
d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
x
N
=
N
2
o
f =
o
f
2N
d
N
= 2
N
=
2
o
f
N
= 2
2
o
f =
2N
o
f
If we take
o
= 1
A = 1 10
10
m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
x
N
= 5 10
7
m d
N
= 2 10
4
m = 100m
Making a Fresnel Zone Plate
/2
The specic shape required for a zone plate
is dicult to fabricate, consequently, it
is convenient to approximate the nearly
triangular zones with a rectangular prole.
In practice, since the outermost zones
are very small, zone plates are generally
fabricated as alternating zones (rings for
2D) of materials with a large Z-contrast,
such as Au/Si or W/C.
This kind of zone plate is not as e-
cient as a true Fresnel lens would be in the
x-ray regime. Nevertheless, eciencies up
to 35% have been achieved.
/2
/2
Tangential Focusing Mirror
The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus.
Consider a 1:1 focus-
ing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on
the ellipse to the foci is a constant.
F
1
P + F
2
P = 2a
F
1
B = F
2
B = a
sin =
b
a
=
b
2f
a
b
F
1
F
2
P B
1
f
=
1
o
+
1
i
=
2
a
f =
a
2
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focus-
F
1
P + F
2
P = 2a
F
1
B = F
2
B = a
sin =
b
a
=
b
2f
a
b
F
1
F
2
P B
1
f
=
1
o
+
1
i
=
2
a
f =
a
2
F
1
P + F
2
P = 2a
F
1
B = F
2
B = a
sin =
b
a
=
b
2f
a
b
F
1
F
2
P B
1
f
=
1
o
+
1
i
=
2
a
f =
a
2
F
1
P + F
2
P = 2a
F
1
B = F
2
B = a
sin =
b
a
=
b
2f
a
b
F
1
F
2
P B
1
f
=
1
o
+
1
i
=
2
a
f =
a
2
F
1
P + F
2
P = 2a
F
1
B = F
2
B = a
sin =
b
a
=
b
2f
a
b
F
1
F
2
P B
1
f
=
1
o
+
1
i
=
2
a
f =
a
2
F
1
P + F
2
P = 2a
F
1
B = F
2
B = a
sin =
b
a
=
b
2f
a
b
F
1
F
2
P B
1
f
=
1
o
+
1
i
=
2
a
f =
a
2
F
1
P + F
2
P = 2a
F
1
B = F
2
B = a
sin =
b
a
=
b
2f
a
b
F
1
F
2
P B
1
f
=
1
o
+
1
i
=
2
a
f =
a
2
Saggital Focusing Mirror
Ellipses are hard gures to make,
so usually, they are approximated
by circles. In the case of saggital
focusing, an ellipsoid of revolution
with diameter 2b, is used for focus-
ing.
saggital
= b = 2f sin
The tangential focus is also usually
approximated by a circular cross-
section with radius
tangential
= a =
2f
sin
F
1
F
2
2b
ing.
saggital
= b = 2f sin
section with radius
tangential
= a =
2f
sin
F
1
F
2
2b
ing.
saggital
= b = 2f sin
section with radius
tangential
= a =
2f
sin
F
1
F
2
2b
ing.
saggital
= b = 2f sin
section with radius
tangential
= a =
2f
sin
F
1
F
2
2b

C. Segre (IIT) : PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

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How to Make a Fresnel Lens

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

N and the scaled width of the N

N and the scaled width of the N

N and the scaled width of the N

N and the scaled width of the N

N and the scaled width of the N

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