V Cone Equation

Page 1
3255 WEST STETSON AVENUE HEMET, CALIFORNIA 92545 USA

TEL: 951-652-6811 800-220-2279 FAX: 951-652-3078 Printed In The U.S.A Lit. #24509-54 Rev.3.2/02-08
www.mccrometer.com

Copyright 1995-2008 McCrometer, Inc. All printed material should not be changed or altered without permission of McCrometer. Any published
pricing, technical data, and instructions are subject to change without notice. Contact your McCrometer representative for current pricing, technical data,
and instructions.

Flow Calculations for the V-Cone
and Wafer-Cone
Flowmeters
Basic flow equation:
English Units:
Y C P
1
D g 2
4
Q
f psf
4
2 2
ft c
acfs

Volume flowrate

Y C P
1
D
g 2
4
Q
f psf
4
2 2
ft
c
s
lb

Mass flowrate
12
D
D
in
ft
= 197 . 5 P P
wc psf
=

60 Q Q
acfs acfm
= 3600 Q Q
acfs acfh
=

4805 . 7 Q Q
acfm gpm
= 4805 . 7 Q Q
acfh gph
=
Metric Units:
Y C P
1
D 2
4
Q
f
*
Pa
4
2
2
*
m
*
s
m
3

=
Volume flowrate

Y C P
1
D
2
4
Q
f
*
Pa
4
2
2
*
m *
s
kg

=
Mass flowrate

1000
*
* mm
m
D
D = 100 P P
*
mbar
*
Pa
=

60 Q Q
s
m
min
m
3 3
= 3600 Q Q
s
m
h
m
3 3
=

1000
Q
Q
min
m
min
L
3
=
1000
Q
Q
h
m
h
L
3
=
Page 2

www.mccrometer.com

and instructions.

Gas Expansion Factor
Precision tube V-Cone and Insertion Top-plate V-Cone Flowmeters (Rev. May 2001)
The equation for gas expansion for compressible fluid flow:
NOTE: Y=1 for noncompressible fluids (e.g. water, oil etc.).

P k
P
0.696 (0.649 1 Y
+ = )
4

Note that P and P can be in any units as long as they are the same.

Wafer-Cone Flowmeters (Rev. Oct 2001)
The equation for gas expansion for compressible fluid flow:
NOTE: Y=1 for non-compressible fluids (e.g. water, oil etc.).

P k
P
Y
+ = ) (
8
787 . 6 755 . 0 1

The equation to convert from actual to standard / normal volume units:
NOTE: This conversion is only used in compressible fluids.
English Units:
=
Z
Z
T
T
P
P
Q Q
b b
b
L
acfs scfs

Metric Units:
=
Z
Z
T
T
P
P
Q Q
b
*
*
b
*
b
*
L
s
m
s
Nm
3 3

The basic equation in terms of C:
NOTE: C is used to simplify the flow equation by combining the constant and geometric variables.
Page 3

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and instructions.

English Units:
Y
P
C Q
psf
acfs
=

d
4
2 2
ft
C
1
D
3002 . 6 C

=
Metric Units:
Y
P
C Q
*
*
Pa *
s
m
3
=

d
4
2 2
m
*
*
C
1
D
1107 . 1 C

=
Note that calibrated meters have C
d
expressed as a function of Reynolds Number. Therefore for the case of calibrated
meters C or C
*
will be expressed as functions of Reynolds Number.
Linear velocity equations:
English Units:
2
ft
acfs
D
Q 4
v =
2
ft
2
acfs
throat
D
Q 4
v =

Metric Units:
2
*
m
s
m
*
D
Q 4
v
3
=
2
*
m
2
s
m
*
throat
D
Q 4
v
3
=

Beta ratio and cone diameter equations:
English Units:
2
in
2
in
D
d
1 =
2
in in
1 D d =
Metric Units:
2
*
mm
2
*
mm
D
d
1 =
2 *
mm
*
mm
1 D d =

Page 4

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and instructions.

Beta Ratios:

The standard beta ratios for V-Cone flowmeters are: 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, and 0.8. Alternative beta ratios can be used if required.
Note that differential pressure and/or gas expansion factor may limit the availability of even standard beta ratios. In a liquid
application, beta ratios should not be used that cause static line pressure minus the differential pressure to be less than the fluids
vapor pressure. In vapor or gas applications, beta ratios should not be used that generate a gas expansion factor less than 0.84.

Reynolds number equation:
English Units:

=
in
D v
9 . 123 Re
Metric Units:
* * *
mm
v D
Re

=

The V-Cone meters discharge coefficient is related to the flows Reynolds number. It is advised that the V-Cone meter be calibrated
across the range of Reynolds numbers for which it is to be used. That is a plot of discharge coefficient to the Reynolds number should
be produced and a line fit relating discharge coefficient to the Reynolds number should then be made.

Flowing density equations:

Liquids:
water f
Gr =

Steam:
. Vol . Sp
1
=

Gas:
T Z
P S
6988 . 2
L g
=

Metric units: 0184 . 16
*
=
Thermal expansion equation:
When meters are subjected to substantially different temperatures than those at which they were calibrated, there can be an effect on
meter performance due to the expansion of the cone and meter tube materials. Use this equation if the thermal expansion coefficients
for the pipe and cone are equal:
( ) 528 T 2 1 F
a
+ =
Page 5

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and instructions.

Use this set of equation if the coefficients are different:

2
in cone
2
in pipe
2
in
2
in
) d )) 528 T ( 1 (( ) D )) 528 T ( 1 ((
d D
Fa

=

To calculate the thermal expansion factor at operating temperature based on beta ratio:

Calculate pipe diameter at operating temperature: ( ) ( )
c pipe in in in
T T D D D + =

Calculate cone diameter at operating temperature: ( ) ( )
c cone in in in
T T d d d + =

Calculate beta ratio at operating temperature:
2
in
2
in
D
d
1
=

Calculate thermal expansion factor at operating temperature:
4
2 2
in
4
2 2
in
a
1
D
1
D
F

=

The example below demonstrates the use of this term:

a acfs ) temp _ new _ at ( acfs
F Q Q =

Permanent pressure loss equation:

Permanent pressure (or total head) loss in differential pressure meters is typically described as a percentage of the differential
pressure created at a particular flowrate. An approximate V-Cone Meter permanent pressure loss can be found by applying the
following equation:

( ) 100 25 . 1 3 . 1 P %
loss
=

Page 6

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and instructions.

Nomenclature

C meter constant
C
*
metric meter constant
C
d

discharge coefficient of the meter
D
ft
meter inside diameter in feet
D
in

meter inside diameter in inches
D'
in
pipe diameter at operating temperature in inches
D
*
m
meter inside diameter in meters
D
*
mm
meter inside diameter in millimeters
d
in
cone diameter in inches
d'
in
cone diameter at operating temperature in inches
d
*
mm
cone diameter in millimeters
F
a

meter thermal expansion factor
g
c

dimensional conversion constant, 32.174 lb
m
ft / lb
f
sec
2

k fluid isentropic exponent at flowing conditions
P absolute pressure in same units as P
P
b

base absolute pressure in psi (typically 14.696 psia)
P
*
b

base absolute pressure in bars (typically 1.013 bara)
P
L

absolute static line pressure in psi at the meter
P
*
L

absolute static line pressure in bars or psi at the meter
Q
acfs

volume flow rate in actual cubic feet per second
Q
acfm

volume flow rate in cubic feet per minute
Q
acfh

volume flow rate in cubic feet per hour
Q
gpm

volume flow rate in gallons per minute
Q
gph

volume flow rate in gallons per hour
Q
kg/s

mass flow rate in kilograms per second

Q
L/min

volume flow rate in liters per minute
Q
L/h
volume flow rate in liters per hour
Q
lb/s
mass flow rate in pounds mass per second

Q
m3/min

volume flow rate in cubic meters per minute
Q
m3/h

volume flow rate in cubic meters per hour
Q
m
3
/s
volume flow rate in actual cubic meters per second
Q
Nm
3
/h

volume flow rate in normal cubic meters per hour
Q
scfh

volume flow rate in standard cubic feet per hour
Q
scfm

volume flow rate in standard cubic feet per min
R simplification term used in Y factor
Re Reynolds number
S
g

specific gravity of the gas
Sp.Vol. specific volume of the vapor

Page 7

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and instructions.

T flowing temperature in degrees Rankine
T
*
flowing temperature in degrees Kelvin
T
b

base temperature in degrees Rankine (typically 520 R)
T
*
b

base temperature in degrees Kelvin (typically 288.15 K)
T
c
calibration temperature
T'

operating temperature
v fluid velocity through the pipe, in feet per second
v
*
fluid velocity through the pipe, in meters per second
v
throat

fluid velocity at the throat, in feet per second
v
*
throat

fluid velocity at the throat, in meters per second
Y adiabatic expansion factor for contoured elements
note: Y = 1 for liquid flow applications
Z flowing gas compressibility factor
Z
b

base gas compressibility factor

%P
loss

permanent pressure loss across the meter as a percentage of differential pressure

Greek symbols:

PE

pipe and cone material coefficient of thermal expansion

cone
thermal expansion coefficient of cone material

pipe
thermal expansion coefficient of pipe material
meter beta ratio
' beta ratio at operating temperature
P differential pressure in same units as P
P
*
Pa
differential pressure in Pascals
P
*
mbar
differential pressure in millibars
P
wc

differential pressure in inches of water column
operating fluid viscosity, in centipoise
3.14159
flowing fluid density in pounds mass per cubic foot

*
flowing fluid density in kilograms per cubic meter

OTHER McCROMETER PRODUCTS INCLUDE:

Magnetic Flowmeters

Magnetic Flowmeters

Magnetic Flowmeters

Propeller Flowmeters

Flowmeters And Flow Straighteners

For Propeller Flowmeters

Propeller Flowmeters

Differential Pressure Flowmeters


Electronic Instrumentation for Remote Display and Control

U.S. Patents 4638672, 4812049, 5363699, 4944190 and 5,814,738; Canadian Patent 1325113; European Patent 0277121; Japan patent 1,858,116
Wafer-Cone: Hong Kong Patents HK1027622 & HK1066054; Other U.S. and Foreign patents pending

TEL: 951-652-6811 800-220-2279 FAX: 951-652-3078 Printed In The U.S.A Lit.#24509-54 Rev.3.2/02-
08
www.mccrometer.com

Copyright 2005-2008 McCrometer, Inc. All printed material should not be changed or altered without permission of McCrometer. Any
published pricing, technical data, and instructions are subject to change without notice. Contact your McCrometer representative for current
pricing, technical data, and instructions.

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3255 WEST STETSON AVENUE HEMET, CALIFORNIA 92545 USA

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