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El documento presenta 8 ejemplos de integrales definidas resueltas paso a paso. En cada ejemplo se describe la integral original, los pasos para resolverla mediante sustituciones y aplicación de propiedades, y la solución final expresada en función de la variable original.
El documento presenta 8 ejemplos de integrales definidas resueltas paso a paso. En cada ejemplo se describe la integral original, los pasos para resolverla mediante sustituciones y aplicación de propiedades, y la solución final expresada en función de la variable original.
El documento presenta 8 ejemplos de integrales definidas resueltas paso a paso. En cada ejemplo se describe la integral original, los pasos para resolverla mediante sustituciones y aplicación de propiedades, y la solución final expresada en función de la variable original.
integral (x^3+x-2)/x^2 dx For the integrand (x^3+x-2)/x^2, expand out the fraction: = integral (-2/x^2+x+1/x) dx Integrate the sum term by term and factor out constants: = integral x dx+ integral 1/x dx-2 integral 1/x^2 dx The integral of x is x^2/2: = x^2/2+ integral 1/x dx-2 integral 1/x^2 dx The integral of 1/x is log(x): = x^2/2+log(x)-2 integral 1/x^2 dx The integral of 1/x^2 is -1/x: = x^2/2+2/x+log(x)+constant Which is equal to: Answer: | | = (x^3+4)/(2 x)+log(x)+constant
Eje2. Take the integral: integral (sec^2(x))/sqrt(tan(x)) dx For the integrand (sec^2(x))/sqrt(tan(x)), substitute u = tan(x) and du = sec^2(x) dx: = integral 1/sqrt(u) du The integral of 1/sqrt(u) is 2 sqrt(u): = 2 sqrt(u)+constant Substitute back for u = tan(x): Answer: | | = 2 sqrt(tan(x))+constant Eje 3. Take the integral: integral (3 x+1)^2/x^(1/3) dx For the integrand (3 x+1)^2/x^(1/3), substitute u = x^(1/3) and du = 1/(3 x^(2/3)) dx: = 3 integral u (3 u^3+1)^2 du Expanding the integrand u (3 u^3+1)^2 gives 9 u^7+6 u^4+u: = 3 integral (9 u^7+6 u^4+u) du Integrate the sum term by term and factor out constants: = 27 integral u^7 du+18 integral u^4 du+3 integral u du The integral of u^7 is u^8/8: = (27 u^8)/8+18 integral u^4 du+3 integral u du The integral of u^4 is u^5/5: = (18 u^5)/5+(27 u^8)/8+3 integral u du The integral of u is u^2/2: = (27 u^8)/8+(18 u^5)/5+(3 u^2)/2+constant Substitute back for u = x^(1/3): = (27 x^(8/3))/8+(18 x^(5/3))/5+(3 x^(2/3))/2+constant Which is equal to: Answer: | | = 3/40 x^(2/3) (45 x^2+48 x+20)+constant
Eje 4. Para resolver esta integral, hay que tener en cuenta que:
tan(x) = sec(x) - 1
Por lo tanto:
tan(x) dx = tan(x) * [sec(x) - 1] dx
Distribuimos:
tan(x) dx = tan(x) * sec(x) dx - tan(x) dx
Para resolver la primera integral, tomamos t = tan(x), de manera que dx = dt / sec(x) [pods hacerlo paso por paso para comprobar]. Entonces:
Que es directa, ya que responde a la forma u' / u. Entonces:
tan(x) dx = - Ln|cos(x)|
Finalmente:
tan(x) dx = [tan(x)]/2 - [- Ln|cos(x)|] + c
tan(x) dx = (1/2) * tan(x) + Ln|cos(x)| + c
Otra Forma: Take the integral: integral tan^3(x) dx Use the reduction formula, integral tan^m(x) dx = (tan^(m-1)(x))/(m-1) - integral tan^(m-2)(x) dx, where m = 3: = (tan^2(x))/2- integral tan(x) dx Rewrite tan(x) as (sin(x))/(cos(x)): = (tan^2(x))/2- integral (sin(x))/(cos(x)) dx For the integrand (sin(x))/(cos(x)), substitute u = cos(x) and du = -sin(x) dx: = (tan^2(x))/2- integral -1/u du Factor out constants: = (tan^2(x))/2+ integral 1/u du The integral of 1/u is log(u): = log(u)+(tan^2(x))/2+constant Substitute back for u = cos(x): = (tan^2(x))/2+log(cos(x))+constant Which is equivalent for restricted x values to: Answer: | | = (sec^2(x))/2+log(cos(x))+constant
Eje 5. Take the integral: integral (sqrt(731) x^(1/4))/(x^2)^(1/3) dx Factor out constants: = sqrt(731) integral x^(1/4)/(x^2)^(1/3) dx Expanding the integrand x^(1/4)/(x^2)^(1/3) gives (x^2)^(2/3)/x^(7/4): = sqrt(731) integral (x^2)^(2/3)/x^(7/4) dx For the integrand (x^2)^(2/3)/x^(7/4), simplify powers: = sqrt(731) integral 1/x^(5/12) dx The integral of x^(-5/12) is (12 x^(7/12))/7: = 12/7 sqrt(731) x^(7/12)+constant Which is equivalent for restricted x values to: Answer: | | = (12 sqrt(731) (x^2)^(2/3))/(7 x^(3/4))+constant
Eje 6. Take the integral: integral x/sqrt(3-x^4) dx For the integrand x/sqrt(3-x^4), substitute u = x^2 and du = 2 x dx: = 1/2 integral 1/sqrt(3-u^2) du Factor 3 out of the radical: = 1/2 integral 1/(sqrt(3) sqrt(1-u^2/3)) du Factor out constants: = 1/(2 sqrt(3)) integral 1/sqrt(1-u^2/3) du For the integrand 1/sqrt(1-u^2/3), substitute s = u/sqrt(3) and ds = 1/sqrt(3) du: = 1/2 integral 1/sqrt(1-s^2) ds The integral of 1/sqrt(1-s^2) is sin^(-1)(s): = 1/2 sin^(-1)(s)+constant Substitute back for s = u/sqrt(3): = 1/2 sin^(-1)(u/sqrt(3))+constant Substitute back for u = x^2: Answer: | | = 1/2 sin^(-1)(x^2/sqrt(3))+constant
Eje 7. Take the integral: integral sin(4 x) cos(3 x) dx Use the trigonometric identity sin(alpha) cos(beta) = 1/2 (sin(alpha-beta)+sin(alpha+beta)), where alpha = 4 x and beta = 3 x: = 1/2 integral (sin(x)+sin(7 x)) dx Integrate the sum term by term: = 1/2 integral sin(7 x) dx+1/2 integral sin(x) dx For the integrand sin(7 x), substitute u = 7 x and du = 7 dx: = 1/14 integral sin(u) du+1/2 integral sin(x) dx The integral of sin(u) is -cos(u): = -(cos(u))/14+1/2 integral sin(x) dx The integral of sin(x) is -cos(x): = -(cos(u))/14-(cos(x))/2+constant Substitute back for u = 7 x: = -(cos(x))/2-1/14 cos(7 x)+constant Which is equal to: Answer: | | = 1/14 (-7 cos(x)-cos(7 x))+constant
Eje 8. Take the integral: integral 1/(4 y^2-4 y-3) dy For the integrand 1/(4 y^2-4 y-3), complete the square: = integral 1/((2 y-1)^2-4) dy For the integrand 1/((2 y-1)^2-4), substitute u = 2 y-1 and du = 2 dy: = 1/2 integral 1/(u^2-4) du Factor -4 from the denominator: = 1/2 integral -1/(4 (1-u^2/4)) du Factor out constants: = -1/8 integral 1/(1-u^2/4) du For the integrand 1/(1-u^2/4), substitute s = u/2 and ds = 1/2 du: = -1/4 integral 1/(1-s^2) ds The integral of 1/(1-s^2) is tanh^(-1)(s): = -1/4 tanh^(-1)(s)+constant Substitute back for s = u/2: = -1/4 tanh^(-1)(u/2)+constant Substitute back for u = 2 y-1: = 1/4 tanh^(-1)(1/2-y)+constant Which is equivalent for restricted y values to: Answer: | | = 1/8 (log(3-2 y)-log(2 y+1))+constant