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XXXX was assessed as a fa3or to the e2aminer for trainin+ purposes only. He li3es at home 7ith his iolo+ical parents and has an older rother 7ho attends Clarion uni3ersity of pennsyl3ania. 0is parents reported that they ha3e resided in the same home in?ac>son3ille since.
XXXX was assessed as a fa3or to the e2aminer for trainin+ purposes only. He li3es at home 7ith his iolo+ical parents and has an older rother 7ho attends Clarion uni3ersity of pennsyl3ania. 0is parents reported that they ha3e resided in the same home in?ac>son3ille since.
XXXX was assessed as a fa3or to the e2aminer for trainin+ purposes only. He li3es at home 7ith his iolo+ical parents and has an older rother 7ho attends Clarion uni3ersity of pennsyl3ania. 0is parents reported that they ha3e resided in the same home in?ac>son3ille since.
$ccordin+ to XXXX;s parents, he li3es at home 7ith his <iolo+ical parents. 0e has an older <rother 7ho attends Clarion Uni3ersity of Pennsyl3ania and li3es at home durin+ the summer months. 0is parents reported that they ha3e resided in the same home in ?ac>son3ille since XXXX;s <irth. 0e has attended school in the ?ac>son3ille/chool District since >inder+arten. XXXX reported that he enCoys huntin+, fishin+, and spendin+ time 7ith friends. $lso, he mentioned that he is a mem<er of the hi+h school <ase<all team and has <een playin+ <ase<all since he 7as in elementary school.
O%/1R4$T8ON/:
Testin+ O<ser3ations
XXXX appeared comforta<le durin+ <oth testin+ sessions. Rapport 7as esta<lished and maintained 7hile testin+ 7ithout any difficulties. 0e 7as easily en+a+ed in con3ersation 7ith the e2aminer, and his lan+ua+e s>ills seemed a3era+e for a child his a+e. XXXX;s le3el of attention, concentration, and effort appeared hi+h throu+hout the testin+ session. 0e persisted 7ith difficult tas>s, yet admitted he did not >no7 an ans7er 7hen the tas> 7as si+nificantly more comple2. Durin+ su<tests in3ol3in+ calculations, XXXX freDuently used his fin+ers to add and su<tract. /ince the e2aminer is in trainin+, the follo7in+ test results may not <e a representati3e and 3alid estimate of XXXX;s a<ility.
$//1//-1NT R1/U6T/:
$ssessment results are reported in terms of standard scores, scaled scores, confidence limits, and percentiles. /tandard scores are <ased on an a3era+e score of 100 7ith a standard de3iation of 1*. The a3era+e ran+e for these scores is (0 to 10(. /caled scores ran+e from 1 to 1( 7ith a standard de3iation of three. The a3era+e ran+e for these scores is ' to 1#. $3era+e scores fall at the *0 th percentile 7ith the a3era+e ran+e fallin+ <et7een the #* th and "* th percentiles.
Co+niti3e
The /tanford%inet 8ntelli+ence /cales @/%*A consists of * su<tests in each domain: 3er<al and non3er<al. The /%* yields an o3erall score of +eneral intellectual a<ility, the Full /cale 89 @F/89A. The F/89 is deri3ed from the com<ined 4er<al and Non3er<al /ums of /caled /cores. $lso, the /%* yields * factor inde2 scores: Fluid Reasonin+, Bno7led+e, 9uantitati3e Reasonin+, 4isual/patial Processin+, and :or>in+ -emory. On this measure, XXXX achie3ed a F/89 score of (!E!, 7hich falls 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e. 0e scored as 7ell or <etter than )!F of samea+e peers in the standardiGation sample for this instrument. The li>elihood that XXXX;s F/89 lies <et7een (0 and (' is (* out of 100. The follo7in+ 89 scores, factor inde2 scores, and su<test scores 7ere o<tained for XXXX on the /%*:
The Non3er<al 89 @N489A is a measure of +eneral a<ility to reason, sol3e pro<lems, 3isualiGe, and recall information presented in pictorial, fi+ural, and sym<olic forms. The 4er<al 89 @489A is a measure of +eneral a<ility to reason, sol3e pro<lems, 3isualiGe, and recall important information presented in 7ords and sentences @printed or spo>enA. XXXX;s N489 and 489 fell 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e.
The Fluid Reasonin+ 8nde2 measures one;s a<ility to sol3e no3el tas>s. /uch tas>s reDuire an indi3idual to sol3e 3er<al and non3er<al pro<lems usin+ inducti3e and deducti3e reasonin+ and to use ne7 information to formulate patterns and reco+niGe underlyin+ concepts. XXXX scored the hi+hest on this factor inde2. 0e scored 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e, performin+ as 7ell or <etter than *0F of peers his samea+e in the standardiGation sample for this measure. 0e scored sli+htly hi+her on the non3er<al fluid reasonin+ su<tests compared to the 3er<al fluid reasonin+ su<tests.
The Bno7led+e Factor measures an indi3idual;s crystalliGed intelli+ence. This is acDuired or learned >no7led+e, such as 3oca<ulary. XXXX scored 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e on this factor.
The 9uantitati3e Factor measures an indi3idual;s a<ility to sol3e mathematical 7ord pro<lems. $lso, this factor measures an indi3idual;s a<ility to analyGe fi+ural numerical seDuences and pictorial mathematical relationships. XXXX scored 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e on this factor, performin+ as 7ell or <etter than )!F of peers his samea+e in the standardiGation sample for this measure. XXXX scored sli+htly <etter on the Non3er<al 9uantitati3e su<test, compared to the 4er<al 9uantitati3e su<test.
The 4isual/patial Processin+ factor measures an indi3idual;s a<ility to analyGe and duplicate 3isual patterns. This factor also reDuires the e2aminee to demonstrate understandin+ of 3er<al spatial concepts. On this factor, XXXX;s score fell 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e. 0e performed as 7ell or <etter than !#F of peers his samea+e in the standardiGation sample for this measure.
The :or>in+ -emory factor is a measure of shortterm memory. Tas>s that in3ol3e 7or>in+ memory reDuire an indi3idual to hold information presented 3isually or orally in shortterm memory, 7hile mentally manipulatin+ the information, in turn producin+ a different outcome than ori+inally presented. XXXX scored the lo7est on this factor, compared to the other four factors. 0e scored 7ithin the lo7 a3era+e ran+e, performin+ as 7ell or <etter than #)F of peers his samea+e in the standardiGation sample for this measure. XXXX scored the same on <oth the 4er<al and Non3er<al :or>in+ -emory su<tests. Thus he is a<le to perform in same ran+e on 7or>in+ memory tas>s presented 3er<ally or non3er<ally.
$cademic $chie3ement
The :oodcoc>?ohnson Tests of $chie3ement @:?888 $chA 7as administered to o<tain an understandin+ of XXXX;s current academic a<ilities. The :?888 $ch consists of 1# standard <attery su<tests and 10 supplemental <attery su<tests measurin+ readin+, math, oral lan+ua+e, and 7ritten lan+ua+e. XXXX 7as tested usin+ the standard and e2tended <atteries. 0e achie3ed an o3erall score of ''E), 7hich falls 7ithin the lo7 a3era+e ran+e. XXXX scored as 7ell or <etter than ##F of samea+e peers in the standardiGation sample for this instrument. The li>elihood that his true o3erall score lies <et7een '* and (1 is (* out of 100. The follo7in+ cluster scores and su<test scores 7ere o<tained for XXXX on the :?888 $ch:
/tandard (*F Percentile 9ualitati3e /core for $+e Confidence 8nter3al Ran> for $+e Description Total $chie3emen t ''E) '*(1 ## 6o7 $3era+e
The readin+ clusters measure an indi3idual;s a<ility to comprehend readin+ passa+es, simple sentences, and 3oca<ulary, and to use phonics to decode un>no7n 7ords. XXXX;s readin+ cluster scores ran+e from lo7 a3era+e to a3era+e. 0e scored the hi+hest on the Readin+ Comprehension cluster, performin+ as 7ell or <etter than !"F of peers his samea+e in the standardiGation sample for this measure.
The Oral 6an+ua+e clusters measure an indi3idual;s a<ility to manipulate sounds 7ithin 7ords, to 3er<ally identify 3arious pictures, and to complete comple2 3er<al comprehension and retellin+ tas>s. On all three oral lan+ua+e clusters, XXXX scored 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e.
The -athematics clusters measure an indi3idual;s a<ility to reco+niGe mathematical sym<ols and 3oca<ulary and to use mathematical reasonin+ to sol3e pro<lems. XXXX scored 7ithin the lo7 a3era+e on the %road -ath and -ath Calculation />ills clusters and 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e on the -ath Reasonin+ cluster. 0is performance on the $pplied Pro<lems su<test and the 9uantitati3e Concepts su<test indicates that XXXX is a<le to analyGe and sol3e math pro<lems usin+ inducti3e and deducti3e reasonin+. XXXX scored the lo7est on the Calculation su<test and the -ath Fluency su<test, performin+ in the lo7 a3era+e ran+e for <oth su<tests. %oth of these su<tests reDuire the e2aminee to perform mathematical calculations. 0is lo7 scores in these t7o areas ne+ati3ely affected his %road -ath cluster score. The -ath Fluency su<test reDuires the e2aminee to rapidly complete <asic computation pro<lems. XXXX accurately completed the -ath Fluency su<testI therefore his lo7 a3era+e performance on this su<test appears to <e a result of a lac> of automaticity. The Calculation su<test reDuires the e2aminer to perform mathematical computations ran+in+ from simple addition to calculus. XXXX 7as a<le to complete the simple computation pro<lems. 0e had difficulties 7ith pro<lems in3ol3in+ fractions and decimals.
@/pellin+ of /oundsA @("A @'&10(A @!#A @$3era+eA @Punctuation and CapitaliGationA @''A @"'("A @#0A @6o7 $3era+eA
The :ritten 6an+ua+e clusters measure an indi3idual;s <asic 7ritin+ s>ills, as 7ell as >no7led+e and application of +rammar and spellin+ rules. XXXX;s performance on the %road :ritten 6an+ua+e composite and the :ritten 12pression composite 7ere 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e. 0is score on the %asic :ritin+ />ills composite 7as in the lo7 a3era+e ran+e. 0e performed as 7ell or <etter than &*F of peers his samea+e in the standardiGationsample for this measure. XXXX;s performance on the /pellin+ su<test indicates that he appears to <e a<le to spell 7ords correctly that ha3e re+ular +raphemephoneme correspondence. 0e freDuently spelled unfamiliar 7ords phonetically e3en 7hen the 7ords 7ere nonphonetic 7ords. XXXX scored the hi+hest on the :ritten 12pression cluster. 0e demonstrated the a<ility to 7rite simple sentences 7ith ease and to de3elop meanin+ful sentences in response to specific criteria.
On all additional academic clusters, XXXX scored 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e 7ith the e2ception of the PhonemeJ5rapheme Bno7led+e cluster. The PhonemeJ5rapheme cluster is a com<ination of the :ord $ttac> su<test and /pellin+ of /ounds su<test. XXXX performed in the a3era+e ran+e on the /pellin+ of /ounds su<testI ho7e3er he performed in the lo7 a3era+e ran+e on the :ord $ttac> su<test. 8t appears that XXXX has difficulties <lendin+ and synthesiGin+ phonemes into nonsense 7ords.
$<ilityJ$chie3ement Discrepancy $nalysis
/i+nificant discrepancies 7ere found <et7een XXXX;s predicted and actual %road -ath Composite score and his -ath Calculation />ills Composite score. The discrepancy <et7een the actual and predicted score for the %road -ath Composite score 7as rare, only 1*F of the normati3e sample had such a discrepancy. XXXX;s -ath Calculation />ills Composite score discrepancy 7as also rare, less than 10F of the normati3e sample had such a discrepancy.
$lso, si+nificant discrepancies 7ere found <et7een XXXX;s predicted and actual scores on the Calculations su<test, -ath Fluency su<test, and :ord $ttac> su<test. For the Calculations su<test and the -ath Fluency su<test, XXXX;s discrepancy <et7een predicted and actual score 7as rare, less than 1*F of the normati3e sample had such a discrepancy. On the :ord $ttac> su<test, his discrepancy <et7een predicted and actual score 7as infreDuent, only 1*F of the normati3e sample had such a discrepancy.
/U--$RK:
XXXX, 7ith a chronolo+ical a+e of 1&), achie3ed a Full /cale 89 @F/89A score of (! E! on the /tanford%inet 8ntelli+ence /cales @/%*A. This F/89 score falls 7ithin the a3era+e ran+e of intellectual a<ility. 0e scored as 7ell or <etter than )!F of samea+e peers in the standardiGation sample for this instrument. The li>elihood that XXXX;s F/89 lies <et7een (0 and (' is (* out of 100. 0e performed in the a3era+e ran+e on tas>s measurin+ fluid reasonin+, >no7led+e, Dualitati3e reasonin+, and 3isualspatial processin+ tas>s. XXXX performed in the lo7 a3era+e ran+e on 7or>in+ memory tas>s.
%ased on the results of the :oodcoc>?ohnson Tests of $chie3ement @:? 888 $chA, XXXX;s academic achie3ement falls 7ithin the lo7 a3era+e ran+e. 0e scored as 7ell or <etter than ##F of samea+e peers in the standardiGation sample for this instrument. The li>elihood that his true o3erall score lies <et7een '* and (1 is (* out of 100. 0e scored the hi+hest on the :ritten 12pression cluster, performin+ as 7ell or <etter than &*F of samea+e peers in the standardiGation sample for this measure. 0e demonstrated the a<ility to 7rite simple sentences 7ith ease and to de3elop meanin+ful sentences in response to specific criteria. $ndy performed the lo7est in the area of math, specifically on measures of fluency and computation.
:hen XXXX;s predicted scores 7ere compared to his actual scores, si+nificant and rare discrepancies 7ere found. These discrepancies 7ere <et7een XXXX;s predicted and actual scores on the %road -ath Composite score and his -ath Calculation />ills Composite score. $lso, si+nificant and rare discrepancies 7ere found <et7een XXXX;s predicted and actual scores on the Calculations su<test, -ath Fluency su<test, and :ord $ttac> su<test. %ased on this measure, it seems that XXXX lac>s automaticity of simple addition, su<traction, and multiplication pro<lems. $lso, he demonstrated difficulties 7ith computation pro<lems in3ol3in+ decimals and fractions. 0o7e3er, XXXX;s score on the -ath Reasonin+ cluster indicates that he is a<le to analyGe and sol3e math pro<lems usin+ inducti3e and deducti3e reasonin+, at a le3el that 7ould <e e2pected for his a+e.
R1CO--1ND$T8ON/:
Due to the discrepancies found <et7een XXXX;s predicted and actual scores on the %road -ath Composite and the -ath Calculation />ills Composite, 8 recommend that further testin+ <e done. Testin+ should further in3esti+ate XXXX;s mathematical and computational s>ills. Curriculum<ased measurements could <e used to e2plore these s>ill areas.
%ased on the results of these assessments, the follo7in+ are recommended: The Co3er, Copy, and Compare strate+y @see attachmentA can <e used to impro3e XXXX;s computational s>ills in3ol3in+ fractions and decimals. To assist XXXX 7ith the memoriGation and automaticity of simple addition, su<traction, and multiplication facts, the drill sand7ich method can <e used @see attachmentA.