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PHYSICS
INDUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
LEARNI NG OUTCOMES
NO.
LEARNING OUTCOME
i I n t e r p r e t wh a t i s ma g n e t i c f l u x . Ap p l y u n d e r s t a n d i n g
o f ma g n e t i c f l u x t o c a l c u l a t e ma g n e t i c f l u x .
ii Wh a t i s ma g n e t i c f l u x l i n k a g e ? Ap p l y t h e k n o wl e d g e o f
ma g n e t i c f l u x l i n k a g e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e c o n c e p t o f
e l e c t r o ma g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n .
iii Ap p l y F a r a d ay s L a w o f E l e c t r o ma g n e t i c I n d u c t i o n t o
c a l c u l a t e t h e ma g n i t u d e o f i n d u c e d e . m. f a n d c u r r e n t
i n s i t u a t i o n s i nv o l v i n g e l e c t r o ma g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n .
iv An a l y s e F a r a d ay s L a w t o s e e wh a t f a c t o r s wi l l a f f e c t
t h e ma g n i t u d e o f i n d u c e d e . m. f .
v Ap p l y L e n z s L a w t o d e t e r mi n e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e
f l o w i n d u c e d c u r r e n t i n s o l e n o i d s / c o i l s i nv o l v i n g
e l e c t r o ma g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n .
MAGNETI C FLUX
To understand magnetic flux, To understand magnetic flux,
imagine water flowing into the
opening of a water bottle.
How much water flows through the
opening depends on the amount of
water flowing and the size of the
opening.
Note: Flux means flow.
MAGNETI C FLUX
In the case of magnetic field lines, In the case of magnetic field lines,
the amount of water flowing is the
magnetic flux density, and the bottle
can be taken as a coil.
Hence, magnetic flux is proportional
to these two quantities.
What happens when we tilt the
bottle? Does the amount of water
flowing change?
MAGNETI C FLUX
Definition: Magnetic flux is the

Definition: Magnetic flux is the

product of the magnetic flux density
and the area normal to the lines of
the magnetic flux.
The unit for magnetic flux is the
weber (Wb).
Definition: One weber is equal to

.
MAGNETI C FLUX
To calculate the amount of magnetic


To calculate the amount of magnetic
flux, we use the equation
where
the amount of magnetic flux, in
webers (Wb),
magnetic flux density, T or Wb m
-2
cross sectional surface area, m
2
angle between the magnetic field
lines and the normal to the cross
sectional area.
MAGNETI C FLUX
Magnetic flux can be either
positive or negative, but
taken as positive at this level.
Consider what happens
when the values of are:
I. 0
II. 90
Imagine water flowing with
a bottle positioned at those
angles.
Image URL: http://cnx.org/content/m42390/latest/?collection=col11406/latest
EXAMPLES
Questions 2 and 3,
Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 185;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.
MAGNETI C FLUX vs .
MAGNETI C FLUX LI NKAGE
MAGNETI C FLUX vs .
MAGNETI C FLUX LI NKAGE
The magnetic flux that we calculate is The magnetic flux that we calculate is
the flux through one turn of a coil.
How do we take into account the other
turns?
We use a quantity called magnetic flux
linkage that is defined as equal to
where number
of turnings. The rest of the symbols
were already defined in MAGNETIC
FLUX.
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Diagram 29.1, Chapter 29: Electromagnetic Induction, Section 29.1, page 958, Sears
and Zemanskys University Physics, Young and Freedman, 13
th
edition, Pearson
Education, San Francisco, 2012.
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The diagrams (b), (c) and (d) above The diagrams (b), (c) and (d) above
show three possible situations where an
e.m.f can be induced.
e.m.f is induced across the ends of the
solenoids when the needle of the
meter deflects.
When e.m.f is induced, the solenoid
acts like a battery.
We will look at situation (b) to
understand how an e.m.f is actually
induced.
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Diagram 29.1(b), Chapter 29: Electromagnetic Induction, Section 29.1, page 958, Sears
and Zemanskys University Physics, Young and Freedman, 13
th
edition, Pearson
Education, San Francisco, 2012.
The solenoid is attached to a
galvanometer and has no power source.
However, the needle of the meter
deflects when the bar magnet is moved
towards or away from the coil.
The magnetic field lines around the bar
magnet will pass through the opening
of the solenoid.
This produces a magnetic flux linkage
between the turnings of the
coil/solenoid.
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The movement(s) of the bar magnet
causes a change in the magnetic flux
linkage between the turnings in coil.
What happens to the deflection of the
needle when the following changes
are made?
I. The speed at which the magnet
is moved is changed?
II. We use a stronger bar magnet?
III. We change the cross sectional
area of the solenoid?
IV. We vary the number of turns in
the solenoid?
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All the changes (I IV) are factors All the changes (I IV) are factors
that affect the magnitude of the
induced e.m.f in the solenoid.
These factors are summarised into
Faradays Law of electromagnetic
Induction.
Definition: Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction states
the magnitude of the induced e.m.f
is directly proportional to the rate
of change of magnetic flux linkage.
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Mathematically, Faradays Law is Mathematically, Faradays Law is
given as:

We can vary by either changing

the magnetic flux density, and/or
the cross sectional surface area, .
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Example; Page
340, Chapter
12:
Electromagnetis
m; Section 12.3:
Electromagnetic
Induction,
International
A/AS Level
Physics, by
Mee, Crundle,
Arnold and
Brown, Hodder
Education,
United
Kingdom, 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 15, Set
59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill
Book Company,
Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Questions 16 and 17,
Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.
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Another way to look at Another way to look at
electromagnetic induction is by
analysing whether there are
magnetic field lines being cut by a
conductor.
The image on the next slide shows a
conductor being moved vertically.
The movement of the conductor
cuts magnetic field lines thus
inducing an e.m.f across the ends
of the conductor.
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Figure 12.35;
Page 336,
Chapter 12:
Electromagnetism
; Section 12.3:
Electromagnetic
Induction,
International
A/AS Level
Physics, by Mee,
Crundle, Arnold
and Brown,
Hodder
Education, United
Kingdom, 2008.
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Figures 29.15, Chapter 29:
Electromagnetic Induction, Section
29.3, page 969, Sears and Zemanskys
University Physics, Young and
Freedman, 13
th
edition, Pearson
Education, San Francisco, 2012.
The magnitude of the
motional e.m.f. is given as
, where
= the speed of the
conductor, m s
-1
= length of
conductor, m
= magnetic flux
density, T
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 3, Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company,
Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 6, Set 59:
Electromagnetic Induction
and Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill
Book Company, Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 6, Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company,
Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Questions 8 and 9,
Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.
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When induction occurs, the coil / When induction occurs, the coil /
solenoid becomes a temporary
battery.
How do we determine which end
of the coil / solenoid becomes
positive, and which end becomes
negative?
We use Lenzs Law.
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Definition: Lenzs Law states that Definition: Lenzs Law states that
the direction of the induced e.m.f.
is to produce effects that oppose
the change causing it.
In other words, the polarity will be
such that if induced current flows,
the induced current will produce a
magnetic flux that opposes the
changing external magnetic flux.
We will look at a few situations to
understand this better.
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Conceptual Example
29.8, Chapter 29:
Electromagnetic
Induction, Section 29.3,
page 968, Sears and
Zemanskys University
Physics, Young and
Freedman, 13
th
edition,
Pearson Education, San
Francisco, 2012.
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Figures 29.14 (a)
and (b), Chapter
29:
Electromagnetic
Induction,
Section 29.3,
page 968, Sears
and Zemanskys
University
Physics, Young
and Freedman,
13
th
edition,
Pearson
Education, San
Francisco, 2012.
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Figures 29.14 (c)
and (d), Chapter
29:
Electromagnetic
Induction,
Section 29.3,
page 968, Sears
and Zemanskys
University
Physics, Young
and Freedman,
13
th
edition,
Pearson
Education, San
Francisco, 2012.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 19, Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 20, Set 59:
Electromagnetic Induction
and Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER,
B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company, Sydney
1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 24, Set 59: Electromagnetic
Induction and Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill
Book Company, Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Figure 12.39;
Page 339,
Chapter 12:
Electromagnetis
m; Section 12.3:
Electromagnetic
Induction,
International
A/AS Level
Physics, by
Mee, Crundle,
Arnold and
Brown, Hodder
Education,
United
Kingdom, 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Figure 12.39; Page 339, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.3:
Electromagnetic Induction, International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle,
Arnold and Brown, Hodder Education, United Kingdom, 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008. Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd). Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd). Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd). Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).
HOMEWORK HOMEWORK
1. Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2009. 1. Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2009.
2. Question 5, Paper 43, Winter 2010.
3. Question 3, Paper 41, Winter 2011.