CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND

EQUATIONS
Concept of moles
1. One mole is the amount of substance which contains the same number of particles
as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12

2. The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 is 6.02 X 10
23


3. This 6.02 X 10
23
is called Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant (NA)

4. Particles can be
a) atoms,
b) ions
c) molecules

5. Molar mass and relative molecular mass is same meaning

6. Calculation molar mass (RAM refer to periodic table)
a) What is the molar mass for glucose, C6H12O6? [RAM of C=12, H=1, O= 16]
(12x6) + (1x12) + (16x6)
=180

b) The molecular mass of M(OH)2 is 98. What is the relative atomic mass of atom
M [RAM of H=1, O= 16]
M + (16+1)2 = 98
M = 98 34
M = 64

c) Molar mass of Mn(NO3)2 ? [RAM of Mn=55, N=14, O= 16]
55 + (14x2) + (16x6)
= 179












7. Calculate the mass (RAM refer to periodic table):

If number of mole is given
and remember RMM/molar mass always can be found
use above formula to find mass by number mole multiply with RMM

a) 0.05 mol of KMnO4 [answer: 7.9g]
b) 0.1 mol CuSO4 [answer: 16g]
c) 0.08 mol of ascorbic acid, C6H8O6 [answer: 14.08g]


8. Calculate the number of mole for: (RAM refer to periodic table)
If number of mass is given
and remember RMM/molar mass always can be found
use above formula to find number mole by mass divide with RMM

a) 2.8g iron [answer: 0.05 mol]
b) 4.05g of nicotine, C10H14N2 [answer: 0.025 mol]
c) 1.49g of (NH4)3PO4 [answer: 0.01 mol]
d) 2.3g of ethanol, C2H5OH [answer: 0.05 mol]
e) 23.5g of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 [answer: 0.125 mol]


9. Calculate the number of particles in: (RAM refer to periodic table)
[(Assume NA= 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1
]

Particles can be
i. atoms,
ii. ions
iii. molecules
Based on above formula to find number particles must have number of
mole and Avogadros constant, NA
and remember RMM/molar mass always can be found
find number of mole first


a) 0.75 mol of Aluminum atoms, Al [answer: 4.52 x 10
23
Aluminum atoms]

Number of moles x NA
= 0.75 X 6.02 x 10
23
= 4.52 x 10
23
Aluminum atoms (atoms also number of particles)

b) 1.2 mol of chloride ions, Cl
-
[answer: 7.22 x 10
23
chloride ions]

Number of moles x NA
= 1.2 X 6.02 x 10
23
= 7.22 x 10
23
chloride ions (ions also number of particles)

c) 0.07 mol of carbon dioxide molecules, CO2 [answer: 4.21 x 10
22
carbon
dioxide molecules

Number of moles x NA
= 0.07 X 6.02 x 10
23
= 4.21 x 10
22
carbon dioxide molecules (molecules also number of particles)



10. Calculate the number of atoms in: (RAM refer to periodic table)
[Assume NA= 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1
]

Given is molecules but they asked number atoms
Find number of particles first
Find number of atoms in that molecules
Multiply number of particle with the atoms

a) 0.2 mol of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 [answer: 3.61 x 10
23
atoms]

Number paticles = 0.2 x 6.02 x 10
23

= 1.204 x 10
23


Number of atoms in SO2 = 1 Sulphur and 2 Oxygen
= 3 atoms

Number of atoms = 1.204 x 10
23
x 3
= 3.61 x 10
23
atoms


b) 0.125 mol of methane gas CH4 [answer: 3.76 x 10
23
atoms]

Number paticles = 0.125 x 6.02 x 10
23

= 7.525 x 10
22


Number of atoms in CH4 = 1 Carbon and 5 hydrogen
= 5 atoms

Number of atoms = 7.525 x 10
22
x 5
= 3.76 x 10
23
atoms




11. Calculate the number of particles in: (RAM refer to periodic table)
a) 12.8g of copper [answer: 1.2x 10
23
atoms]
b) 8.5g of ammonia, NH3 [answer: 3.01 x 10
23
atoms]
c) 2g of hydrogen gas, H2 [answer: 6.02 x 10
23
atoms]
d) 5g of nitrogen dioxide gas NO2 [answer: 6.54 x 10
22
atoms ]
e) 6.6g of ethane C2H6 [answer: 1.32 x 10
23
atoms]
(Assume NA= 6 x 10
23
mol
-1
)

Relationship between Number of moles of a gas and its
volume
1. 1 mol of any gas at room temperature (25
0
C) and pressure of 1 atmosphere occupies
24 dm
3
(24 000 cm
3
)

2. At standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p) which at 0
0
C and 1 atmosphere, 1 mol
of gas occupies 22.4 dm
3
(22 400 cm
3
)

3. 1 dm
3
= 1000 cm
3








4. Calculate the volume of: (RAM refer to periodic table, s.t.p= 22.4dm
3
, r.t.p = 24.0 dm
3
)
Based on above formula, to find volume, number mole is required
Multiply with stp or rtp based on the question [always given]

a) 0.75 mol nitrogen gas at s.t.p [answer: 16.8 dm
3
]
b) 0.55 mol of oxygen gas at room temperature and pressure [answer: 13.2 dm
3
]

5. Calculate the no. of moles of the following gases at room temperature and pressure
(RAM refer to periodic table, s.t.p= 22.4dm
3
, r.t.p = 24.0 dm
3
)

Based on above formula, to find number mole, volume is required
Multiply with stp or rtp based on the question

a) 4.8 dm
3
of chlorine gas [answer: 0.2 mol]
b) 1200 cm
3
of methane gas [answer: 0.05 mol]

6. Calculate the number of moles of:
(RAM refer to periodic table, s.t.p= 22.4dm
3
, r.t.p = 24.0 dm
3
)
a. 672 cm
3
carbon dioxide at s.t.p [answer: 0.03 mol] (convert to dm
3
first)
b. 50 dm
3
oxygen gas at s.t.p and r.t.p [answer: 2.2 mol, 2.1 mol]

7. Calculate the volume occupied by:
(RAM refer to periodic table, s.t.p= 22.4dm
3
, r.t.p = 24.0 dm
3
)
a) Based on above formula, to find volume, MUST GO PASS NUMBER OF
MOLE
b) Find number mole first
c) Then, Multiply with stp or rtp based on the question

a. 1.4g of ethene gas, C2H4 at s.t.p [answer: 1.12 dm
3
]
b. 2.5g of oxygen gas at room temperature and pressure [answer: 1.88 dm
3
]
c. 4g of carbon dioxide gas at room temperature and pressure [answer: 2.09 dm
3
]



8. Calculate the mass of the following
(RAM refer to periodic table, s.t.p= 22.4dm
3
, r.t.p = 24.0 dm
3
)
a) Based on above formula, to find mass, MUST GO PASS NUMBER OF
MOLE
b) Find number mole first
c) Then, Multiply with RMM

a. 16.8 dm
3
of methane gas CH4 at s.t.p [answer: 12g]
b. 6720 cm
3
of carbon monoxide gas, CO at s.t.p [answer: 8.4g]

Empirical and molecular formula

1. Empirical formula is the simplest ratio of the atoms of the
elements that combine to form compound

2. Molecular formula is the actual numbers of the atoms of the
elements to form the compound



REMEMBER: IF YOU GET SIMPLEST RATIO SUCH AS 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5,
Please make as whole number by multiplying with 2. DONT EVER LEAVE
IT IN DECIMAL PLACES
IN Calculating empirical formula
1. Write mass or percentage
2. Calculate no of mole
3. Divide with smallest number of mole
4. Get simplest ratio



Calculation

1. A compound has element X and Y.
a. Mass of X is 2.4g and mass of Y is 1.6g.
b. (RAM: X=48; Y=16). Calculate the empirical formula







Empirical formula is X1Y2 but written as XY2


2. A compound has 4.8% of hydrogen, 17.7% of boron and the rest is oxygen
a. (RAM; H=1; B=11; O=16)
b. Calculate the empirical formula







Empirical formula is H3BO3





Element X Y
Mass (step 1) 2.4g 1.6g
Number of
moles
(step 2)
2.4
48
= 0.05 mol
1.6
16
=0.1 mol
Simplest ratio
(step 3)
0.05
0.05
= 1
0.10
0.05
= 2
Element H B O
Mass (step 1) 4.8% 17.7% 100- 4.8- 17.7 = 77.5
Number of
moles
(step 2)
4.8
1
= 4.8 mol
17.7
11
=1.6 mol
77.5
16
= 4.8 mol
Simplest ratio
(step 3)
4.8
1.6
= 3
1.6
1.6
= 1
4.8
1.6
= 3


3. A hydrocarbon has 85.7% of carbon. The rest are hydrogen. The molar mass is 28
a. (RAM: H=1; C=12)
b. Determine the empirical formula
c. Determine the molecular formula






Empirical formula is CH2
Molecular formula is (CH2)n = molar mass
[12 + (1 x 2)]n = 28
14n = 28
n = 2

Replace n =2 into (CH2)n, the molecular formula is C2H4

4. 2.5g of X combined with 4g of Y to form a compound with formula XY2 . If the RAM of
Y is 80, determine the relative atomic mass of X

5. 1.04g of element X reacted with 0.48g of oxygen to form an oxide with empirical formula
X2O3. Determine the relative atomic mass of X














Element C H
Mass (step 1) 85.7% 100- 85.7 = 14.3
Number of
moles
(step 2)
85.7
12
= 7.1 mol
14.3
1
=14.3 mol
Simplest ratio
(step 3)
7.1
7.1
= 1
14.3
7.1
= 2


CRUCIBLE LID METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR MAGNESIUM BECAUSE IT IS HIGHER IN
ECS AND VERY REACTIVE COMPARED TO COPPER WHICH IS LESS REACTIVE AND
USES REDUCTION BY HYDROGEN




Crucible lid need to open from time to time to allow oxygen gas to enter and to
react












the hydrogen gas must be passed through first before experiment to remove
all the air in the combustion tube
mixture of air and hydrogen can cause explosion when ignited
weight should be measured from time to time until constant weight is
obtained to assume the reaction completed
hydrogen gas is continuously flow through during cooling process to prevent
any gas to enter again and react with the metal
this causes constant weight could not achieved
Calcium chloride to dry the hydrogen gas
HCl/ H
2
SO
4
and Zinc to produce hydrogen gas
CaCl
Reduction by hydrogen method
Crucible lid method


SOLVING CHEMISTRY QUESTION RULES

1. Write chemical equation
2. Balance the equation
3. Find number of mole of any compound that information
given
4. Dont calculate the excess compounds





(Relative Atomic Mass PLEASE REFER TO PERIODIC TABLE)
















QUESTIONS

1. If 0.12g of magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid, calculate
a. The mass of magnesium chloride formed
b. The volume of hydrogen gas evolved at room temperature and pressure
c. (RAM; Mg=24, Cl=35.5; 1 mol of gas occupies a volume of 24 dm
3
at rtp)
Step 1 (Equation): Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2



Step 2 (Balance the equation): Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Step 3 (Find number of mole of any compound that information given):
Information given is for magnesium which has mass and RAM so,
Number of mole = Mass/RAM 0.12g / 24 = 0.005 mole

a) Already found which is 0.005 mole

b) Based on the equation, Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2


So number of mole of hydrogen gas is 0.005 mol,
0.005 mol x 24 dm
3
(given) = 0.12 dm
3






Mg
2+
Cl
-

MgCl2
0.005 0.01 0.005 0.005


2. 3.2g of copper(II) oxide powder reacted with excess of nitric acid
a. Cu0 + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
b. Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate formed
c. (RAM; N=14, O=16, Cu=64)

3. Ethanol burns in air as below
a. C2H5OH +3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
b. Calculate the mass of ethanol burnt if 2.4dm
3
of carbon dioxide is produced at
room temperature
c. (RAM; H=1, C=12, O=16; 1 mol of gas occupies a volume of 24 dm
3
at rtp)

4. A hydrocarbon X contains 82.76% carbon by mass. 2.9g of hydrocarbon X occupies a
volume of 1.2 dm
3
at room temperature and pressure. (RAM: H=1, C=12, O=16; 1 mol of
gas occupies a 24dm
3
at rtp; NA = 6 X 10
23
mol
-1
)
a. Determine the empirical formula of hydrocarbon X
b. Determine the molecular formula of hydrocarbon X
c. Combustion of X in air produces carbon dioxide and water. Write chemical
equation
d. If 11.6g of X burnt
e. The mass of water formed
f. The number of carbon dioxide molecules produced at room temperature

5. K + O2 K2O
a. Calculate the mass number of mole for potassium oxide if 23.5g of potassium
oxide is used
b. Calculate the number of mole of potassium used
c. Calculate the mass of potassium used
d. Calculate the volume of oxygen used
e. (STP: 22.4dm
3
)

6. H2O2 H2O + O2
a. (rtp: 24dm
3
)
b. Calculate the number mole of oxygen produced if 11.2dm
3
oxygen produced
c. Calculate the number of mole of H2O2 used
d. Calculate the mass of H2O2 used

7. 8.0g of copper (II) oxide powder is added to excess dilute nitric acid and heated. Find the
mass of copper (II) nitrate formed

8. 1.3g of zinc reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The product formed are zinc
sulphate and hydrogen gas. Find the volume of hydrogen released at STP



9. C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
a. 720 cm
3
of propane gas at rtp burns in excess oxygen. Calculate the mass of
carbon dioxide formed

10. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation:
2
2 2
O H (l) 2 O H
2
(l) +
2
O (g)
a. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas,
2
O measured at STP that can be obtained
from the decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide,
2 2
O H . [Relative atomic
mass : H, 1 ; O, 16. Molar volume : 22.4
3
dm
1
mol at STP] (Ans:
11.2 dm
3
)

11. Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal
2 Ag2CO3(l) 4 Ag (s) + 2
2
CO (g) +
2
O
a. Find the mass of silver carbonate that is required to produce 10 g of silver
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108]
(Ans : 12.77g)

12. 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane,
4
CH . Using the equation
below, find the mass of copper that is produced.
[Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64; O, 16]
4 CuO(s) +
4
CH (g) 4 Cu (s) +
2
CO (g) + 2 O H
2
(l)
(Ans : 12.8 g)



13. A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate
3
CaCO strongly. It decomposes according to
the equation below:
3
CaCO (s) CaO (s) +
2
CO (g).
(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?
(b). Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced.
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16; Ca, 40. Molar volume : 24 dm
3

1
mol at
room conditions]
(Ans : (a). 4.8 dm
3
(b) 11.2 g)