CONSTANT CURRENT AND CONSTANT

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
GUIDE NAME:
D.RAMYA BY
SRAVANTHI (07241A0219)
UJWALA (07241A0222)
SUSHEELA (08245A0201)
INTRODUCTION
o CONSTANT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
o CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATOR
INTRODUCTION
CONSTANT CURRENT:
Constant current is a term most often used in
electronics to describe a system that can vary the
voltage across an electronic circuit to maintain a
constant electric current.
An important usage of constant current power supplies
are LEDs, Fluorescent lamps that have very dynamic
electrical resistance and optimally must be operated
within a short range of currents.
The circuitry which provides a constant current output is
called a constant current regulator or just CURRENT
REGULATOR.
The variable resistor shown on the schematic is used to
illustrate the concept of current regulation.
In this case the variable resistor (R
V
) compensates for changes in
the load or dc input voltage. Adequate current regulation results in
the loss of voltage regulation.
Any increase in load resistance causes a drop in current.
To maintain a constant current flow, the resistance of R
V
must be reduced whenever the load resistance increases.
This causes the total resistance to remain constant.
CONSTANT VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulating device that is
made to automatically sustain a constant level.
Voltage regulators vary in design. Some use passive or active
components, while others use electromechanical mechanisms.
The voltage regulator is designed to maintain a constant
voltage level.
7812,7912 constant regulators
LM137 variable regulator
Regulator with an operational amplifier:
The zener diode Vz acts as a voltage reference for the circuit,
and is fed into the non-inverting input of the operational
amplifier. The voltage divider formed by R1 and RF sets the
voltage level of the inverting input of the op amp, which is
basically a feedback from the circuit output to the op
amp. The NPN transistor is used to boost the output current of
the circuit.
The voltage at the non-inverting input of the op amp is at the
zener voltage, while the voltage at the inverting input is
always a fraction of the output voltage as defined by RF and
R1.
When the output exceeds the set level, the inverting input
voltage exceeds that of the non-inverting input, causing the
output of the op-amp to go 'low'. This turns off the NPN
transistor, causing the output voltage to dip.
When the output goes below the set level, the reverse
happens, i.e., the op-amp's output goes 'high', causing the NPN
transistor to turn on and pull the voltage up.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
OP-AMP LM124
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL OP-AMP
Voltage gain, input impedance and band width are infinity.
Output impedance is zero.
When equal voltage are applied at the two input terminals, the
output is zero.
There is no change in the characteristics features, with changes
of temperature
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit shown in the above figure is CCCV regulator. It works from source
voltage of 20V to 35V. It provides constant current(settable below 500mA) and
constant voltage output (settable below 15V). The CC value is settable by the POT
R12. The CV value is settable by POT R3. The main power device M1 is a p
channel MOSFET. The current feedback is through R17. The voltage feedback is
through R21 and R22. the housekeeping power is from zener D1 biased with the
resistor R1.Current signal is amplified with U2C (gain of 10).U1B is the current
controller working as PI amplifier(proportional integrator)amplifier.R3 sets the
voltage reference (full pot setting 15V). The voltage controller output is attenuated
through R9 and R13 and serves as the current reference. R12 sets the current limit
(full pot setting 0.5A).
Current feedback:
i
R
R
i I
feedback
7 5 . 1
19
20
Current reference is variable from 0 to 04.75V (saturation level of U1A through R9,R13
and R12. the corresponding current limit is variable between 0 and 650mA).
voltage feedback:
Voltage references is variable from 0 to 5V (zener D1 voltage through R2,R3 and R4. the
corresponding set is variable between 0 to 15V)
3
22 21
22 out
out feedback
V
R R
R
V V
SIMULATION CIRCUIT
SIMULATION WAVEFORMS
TIME INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
OUTPUT
CURRENT
2ms 20V 15V 0.75A
4ms 30V 15V 0.75A
6ms 35V 15V 0.75A
LIST OF MAJOR COMPONENTS
S.NO NAME OF THE
COMPONENT
SYMBOL SPECIFICATION
1. LINEAR IC U1A LM124
2. MOSFET M1 IRFZ44N,2A,
40V, P channel
3. TRANSISTOR Q1 2222A
ADVANTAGES
OF LM124
Eliminates need for dual supplies
Four internally compensated op amps in a single
package
Compatible with all forms of logic
Power drain suitable for battery operation
APPLICATIONS:
Constant current and constant voltage:
In adapters
battery chargers
pannel lighting
used in SMPS
HARDWARE RESULTS
20V INPUT
25V INPUT
30V INPUT
THANK YOU