Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

publishing as
Prentice Hall
Digital Planet:
Tomorrows
Technology
and You
George Beekman Ben
Beekman
Tenth Edition
Digital Planet:
o!orro"#s echnology and
$ou
Chapter 1%
&yste!s Design and
De'elop!ent
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc pu!"ishing as Prentice #a""
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc pu!"ishing as Prentice #a""
Chapter 1% (b)ecti'es
$
%escri!e the process o& designing,
programming, and de!ugging a computer
program
$
E'p"ain (hy there are many di)erent
programming "anguages, and gi*e
e'amp"es o& se*era"
$
E'p"ain (hy computer "anguages are !ui"t
into app"ications, operating systems, and
uti"ities
$
+ut"ine the steps in the "i&e cyc"e o& an
in&ormation system, and e'p"ain the
purpose o& program maintenance
,
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(b)ecti'es *cont.+
$
E'p"ain the re"ationship !et(een computer
programming and computer science
$
%escri!e the pro!"ems &aced !y so&t(are
engineers in trying to produce re"ia!"e
"arge systems
$
E'p"ain (hy so&t(are companies pro*ide
on"y "imited (arranties &or their products
-
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Ho" People ,a-e Progra!s
$
Programming: specia"i.ed &orm o&
pro!"em so"*ing/ typica""y in*o"*es &our
steps0

1nderstanding the pro!"em

%e*ising a p"an &or so"*ing the pro!"em

Carrying out the p"an

E*a"uating the so"ution

2
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Ho" People ,a-e Progra!s
*cont.+
$
Programmers create a "ist o& sma""er
pro!"ems, (hich can !e !roken up into
su!pro!"ems
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This process is ca""ed stepwise
refnement
$
Top-down design: starts at top (ith main
ideas3 (orks do(n to detai"s
$
4esu"t o& step(ise re5nement is an
algorithm.
$
Programmers (rite a"gorithms in
pseudocode3cross !et(een computer
"anguage and p"ain Eng"ish
6
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.ro! Idea to /lgorith!
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7tep(ise re5nement0 !reaks pro!"em into
three parts3!eginning, midd"e, and end
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Control structures: "ogica" structures
contro" the order in (hich instructions are
carried out3se8uence, se"ection 9or
decision:, and repetition
$
Testing the a"gorithm0 designed to check
the "ogic o& the a"gorithm
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.ro! /lgorith! to Progra!
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;hen testing is comp"ete, the a"gorithm is
ready to !ecome a program
$
The process o& coding is (riting a
program &rom the a"gorithm
$
7tatements in the a"gorithm trans"ate
direct"y into "ines o& code in programming
"anguage
<
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/ &i!ple Progra!
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Program "ooks "ike detai"ed *ersion o& the
origina" a"gorithm
$
E*ery (ord, sym!o", and punctuation mark
has an e'act, unam!iguous meaning
$
=ey(ords ha*e prede5ned meanings and
are part o& standard *oca!u"ary o&
programming "anguage
$
Programmer de5nes (ords that represent
variables3named portions o& the
computer>s memory, (hich contents can
change
?
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Into the Co!puter
$
Program needs to !e entered into memory,
sa*ed as a disk 5"e, and trans"ated !e&ore
e'ecuted or run
$
To trans"ate the program into machine
"anguage, need trans"ation so&t(are0

Interpreter: trans"ates each statement

indi*idua""y

Compiler: trans"ates an entire program

Debugger: simp"i5es process o& "ocating

and correcting errors
10
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Progra!!ing 0anguages and
,ethodologies
$
Programming "anguages ha*e e*o"*ed to
pro*ide easier communication !et(een
computers and peop"e

Too"s &or pro&essiona" programmers

Programs &or students to "earn

&undamenta"s

7ome ena!"e users to automate repetiti*e

tasks and customi.e so&t(are app"ication
11
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,achine 0anguage
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achine language: nati*e "anguage o&
computer

@achines !ased on one machine "anguage

can>t understand programs (ritten in
another

@achine "anguage is a"" !inary !ut is

usua""y trans"ated into decima" 9!ase 10:,
he'adecima" 9!ase 16:, or some other
num!er system
12
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/sse!bly 0anguage
1,
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!ssembly language: easier to read,
(rite, and understand

!ssembler:
trans"ates each
assem!"yA
"anguage
instruction into
a machineA
"anguage
instruction
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High10e'el 0anguages
$
"igh-level languages: &a"" !et(een
natura" human "anguages and machine
"anguages

B+4T4CD and C+B+E a""o(ed scientists,

engineers, and !usiness peop"e to (rite
programs
$
Interpreters and compi"ers trans"ate highA
"e*e" "anguages into machine "anguage
1-
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High10e'el 0anguages
$
;e""Akno(n "anguages (ith (idespread use
inc"ude0

B+4T4CD

C+B+E

EI7P

BC7IC

Pasca"

CFF

Ga*a

Hisua" GFF

CI

Python

Cda

P4+E+G

E+G+
12
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&tructured Progra!!ing
$
#tructured programming: techni8ue
that makes programming process easier
and more producti*e
$
Bui"t &rom sma""er programs ca""ed
modules or subprograms
$
C program is (e"" structured i& the
&o""o(ing are true0

@ade o& "ogica""y cohesi*e modu"es

@odu"es arranged in a hierarchy

7traight&or(ard and reada!"e

16
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&tructured Progra!!ing
*cont.+
1J
1nstructured program (ith one "arge modu"e
7tructured program (ith sma"" (e"" de5ned modu"es
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(b)ect1(riented
Progra!!ing
$
$b%ect-oriented programming &$$P':
program not Kust a co""ection o& stepA!yA
step instructions or procedures/ it>s a
co""ection o& o!Kects
$
;ith ++P techno"ogy, programmers can
!ui"d programs &rom pre&a!ricated o!Kects
$
++P a"so makes it easy to use &eatures
&rom one program in other programs
$
++P is (e"" suited &or high"y interacti*e
programs
1<
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/spect1(riented
Progra!!ing
$
!spect-oriented programming:
separates each o!Kect>s &eatures into
separate programs that o*er"ap in
&unctiona"ity as "itt"e as possi!"e
$
It separates and prioriti.es a program>s
concerns, storing on"y the code re"ating to
primary &unctions a""o(ing &or greater
eLciency and independence
$
The goa" is to design systems in (hich
&ai"ure o& one &unction does not cause
other &unctions to &ai"
1?
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2isual Progra!!ing
$
(isual programming: ena!"e
programmers to create "arge portions o&
programs !y dra(ing pictures and pointing
to o!Kects
$
Hisua" programming can sa*e hours o&
coding time, especia""y (hen creating user
inter&aces
$
Because they simp"i&y the most diLcu"t
parts o& the programming process, *isua"
"anguages make programming more
accessi!"e to nonprogrammers
20
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0anguages 3or 4sers
$
acro languages: designed &or
nonprogrammers to automate repetiti*e
tasks
$
)ourth-generation languages
&*+,s': use Eng"ishA"ike phrases,
nonprocedura", and increase producti*ity/
may inc"ude 8uery "anguages
$
)i-th-generation languages &.+,s':
constraint dri*en (here programmer
de5nes conditions and computer so"*es
pro!"em 21
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Co!ponent &o3t"are
$
@odern app"ications make huge demands
on memory and hard disk space
$
Component so-tware: ena!"e users to
construct sma"" custom app"ications &rom
so&t(are components
$
Instead o& !uying programs (ith &eatures
you don>t need, you may !e a!"e to
do(n"oad on"y the components you (ant
22
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/gile De'elop!ent and
E5tre!e Progra!!ing
$
Cgi"e programming0 emphasi.es
communication, co""a!oration, and
sma""er, more &re8uent updates
$
In*o"*es c"ose communication (ith
customers and c"ients
$
/0treme programming: entire
programming team Mo(nsN the code
$
Pair programming reduces the num!er o&
indi*idua" errors
$
7ti"" outside the norm !ut gro(ing more
popu"ar
2,
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Progra!!ing 3or the 6eb
$
Programming too"s use&u" &or de*e"oping
;e! app"ications0

#T@E0 page description "anguage

O@E0 a po(er&u" markup "anguage

Ga*a7cript0 an interpreted scripting

"anguage

HB7cript0 @icroso&t>s ans(er to Ga*a7cript

Cction7cript0 popu"ar mu"timedia scripting

"anguage

Ga*a0 (ide"y used &or creating app"ets

Ccti*eO0 designed &or creating ;e!

components

Per"0 an interpreted scripting "anguage

P#P0 openAsource scripting "anguage

2-
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Progra!!ing 3or the Cloud
$
C"oud computing0 o)ers promise o&
un"imited processing po(er and storage
$
%ata used and sa*ed might !e stored
any(here and might change (hi"e
program is running
$
Programming too"s such as B"oom and
@irage are designed speci5ca""y &or the
c"oud
$
E'pectations &or desktop app"ications ha*e
changed !ecause o& rapid migration to the
c"oud
22
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Progra!s in Perspecti'e:
&yste!s
/nalysis and the &yste!s
0i3e Cycle
$
In-ormation systems: co""ections o&
peop"e, machines, data, and methods
organi.ed to accomp"ish speci5c &unctions
and to so"*e speci5c pro!"ems
$
Programming is on"y part o& the "arger
process o& designing, imp"ementing, and
managing in&ormation systems
26
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&yste!s De'elop!ent
$
#ystems development: pro!"emAso"*ing
process o&0

In*estigating a situation

%esigning a system so"ution to impro*e the

situation

Cc8uiring the human, 5nancia", and

techno"ogica" resources to imp"ement the
so"ution

E*a"uating the success o& the so"ution

$
The systems de*e"opment process !egins
(hen a pro!"em needs to !e so"*ed
2J
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he &yste!s De'elop!ent 0i3e
Cycle
1 In*estigation
2 Cna"ysis
, %esign
- %e*e"opment
2 Imp"ementation
6 @aintenance
J 4etirement
2<
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&yste!s De'elop!ent ools
and echni7ues
$
%ata co""ection techni8ues0 used during
any phase o& the systems de*e"opment "i&e
cyc"e
$
@ode"ing too"s0 graphic representations o&
a system, such as system Po(charts, data
Po( diagrams, data dictionaries, and
decision ta!"es
$
Computer-aided systems engineering
&C!#/': commercia""y a*ai"a!"e so&t(are
packages
2?
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he &cience o3 Co!puting
$
Computer science inc"udes a num!er o&
&ocus areas0

Computer theory

C"gorithms

%ata structures

Programming concepts and "anguages

Computer architecture

@anagement in&ormation systems

7o&t(are engineering
,0
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/'oiding I Pro)ect .ailures
$
To a*oid &ai"ure, IT
proKects need0

E'ecuti*e
sponsorship

1ser input

7peci5cations

Cooperati*e
!usiness
partners

+pen and honest

communication
,1

+n"y a!out oneAthird o& so&t(are

proKects are comp"eted on time and
on !udget

C!out oneAha"& o& proKects ha*e

signi5cant time andQor cost o*erruns

C!out oneAsi'th o& proKects are

cance"ed
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he &tate o3 &o3t"are
,2
In spite of adances in co!puter science,
the state of soft"are deelop!ent is less
than ideal.
#oft"are deelopers and soft"are users
are confronted "ith t"o giant proble!s$
cost and unreliability.
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&o3t"are Proble!s
$
Cost o& hard(are has steadi"y gone do(n/
cost o& de*e"oping so&t(are has gone up
$
There>s no corresponding increase in the
re"ia!i"ity o& so&t(are
$
7o&t(are errors can take a *ariety o&
&orms, inc"uding errors o& omission, synta'
errors, "ogic errors, c"erica" errors, capacity
errors, and Kudgment errors
,,
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&o3t"are &olutions
$
Computer scientists and so&t(are
engineers are responding to re"ia!i"ity and
cost pro!"ems on 5*e main &ronts0

Programming techni8ues

Programming en*ironments

Program *eri5cation

C"eanAroom programming

#uman management
,-
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&o3t"are 6arranties
$
In the past, manu&acturers o& consumer
so&t(are pro*ided no (arranties
$
Do(, you may get money !ack i& so&t(are
cannot !e insta""ed on your computer
$
+thers o)er a ?0Aday satis&action
guarantee
$
7o&t(are manu&acturers genera""y don>t
accept "ia!i"ity &or harm caused !y errors
in so&t(are
$
@ost maKor so&t(are de*e"opers distri!ute
minor re*isions and !ug 5'es &ree through
the ;e!
,2
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Chapter 1% &u!!ary
$
Programming is a specia"i.ed &orm o&
pro!"em so"*ing that in*o"*es de*e"oping
an a"gorithm
$
Programmers use step(ise re5nement to
!reak a pro!"em into sma""er, more easi"y
so"*a!"e pro!"ems
$
Cn a"gorithm typica""y is de*e"oped in
pseudocode, (hich descri!es the "ogic o&
the program
$
C trans"ator program trans"ates the
program into machine "anguage so the
computer can e'ecute the instructions
,6
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&u!!ary *cont.+
$
Computer "anguages ha*e e*o"*ed
through se*era" generations, (ith each
generation !eing easier to use
$
@ost modern "anguages encourage
structured programming
$
@any app"ications contain !ui"tAin macro
"anguages, scripting "anguages, and 8uery
"anguages that put programming po(er in
the hands o& users
,J
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&u!!ary *cont.+
$
Cn in&ormation system has a "i&e cyc"e that
starts (ith the initia" in*estigation,
proceeds through ana"ysis, design,
de*e"opment, imp"ementation, and
maintenance phases unti" the system is
retired
$
7ystems ana"ysts manage in&ormation
systems using a *ariety o& too"s and
techni8ues
$
+ne o& the most cha""enging pro!"ems
&acing computer science is the pro!"em o&
so&t(are re"ia!i"ity
,<
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reproduced, stored in a retrie*a" system, or transmitted,
in any &orm or !y any means, e"ectronic, mechanica",
photocopying, recording, or other(ise, (ithout the prior
(ritten permission o& the pu!"isher Printed in the
1nited 7tates o& Cmerica
,?