Book - National Survey Use Medicines 2.12 PDF

A NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE USE
OF MEDICINES (NSUM)
BY MALAYSIAN CONSUMERS
Edited and prepared by:
Mohamad Azmi H, Asrul Akmal S, Chua GN
With contributions from:
Siti Fauziah A, Lai ST, Norazlin AK, Norazila AG, Abdul Haniff MY, Yap YW,
Leow CY, Salmah B, Salmiah MA, Che Pun B, Mohd Dziehan M, Siew LJ
A publication of the
Pharmaceutical Services Division and the Clinical Research Centre
Ministry of Health Malaysia
Book.A National Survey On The Use of Medicines_2.12.indd 1 1/20/14 10:33 AM
July 2013
Published by:
Quality Use of Medicines
Pharmaceutical Services Division
Lot 36, Jalan Universiti,
46350 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia.
Tel : (603) 7841 3200
Fax : (603) 7968 2222
Website : http://www.pharmacy.gov.my
This report is copyrighted. Reproduction and dissemination of this report in part or in whole for
research, educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorised without any prior written
permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Suggested
citation is: Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia. A National Survey
on the Use of Medicines (NSUM) by Malaysian Consumers 2012.
This report is also published electronically on the website of the Pharmaceutical Services
Division at: http://www.pharmacy.gov.my.
Funding:
The National Survey on the Use of Medicines (NSUM) by Malaysian Consumers 2012 is funded
by the Operational Budget from Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia
and had been registered at National Medical Research Registry with the given ID No.: NMRR-
11-1139-9587.
CONTENTS PAGE
Acknowledgement 5
Executive Summary 6
NSUM Project Team 8
Data Collectors 9
List of Tables (Survey 1) 11
List of Tables (Survey 2) 13
List of Figures (Survey 2) 13
SURVEY 1: A NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE USE OF MEDICINES (NSUM)
BY MALAYSIAN CONSUMERS 2012
1.0 Introduction 16
2.0 Objectives 17
3.0 Methods 17
3.1 Sample size 18
3.2 Sampling method 18
3.3 Data analysis 18
3.4 Ethical consideration 18
4.0 Results 19
4.1 Demographic data 19
4.2 Pattern of medicines use 20
4.3 Access to medicines 24
4.4 Perception towards medicines labelling 35
4.5 Awareness towards appropriate use of medicines 44
4.6 Assessment towards medication compliance 55
4.7 Assessment of medicines information resources 59
4.8 Awareness on Know Your Medicines programme 76
5.0 Discussions 83
6.0 Limitations 86
7.0 Conclusions 86
References 88
CONTENTS PAGE
SURVEY 2: EVALUATION OF KNOW YOUR MEDICINES PROGRAMME 2012
1.0 Introduction 92
2.0 Objective 93
3.0 Methods 93
3.1 Sample size 94
3.2 Data analysis 94
3.3 Ethical consideration 95
4.0 Results 95
4.1 Part A: Demographic characteristics 95
4.2 Part B: Specifc comparison of response at pre and post programme activity 96
4.3 Part C: Comparison of knowledge score at pre and post programme activity 99
4.4 Part D: Qualitative response to the programme 100
5.0 Discussions 101
6.0 Limitations 103
7.0 Conclusions 103
References 104
Appendixes 107
5
A NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE USE OF MEDICINES (NSUM) BY MALAYSIAN CONSUMERS 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we would like to express our most gratitude to the Director General of Health
Malaysia for the permission in publishing this report. Sincere appreciation also to the Ministry of Health
Malaysia (MOH) for giving us the opportunity to collaborate in this project and coming up with the
second report after fve years Quality Use of Medicines-Consumer campaign was launched.
To evaluate the performance of the campaign, two surveys were conducted in year 2012, namely:
Survey 1: A National Survey on the Use of Medicines (NSUM) by Malaysian Consumers 2012
Survey 2: An Evaluation of Know Your Medicines Programme 2012 Pre & Post Survey
Indeed it was a great effort by all the parties involved in these two (2) surveys until this report is
published.
We also would like to thank all the data collectors from the various parts of the nation whose enthusiasm,
determination and perseverance shown during the training and data collecting sessions which yielded
excellent data to be used in this report. Finally, we would like to thank all our colleagues from MOH,
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for the excellent intellectual inputs in making this research project a
success. We really hope that the output of this report could be utilized by those interested parties in
improving consumer use of medicines.
6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Quality Use of Medicines (QUM) is one of the central objectives of Malaysias National Medicines
Policy. Within the context of QUM framework, it is crucial to get current data from the general population
in order to assess their understanding on issues related to rational use of medicines. Also, information
from the survey will help the policy makers to evaluate the impact of strategies that had been taken
in order to improve quality use of medicines among consumers in this country. Furthermore, the data
gain from such survey will be useful for devising future strategies to further enhance quality use of
medicines among Malaysian population.
In order to get in-depth data and information on issues related to medicines use among Malaysian
consumers, a cross sectional national survey for a period of 3 months (between 14
th
February - 15
th
May
2012) were conducted among 3,154 consumers across the country. The study fndings showed that:
Up to 40% of Malaysian consumers were found to be using some form of pharmaceuticals, traditional
health compounds and beauty products in their everyday life to manage their health, general well-
being and appearance. Of these,
28.4% were on chronic medications,
25.2%-37.1% were using vitamins, minerals & supplements,
9.6%-17.8% were using traditional medicines in the form of herbal beverages, processed
and non-processed herbs, and
12.0% were using beauty products.
Spending on medicines obtained from private health facilities ranged between null to RM13,807.33
with average of RM82.14 monthly.
Despite extensive use of pharmaceuticals,
43.5% did not fully understand the proper use of their medicines
50.2% were not able to identify the trade or generic name of their medicines
35.8% were not aware of common side effects of their medicines
34.7% were not aware of the possible interactions between traditional and modern medicines
The study also found that;
Doctors were the respondents frst point of reference when experiencing problems with health, with
slightly more than half of them (56.0%) opted to consult a doctor in the government sector.
The three most common facilities where consumers obtained their medicines are clinics (85.9%),
hospitals (75%) and community pharmacies (72.2%).
Over 80% of respondents perceived medicines labels as adequate and did not report any diffculties
in reading the labels.
7
Although an increasing proportion of consumers were more aware of the safety and regulatory
issues of medicines, compliance remained a problem for approximately 70% of the consumers.
An emerging problem with sharing of medicines can be anticipated with as many as 29.5% of
consumers reported to be sharing medications.
When acquiring medicines information, consumers frst point of reference was the doctors (51%)
and pharmacists (29.3%).
Majority of consumers (72.5%) preferred additional written information on medicines.
Majority of consumers (67.3%) stated that they require additional medicines counselling sessions
with pharmacists in order to understand and overcome problems pertaining to their medicines.
Awareness of the national effort to promote quality use of medicines via the Know Your Medicines
programme among consumers was marginally good but participation remains relatively low.
Of those who had participated in the Know Your Medicines programme, signifcant improvement
was exhibited in their understanding and interpretation on medicines specifcally on the use of
medicines, type, labelling and registration of medicines, sources of controlled medicines and
medicines disposal.
8
NSUM PROJECT TEAM
Advisor
Dr. Salmah binti Bahri
Director of Pharmacy Practice & Development
Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Consultants
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Azmi bin Ahmad Hassali
Deputy Dean,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asrul Akmal Shafe
Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy
Ms. Chua Gin Nie
Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy
Prof. Dr. Salmiah binti Mohd. Ali
Deputy Dean (Research and Development)
Head of Department & Professor of Pharmacy Practice
MAHSA University
Principal
Investigator
Ms. Siti Fauziah binti Abu
Senior Principal Assistant Director
Co-Investigators
Madam Norazlin binti Abd. Kadir
Pharmacist U52
Kota Tinggi Hospital, Johor
Madam Norazila binti Abdul Ghani
Pharmacist U48
Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Alor Setar
Mr. Abdul Haniff bin Mohamad Yahaya
Pharmacist U48
Teluk Intan Hospital, Perak
Madam Yap Yee Woon
Pharmacist U44
Cheras Health Clinic, Kuala Lumpur
Ms. Lai Sook Tze
Pharmacist U44
Health Department Federal Territory of
Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya
Mr. Mohd. Dziehan bin Mustapa
Principal Assistant Director
Madam Leow Chuan Ying
Pharmacist U44
Kampung Pandan Health Clinic,
Kuala Lumpur
Secretariat
Madam Che Pun binti Bujang
Deputy Director of Pharmacy Practice
and Development,
Madam Munira binti Muhammad
Senior Principal Assistant Director
Madam Siew Lee Jin
Senior Assistant Director
Madam Hazlin binti Othman
Senior Assistant Director
9
DATA COLLECTORS
PERLIS
Wan Irnayufzan Hani Wan Ab Rahman
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Perlis
Lim Chian Khie
Pharmacist
Nurul Hidayah Mahamud
Pharmacist
KEDAH
Gan Seok Mei
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Kedah
Noraishah Abu Bakar
Pharmacist
District Health Offce, Kota Setar
Nur Azimah Mohd. Rhazi
Pharmacist
Kulim Hospital
Khor Chee Hau
Pharmacist
Baling Hospital
PULAU PINANG
Nor Mazuen Mohd. Noor
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, P.Pinang
Lee Yoon Wei
Pharmacist
Seberang Jaya Hospital
Tiew Poh Sin
Pharmacist
District Health Offce, Timur Laut
Jenny Tan Soo Hoon
Pharmacist
Pulau Pinang Hospital
SELANGOR
Norhayati Musa
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Selangor
Ng Poh Lee
Pharmacist
Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Hospital
Kwan Wai Hong
Pharmacist
Sekinchan Health Clinic
Gan Cheng Ling
Pharmacist
Sabak Bernam Hospital
PERAK
Nurul Izyani Ismail
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Perak
Norzuraida Abdul Wahab
Pharmacist
Batu Gajah Hospital
Yap Cheng Hoon
Pharmacist
Taiping Health Clinic
Kow Pei Cheah
Pharmacist
Slim River Hospital
Nurul Akma Harun
Pharmacist
Gunung Rapat Health Clinic
KUALA LUMPUR
Maisara Abdul Rahman
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, WPKL&P
Tan Yee May
Pharmacist
Kuala Lumpur Hospital
LABUAN
Chan Chiew Ting
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Labuan
Gopinatha Ganesh
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Labuan
MELAKA
Khairunnisa Ishak
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Melaka
Lim Chia Wei
Pharmacist
Melaka Hospital
Nadiah Mohd. Mokhtar
Pharmacist
Padang Sebang Health Clinic
10
NEGERI SEMBILAN
Ong See Wan
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, N.Sembilan
Norlizawati Sariffudin
Pharmacist
Tuanku Jaafar Hospital
O Fui Kim
Pharmacist
Tampin Hospital
JOHOR
Grace Yung Sze Chia
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Johor
Norfahmi Mohd. Yusof
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Johor
Izzati Mohd Farok
Pharmacist
Kota Tinggi Hospital
Norashikin Mohd. Saman
Pharmacist
Chaah Health Clinic
PAHANG
Tou Pui Yee
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Pahang
Omar Othman
Pharmacist
Raub Hospital
Juliza Yahya
Pharmacist
Bandar Kuantan Health Clinic
SABAH
Sarawati Mdius
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Sabah
Musliza Zaidan
Pharmacist
Duchess of Kent Hospital
Nurafzah Embok Cheni
Pharmacist
Tawau Hospital
Heng Jin Ee
Pharmacist
Keningau Hospital
KELANTAN
Ruzaira Che Razak
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Kelantan
Lim Ee Laine
Pharmacist
Raja Perempuan Zainab II Hospital
Azizah Mohamed
Pharmacist
Jeli Hospital
Shaira Shuwairi Sha-Aladin
Pharmacist
Tanah Merah Hospital
TERENGGANU
Zunaidah Abdul Rashid
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Terengganu
Aliana A. Rahman
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Terengganu
Nor Idamarlini Mohamad
Pharmacist
Kemaman Hospital
Tun Maizatul Hafza Tuan Ahmad
Pharmacist
Hulu Terengganu Hospital
SARAWAK
Heriman Mahali
Pharmacist
Makmal Ubat & Stor Miri
Robin Tan Tiow Heng
Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Sarawak
Ivory Jeanne Ak Bakri
Pharmacist
Sarawak General Hospital
Tang Chen Jew
Pharmacist
Sarikei Health Clinic
11
LIST OF TABLES
SURVEY 1: A NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE USE OF MEDICINES (NSUM) BY MALAYSIAN
CONSUMERS 2012
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of respondents
Table 2 Prescription and non-prescription medicines use patterns among consumers
Table 3
General spending on prescription and non-prescription medicines in the last 3
months
Table 4 Factors associated with medicines expenditure in different facilities
Table 5 First action taken by respondents if experiencing any health problems
Table 6
First action taken by respondents if experiencing any health problems according to
demographic
Table 7 Consumers choice of facilities to obtain medicines
Table 8 (1) Factors associated with consumers choice of facilities to obtain medicines
Table 8 (2) Factors associated with consumers choice of facilities to obtain medicines
Table 9
Factors affecting medicines-label reading and consumers perceived labelling
adequacy
Table 10
Association between diffculties in reading medicines labels and demographic
characteristics
Table 11 Association between labelling satisfaction and demographic characteristics
Table 12
Association between ability to identify medicines by trade or generic name and
demographic characteristics
Table 13
Association between the knowledge on proper use and storage of medicines and
Table 14
Association between the awareness on the side effects and shelf life of medicines
and demographic characteristics
Table 15
Factors affecting the awareness on food-medicines and modern-traditional
medicines interactions
Table 16
Response to Did you know that all modern and traditional medicines should be
registered with Ministry of Health? based on demographic characteristics
Table 17 Factors affecting knowledge on Meditag availability
Table 18
Response to Have you ever forgotten to take the prescribed medicines as
indicated? based on demographic characteristics
12
Table 19
Response to Have you ever chosen not to take the prescribed medicines? based
on demographic characteristics
Table 20
Response to Have you ever shared any medicines with others? based on
Table 21 Consumers frst point of reference on medicines-related issues
Table 22
Response to Who will be the FIRST person that you consult concerning
medicines? based on demographic characteristics
Table 23
Proportion of consumers having diffculties in obtaining medicines information
from government doctors/private doctors/government pharmacists/community
pharmacists
Table 24 (1)
Association of proportion of consumers having diffculties in obtaining medicines
information from government doctors/private doctors/government pharmacists/
community pharmacists with demographic characteristics
Table 24 (2)
Association of proportion of consumers having diffculties in obtaining medicines
information from government doctors/private doctors/government pharmacists/
community pharmacists with demographic characteristics
Table 25
Frequency of obtaining medicines information from various information sources
among Malaysian consumers
Table 26
Response to How often do you obtain medicines information from printed
materials, internet and common information channels? based on demographic
characteristics
Table 27
Response to How often do you obtain medicines information from modern
healthcare professionals/traditional & complimentary practitioners/friends, family
or friends? based on demographic characteristics
Table 28
Consumers response to Do you need written medicines information? based on
Table 29
Responses to Do you require additional counselling from your pharmacists?
based on demographic characteristics
Table 30 Consumers awareness of Know Your Medicines programme
Table 31 Consumers sources of information about the Know Your Medicines programme
Table 32(1)
Association between the sources of information about the Know Your Medicines
programme and area of settlement
Table 32(2)
Association between the sources of information about the Know Your Medicines
Table 33 Attendance for Know Your Medicines programme activities
Table 34
Responses to Have you attended any of the programmes activities? based on
Table 35
Responses to How satisfed are you with the programme? based on demographic
characteristics
13
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents
Table 2: Respondents knowledge on the Quality Use of Medicines at pre and post intervention
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Comparison of respondents knowledge score at pre and post programme activities

SURVEY 1:
A NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE USE OF
MEDICINES (NSUM) BY MALAYSIAN
CONSUMERS 2012
16
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Since the existence of mankind, medicines
have become essential for reducing mortality
and morbidity from various diseases. Within
this context the availability of medicines itself
will not guarantee that the patients or the
healthcare workers will use it appropriately. In
order to achieve a holistic process of medication
use, many nations are promoting the concept of
Quality Use of Medicines. In a nutshell, Quality
Use of Medicines can be defned as patients
receive medications appropriate to their clinical
needs, in doses that meet their own individual
requirements for an adequate period of time, and
the lowest cost to them and their community.
1

It is acknowledged that the inappropriate use of
medicines can relate to poor or negative health
outcomes, increase adverse events and health
costs among healthcare consumers around
the world.
2-6
Research by the California Board
of Pharmacy in United States for instance had
reported that half of the prescriptions taken each
year are used improperly and 96% of patients
nationwide fail to ask questions about how to
use their medications.
7
In the year 2000 alone,
more than USD177 billion were estimated for
the annual costs of drug-related illness and
death in ambulatory care settings.
8
Based on
the report by Institute of Medicine on Preventing
Medication Errors in 2006, it was estimated
that more than 1.5 million people are injured by
medication errors each year incurring a cost of
about USD3.5 billion.
9
In Malaysia, initial study was conducted to explore
issues related to quality use of medicines among
consumers by the Pharmaceutical Services
Division of Ministry of Health in collaboration
with the experts from Discipline of Social and
Administrative Pharmacy, Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM) revealed that 55.6% of public
or consumers did not understand the proper
use of their medicines.
10
Maximising health
outcomes, reducing adverse events and keeping
the health costs within the affordable limits
are the initiatives that are being implemented
around the world in order to improve the use
of medicines. Recognizing that consumer
behaviour also infuences medication use,
introducing consumer strategies to improve the
use of medicines is necessary in any countrys
attempts to promote rational drug use.
11
Within
this context, the Malaysian government, through
the Ministry of Health (MOH) has developed a
comprehensive National Strategy for Quality
Use of Medicines-Consumers (QUM-C).
A key principle of the strategy is the primacy
of consumers in any initiative to promote QUM
through effective self-care practices via Know
Your Medicines programme. Effective self-care
involves a complex sequence of tasks, including
diagnosing the condition and its cause, selecting
proper medicines therapy and monitoring
treatment effectiveness. Whereas patients
and healthcare providers have always shared
these decisions to some extent, the current
availability of the medications, which involved
both prescriptions and non-prescriptions items
allows greater potential in decision making for
patients acting with and without direct provider
guidance.
In recent years, many European countries
have undertaken public education campaigns
to encourage rational use of medicines. Few
countries such as Australia, United States and
Switzerland have published an evaluation of
the campaign effectiveness. While some of
these campaigns have had limited success,
others have been very effective.
11-15
For example,
repeated sun protection campaigns in Australia
was reported to successfully sensitize its targeted
audience to be highly aware of the campaign
existence over the 3 years.
16
It is crucial to learn
from the successful campaign elsewhere on
17
creating and maintaining awareness. A survey
on the use of medicines by consumers in federal
territories of Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya in 2009
stated that there was a 38.2% improvement in
understanding and knowledge on medicines use
among 70% of consumers. It showed that there
was an escalated improvement in consumers
interpretation and understanding on medicines,
in part of trade name (40.4% vs. 80%),
knowledge of generic name (27.9% vs. 48.3%),
knowledge of side effects (32.7% vs. 51.7%),
knowledge on storage (59.4% vs. 73.8%) and
discontinuation of medications upon recovery
(25.3% vs. 63.6%).
17
The Know Your Medicines programme strategy
was planned in tandem with the aspiration
of one of the important components in the
Malaysian National Medicines Policy which
directly stresses the importance of the QUM
concept among consumers of this nation. Thus,
in order to understand how effective Malaysian
healthcare consumers use their medicines
and the impact of the Know Your Medicines
programme, it is essential to get current data so
that the health authorities can plan necessary
strategies to enhance consumers understanding
on the concept of quality use of medicines which
is one of the main agenda in the Malaysian
National Medicines Policy.
18
2.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To identify prescription and non-prescription
medicines use pattern among consumers.
2. To explore current knowledge of consumers
on medicines usage.
3. To document sources of medicines information
channels commonly used by consumers.
4. To evaluate the awareness among
the consumers towards the education
programmes on the use of medicines.
3.0 METHODS
A cross sectional survey for a period of 3
months (between 14
th
February 15
th
May
2012) was conducted across the country. The
questionnaire used in this study had been
developed via consultation with all the selected
representatives involved with the Malaysian
Comprehensive National Project on the Rational
Use of Drugs and extensive review of available
literatures pertaining to consumer surveys on
rational use of medicines conducted elsewhere.
The developed questionnaire was tested for
its content validity by engaging 250 patients
from different socioeconomic status and 50
pharmacists practicing in government health
centres. The fnal version of questionnaire
consisted of six major domains which includes
demographic profle of respondents (7 items),
pattern of medicines use (4 items), access to
medicines (2 items), patient understanding
on medicines (part 1 5 items, part 2 8
items, part 3 3 items), sources of medicines
information (5 items) and awareness of Know
Your Medicines programme (6 items). The fnal
version of the questionnaire was distributed
by trained data collectors which had been
appointed by the Pharmaceutical Services
Department, The Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Inclusion criteria for the potential respondents:
Age 18 years and above.
Non-hospitalized.
Able to read, write and listen (for those who
are illiterate).
Provide verbal consent to participate (ethical
requirement).
Living within 30 kilometres from the chosen
cluster in each state.
18
3.1 Sample size
Based on the 95% confdence interval and
margin of error of 5%, using a sample size
calculator, 377 participants were needed.
19
As a national survey with an estimation of
70% participation rate, the estimated sample
size required was around 641 individuals. By
applying a common design effect of 4 for large
sample surveys, the projected sample size of the
population that needs to be surveyed was around
2,564.
20
For the purpose of this study a total
of around 3,000 respondents were surveyed.
For each state, at least 200 consumers were
approached for participation (100 in rural and
100 in urban area).
3.2 Sampling method
For the purpose of this study, one stage random
cluster sampling technique was employed
as there is no national sampling frame
available.
21-23
Using this method, two clusters
represented by two public healthcare centres
in each state (except Sarawak and Pahang)
that delivers healthcare services for most rural
and urban population were determined and
chosen by using population dataset available
from Malaysian Department of Statistics. These
public health centres served as a reference
point for the administration of the survey. Those
who were living within 30 kilometres radius from
this reference point were surveyed randomly by
the respective assigned data collectors. In each
state except Sarawak and Pahang, a total of
100 respondents were surveyed in each clusters
(rural and urban). By using this method, a total
of 2,400 respondents were surveyed from these
12 states. As Sarawak and Pahang represent the
largest and second largest states respectively
in Malaysia in terms of its geographical
demarcation, additional 2 clusters were
included for sampling purposes and for each
cluster 75 respondents were surveyed (rural and
urban).This in return gave a total number of 600
respondents surveyed for these two states (300
respondents in each state).
3.3 Data analysis
The analysis of cost data is often complicated
by the typically right-skewed distribution due to
data clumping at zero. This was also inherent
in the present study when estimating the
respondents medicines expenditure. In order
to overcome this problem in the cost analysis,
consumers with zero cost were excluded and the
rest were log transformed prior to analysis.
All responses received on knowledge and
sources of medicines information were cross
tabulated and analyzed with Chi-square test,
Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and
Spearman correlation test using SPSS software
version 18. Missing data were treated as
complete case analysis. For all statistical tests
performed, the signifcance level was set a priori
at p<0.05.
3.4 Ethical consideration
All the data collectors explained the purpose
of the study to their potential respondents prior
to administering the survey forms. A verbal
consent was obtained from each respondent
before the start of the survey. No fndings which
could identify any individual participant were
published. Participation in this research was
entirely voluntary.
19
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Demographic data
From Table 1, a total of 3,154 respondents from
all ffteen states across Malaysia participated
in the study. Each state contributed between
6.0-6.3% of the sample respondents except for
Pahang and Sarawak which were represented
by 295 (9.4%) and 285 (9.0%) participants
respectively. The proportion of male participants
was 39.9% (n=1,257) while 60.1% was female
(n=1,897). Malay participants consisted of
63.9% (n=2,014) of the whole sample while
665 (21.1%) of the participants were Chinese,
197 (6.2%) were Indian and 278 (8.8%) were
of other ethnics.
In terms of level of education, 315 (10.0%) of
them received primary school level of education,
1,337 (42.4%) received secondary school level
of education, and 1,386 (43.9%) received
tertiary level of education. A total of 116 (3.7%)
of the participants did not receive any formal
education. About 33.8% (n=1,067) of the
participants were government employees while
private sector employees made up of 34.3%
(n=1,082) of the participants. Approximately
6.8% (n=215) of participants had retired, 8.9%
(n=282) were still studying, and 16.1% (n=508)
of them were unemployed. Majority of the
participants (n=2,608; 82.7%) lived with their
family. Participants were mostly living in urban
areas (n=2,291; 72.6%).
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of
respondents
Variable n (%)
State Johor 200 ( 6.3)
Kedah 200 ( 6.3)
Kelantan 189 ( 6.0)
Melaka 200 ( 6.3)
Negeri
Sembilan
200 ( 6.3)
Pahang 295 ( 9.4)
Perak 193 ( 6.1)
Perlis 200 ( 6.3)
Penang 200 ( 6.3)
Sabah 200 ( 6.3)
Sarawak 285 ( 9.0)
Selangor 200 ( 6.3)
Terengganu 200 ( 6.3)
WP KL 192 ( 6.1)
WP Labuan 200 ( 6.3)
Location Urban 2,291 (72.6)
Rural 863 (27.4)
Gender Male 1,257 (39.9)
Female 1,897 (60.1)
Race Malay 2,014 (63.9)
Chinese 665 (21.1)
Indian 197 ( 6.2)
Others 278 ( 8.8)
Education
level
Primary
school
315 (10.0)
Secondary
school
1,337 (42.4)
College/
university
1,386 (43.9)
No formal
education
116 ( 3.7)
Occupation Government 1,067 (33.8)
Private/self
employed
1,082 (34.3)
Retired 215 ( 6.8)
Student 282 ( 8.9)
Unemployed 508 (16.1)
Living status Alone 426 (13.5)
With family 2,608 (82.7)
With non-
family
120 ( 3.8)
20
4.2 Pattern of medicines use
Table 2 shows the types of medicines used
by consumers. Approximately, 28.4% of
the respondents reported to be on chronic
medicines while 37.1% of the respondents were
taking vitamins and 25.2% of the respondents
were taking minerals and supplements. The use
of non-processed and processed herbs were
reported in 9.6% and 11.3% of the respondents
respectively. In addition, 17.8% of the
respondents were taking herbal beverages and
12% of them were using beauty care products.
Table 2: Prescription and non-prescription
medicines use patterns among consumers
Medicines use n (%)
Chronic medicines
Yes 896 (28.4)
No 2,255 (71.5)
Vitamins
Yes 1,170 (37.1)
No 1,978 (62.7)
Minerals and
supplements
Yes 795 (25.2)
No 2,352 (74.6)
Non-processed herbs
Yes 304 ( 9.6)
No 2,844 (90.2)
Processed herbs
Yes 355 (11.3)
No 2,792 (88.5)
Herbal beverages
Yes 560 (17.8)
No 2,589 (82.1)
Beauty care products
Yes 378 (12.0)
No 2,768 (87.8)
On average Malaysian spent RM82.14
(SD=RM160.48) on medicines. Malaysian
consumers spent the most for their medicines
in private hospital (mean=RM241.49,
SD=RM320.81), (Table 3). Medicines obtained
from the private pharmacy constitute the
second highest spending on medicines
(mean=RM135.17, SD=RM190.15). An average
of RM128.70 (SD=RM238.10) was spent
on medicines obtained from non-pharmacy
premises. Spending on medicines obtained
from private clinic constitute the lowest
expenditure among Malaysian consumers
(mean=RM112.45, SD=139.05).
Table 3: General spending on prescription
and non-prescription medicines in the last 3
months
Medicines
expenditure
Mean
(RM)
SD
(RM)
Median
(RM)
IQR
(RM)
Medicines
obtained
from
private
clinic
(n=776)
112.45 139.05 70.00 70.00
Medicines
obtained
from
private
hospital
(n=130)
241.49 320.81 100.00 100.00
Medicines
obtained
from
private
pharmacy
(n=976)
135.17 190.15 70.00 115.00
Medicines
obtained
from non-
pharmacy
premises
(n=658)
128.70 238.10 50.00 122.00
Table 4 shows the factors associated with the
consumers medicines expenditure in different
21
facilities. Generally, medicines expenditure
was signifcantly associated with respondents
incomes across all facilities. Additionally, the
area of settlement (urban or rural) was found
to be signifcantly associated with consumers
medicines expenditure in private clinic, private
pharmacy and non-pharmacy premises
(p<0.001). Consumers living in urban area
spent more in private clinic (mean = RM118.85,
SD=RM129.91), private pharmacy (mean =
RM151.03, SD = RM203.96) and non-pharmacy
premises (mean=RM158.40, SD=RM270.76)
compared to those in rural area. Meanwhile, the
ethnicity and education level of consumers were
also found to be signifcantly associated with
medicines expenditure in private clinic, private
pharmacy and non-pharmacy premises.
Interestingly, consumers with no formal education
were found to spend more for medicines obtained
from private hospital (mean = RM165.00, SD =
RM120.21, P = 0.180). Consumers medicines
expenditure in private pharmacy was found
to be signifcantly associated with the area of
settlement, gender, age, ethnicity, education
level, occupation and monthly income of the
consumers. Consumers who were females, of
Chinese ethnicity, living with non-family and
had a monthly income more than RM4,500.00
recorded the highest medicines expenditure in
private pharmacy. For those who have obtained
medicines from non-pharmacy premises, retired
consumers and those with monthly income of
more than RM4,000.00 were found to have
spent more P=0.014 and p<0.001 respectively.
22
T
a
b
l
e

4
:

F
a
c
t
o
r
s

a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d

w
i
t
h

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e

i
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e

i
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
P
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
P
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
P
r
i
v
a
t
e

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
N
o
n
-
p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y

p
r
e
m
i
s
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
r
e
a
U
r
b
a
n
1
1
8
.
8
5

(
1
2
9
.
9
1
)
0
.
0
0
2
2
1
3
.
0
2

(
2
7
2
.
8
5
)
0
.
4
4
0
1
5
1
.
0
3

(
2
0
3
.
9
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
1
5
8
.
4
0

(
2
7
0
.
7
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
u
r
a
l
9
8
.
7
5

(
1
5
6
.
2
4
)
3
3
2
.
4
2

(
4
3
3
.
7
5
)
8
6
.
2
5

(
1
2
7
.
6
4
)
5
8
.
6
9

(
1
0
3
.
3
0
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
1
2
9
.
1
3

(
2
4
2
.
1
6
)
0
.
1
7
7
9
7
.
6
9

(
1
5
1
.
4
0
)
0
.
1
4
4
9
3
.
8
8

(
1
1
5
.
5
7
)
0
.
0
0
7
7
5
.
3
3

(
1
2
2
.
4
7
)
0
.
0
9
0
2
5
-
3
4
1
0
1
.
9
2

(
1
0
6
.
5
9
)
9
2
.
8
7

(
1
3
6
.
4
5
)
1
3
7
.
3
7

(
1
8
4
.
2
1
)
1
2
3
.
5
5

(
2
1
1
.
3
8
)
3
5
-
4
4
1
0
5
.
2
7

(
1
0
5
.
2
0
)
7
4
.
6
9

(
1
2
0
.
7
7
)
1
2
9
.
1
9

(
1
8
3
.
2
9
)
1
3
2
.
1
0

(
2
7
4
.
7
9
)
4
5
-
5
9
1
2
8
.
4
8

(
1
2
5
.
5
0
)
1
0
4
.
2
0

(
1
7
8
.
6
4
)
1
4
8
.
6
3

(
2
5
6
.
4
3
)
1
7
3
.
7
1

(
2
7
8
.
2
2
)
6
0
-
6
4
1
1
2
.
0
5

(
1
4
9
.
6
6
)
1
2
3
.
3
3

(
2
2
2
.
8
3
)
1
5
6
.
5
6

(
1
8
2
.
6
0
)
1
3
8
.
2
2

(
2
9
4
.
8
6
)
>
6
4
1
2
0
.
1
0

(
1
3
1
.
7
6
)
8
0
.
7
1

(
9
3
.
2
0
)
1
2
6
.
7
9

(
1
5
7
.
2
0
)
1
2
4
.
7
4

(
1
6
3
.
3
7
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
1
5
.
3
8

(
1
2
8
.
3
7
)
0
.
3
7
7
2
6
7
.
3
5

(
3
9
1
.
3
7
)
0
.
4
1
0
1
3
0
.
8
1

(
1
9
0
.
1
4
)
0
.
0
4
9
1
0
5
.
1
6

(
2
2
0
.
8
9
)
0
.
0
1
3
*
F
e
m
a
l
e
1
1
0
.
3
4

(
1
4
6
.
3
6
)
2
1
9
.
3
3

(
2
4
5
.
6
8
)
1
3
7
.
9
1

(
1
9
0
.
2
6
)
1
4
2
.
7
5

(
2
4
6
.
9
9
)
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
1
0
0
.
7
7

(
1
1
2
.
3
0
)
0
.
0
1
6
7
9
.
4
7

(
1
2
1
.
4
7
)
0
.
2
4
3
9
7
.
1
8

(
1
2
7
.
2
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
1
0
9
.
3
2

(
2
0
4
.
7
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
1
4
4
.
9
4

(
1
9
6
.
5
6
)
1
2
1
.
8
3

(
1
9
7
.
5
1
)
2
0
9
.
7
2

(
2
5
6
.
9
3
)
1
9
5
.
3
5

(
3
2
8
.
5
2
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
1
2
7
.
9
4

(
1
5
1
.
7
8
)
2
0
7
.
8
6

(
2
4
0
.
3
4
)
1
8
6
.
5
4

(
2
4
4
.
3
1
)
1
1
3
.
3
4

(
1
9
9
.
9
3
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
9
5
.
3
8

(

9
3
.
3
6
)
7
9
.
4
1

(
1
3
6
.
6
2
)
7
0
.
7
7

(

6
5
.
8
2
)
1
0
9
.
9
7

(
1
7
5
.
8
0
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

L
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
9
9
.
5
4

(
1
3
7
.
4
2
)
0
.
0
0
1
1
6
.
4
3

(

3
7
.
2
7
)
0
.
1
8
0
1
0
3
.
0
3

(
1
3
1
.
5
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
8
6
.
6
3

(
1
1
2
.
2
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
1
0
8
.
2
3

(
1
5
7
.
8
2
)
8
3
.
8
1

(
1
4
0
.
7
9
)
1
1
8
.
2
2

(
1
6
1
.
8
7
)
1
1
9
.
3
2

(
2
5
8
.
3
8
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
1
1
8
.
1
5

(
1
2
5
.
0
1
)
1
0
6
.
8
7

(
1
6
3
.
4
5
)
1
5
3
.
9
5

(
2
1
5
.
0
0
)
1
4
9
.
5
2

(
2
4
5
.
3
6
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
6
.
5
0

(
1
0
3
.
0
0
)
1
6
5
.
0
0

(
1
2
0
.
2
1
)
8
0
.
2
0

(

9
4
.
7
4
)
7
7
.
0
8

(
1
0
8
.
3
1
)
23
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e

i
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
P
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
P
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
P
r
i
v
a
t
e

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
N
o
n
-
p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y

p
r
e
m
i
s
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
a
n

(
S
D
)
,

R
M
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
1
1
8
.
1
0

(
1
3
2
.
6
6
)
0
.
0
0
6
1
0
5
.
4
9

(
1
5
7
.
5
4
)
0
.
1
4
9
1
2
3
.
4
1

(
1
4
7
.
0
0
)
0
.
0
0
7
1
4
9
.
2
3

(
2
5
7
.
6
8
)
0
.
0
1
4
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
1
1
6
.
9
6

(
1
6
0
.
6
3
)
1
0
2
.
1
7

(
1
6
9
.
1
6
)
1
6
0
.
4
1

(
2
2
6
.
1
5
)
1
2
6
.
9
9

(
2
2
9
.
2
4
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
1
0
.
2
9

(
1
0
8
.
3
2
)
3
5
.
0
0

(

4
4
.
0
8
)
1
2
6
.
9
0

(
1
5
5
.
3
1
)
2
0
3
.
5
7

(
4
2
3
.
5
4
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
9
5
.
6
0

(
1
0
3
.
6
7
)
4
3
.
1
2

(

3
5
.
1
5
)
7
1
.
5
2

(
6
2
.
3
8
)
8
1
.
0
0

(

9
6
.
0
7
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
9
4
.
9
1

(
1
1
9
.
9
1
)
1
0
8
.
0
0

(
1
5
0
.
8
3
)
1
3
4
.
1
6

(
2
3
7
.
5
9
)
8
3
.
9
1

(
1
3
4
.
0
8
)
L
i
v
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
1
0
5
.
6
0

(
1
4
2
.
2
9
)
0
.
5
6
0
3
7
.
6
9

(

3
7
.
4
5
)
0
.
0
5
2
1
1
6
.
9
7

(
1
1
7
.
9
8
)
0
.
4
0
4
1
2
3
.
1
1

(
1
6
3
.
3
3
)
0
.
2
8
2
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
1
1
3
.
2
0

(
1
3
8
.
0
1
)
1
0
2
.
8
3

(
1
6
0
.
7
6
)
1
3
4
.
7
9

(
1
8
9
.
2
9
)
1
3
2
.
2
6

(
2
5
0
.
2
9
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
1
2
2
.
4
0

(
1
5
6
.
9
1
)
9
2
.
5
0

(

6
0
.
1
0
)
2
2
5
.
8
4

(
3
7
2
.
4
4
)
5
7
.
0
0

(

5
7
.
4
3
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

I
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
1
1
0
.
2
2

(
1
4
6
.
4
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
2
5
.
0
0

(

4
1
.
8
3
)
0
.
0
1
8
7
6
.
0
7

(

8
6
.
2
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
6
6
.
0
0

(

7
0
.
1
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
6
6
.
7
9

(

5
1
.
1
9
)
5
6
.
6
7

(

8
1
.
4
4
)
5
8
.
2
0

(

5
6
.
0
6
)
7
9
.
9
8

(
1
3
0
.
0
1
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
9
6
.
2
7

(
1
2
1
.
5
4
)
9
0
.
3
1

(
1
4
3
.
7
6
)
6
6
.
6
7

(

8
0
.
7
3
)
8
0
.
2
8

(
1
8
8
.
0
5
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
8
6
.
3
0

(

8
7
.
7
9
)
4
5
.
0
0

(

4
2
.
0
3
)
9
9
.
3
2

(
1
0
8
.
3
9
)
1
5
4
.
2
1

(
2
6
0
.
5
0
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
9
1
.
5
6

(

8
2
.
8
0
)
7
6
.
6
7

(

9
9
.
1
5
)
1
0
6
.
7
9

(
1
2
0
.
4
3
)
9
1
.
7
9

(
1
5
2
.
7
1
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
1
0
1
.
9
3

(
1
1
5
.
9
4
)
1
5
0
.
0
0

(
2
3
9
.
7
9
)
9
7
.
0
6

(
1
3
9
.
1
5
)
9
3
.
3
8

(

9
8
.
3
5
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
1
0
1
.
2
5

(

7
7
.
5
4
)
4
7
.
5
0

(

7
4
.
6
2
)
1
3
2
.
2
3

(
1
6
8
.
0
7
)
1
0
2
.
1
0

(
1
2
6
.
4
2
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
1
3
6
.
7
6

(
1
3
7
.
7
2
)
9
7
.
1
4

(
1
6
0
.
9
0
)
1
5
5
.
7
3

(
2
4
1
.
1
9
)
1
0
0
.
4
4

(

8
9
.
9
0
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
1
6
6
.
8
3

(
1
6
6
.
9
4
)
1
8
7
.
5
0

(
2
0
4
.
5
3
)
1
8
4
.
9
2

(
1
8
8
.
8
5
)
2
3
1
.
1
7

(
3
4
1
.
5
9
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
1
7
1
.
6
7

(
3
6
3
.
5
3
)
2
5
.
0
0

(

4
1
.
8
3
)
2
0
5
.
6
1

(
3
2
3
.
7
7
)
1
8
8
.
1
4

(
3
3
7
.
6
0
)
>

R
M
5
,
0
0
0
1
5
1
.
1
7

(
1
6
3
.
1
1
)
1
2
7
.
6
0

(
1
9
7
.
8
6
)
2
2
7
.
6
7

(
2
6
4
.
9
6
)
2
3
9
.
3
6

(
3
9
3
.
3
1
)

M
a
n
n
-
W
h
i
t
n
e
y

t
e
s
t
;

K
r
u
s
k
a
l
-
W
a
l
l
i
s

t
e
s
t
,

p
<
0
.
0
5
*
24
4.3 Access to medicines
From Table 5, more than half of the respondents
(56.0%) claimed that they will consult a
government doctor frst if they experienced any
health problems. There were 27.7% and 11.0%
of the respondents who claimed that they will
consult a private doctor and self-medicate
respectively. Only 4.7% of the respondents
claimed that they will consult retail pharmacist
if they experience any health problems.
Consultation with traditional practitioner was
the least favoured by the respondents (0.6%,
n=18).
Table 5: First action taken by respondents if
experiencing any health problems
If you experiencing any
health problems, what is
the FIRST action that youll
take?
n (%)
Consult government doctor 1,766 (56.0)
Consult private doctor 873 (27.7)
Self-medication 346 (11.0)
Consult retail pharmacist 149 ( 4.7)
Consult traditional practitioner 18 ( 0.6)
From Table 6, the consumers frst point of
reference when experiencing any health problems
were found to be signifcantly associated
(p<0.001) with participants location, age,
ethnicity, educational level, occupation and
monthly household income.
25
T
a
b
l
e

6
:

F
i
r
s
t

a
c
t
i
o
n

t
a
k
e
n

b
y

r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s

i
f

e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g

a
n
y

h
e
a
l
t
h

p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s

a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g

t
o

d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
F
i
r
s
t

a
c
t
i
o
n

t
a
k
e
n

b
y

r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s

i
f

e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g

a
n
y

h
e
a
l
t
h

p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
S
e
l
f
-
m
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

d
o
c
t
o
r
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

d
o
c
t
o
r
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

r
e
t
a
i
l

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
s
t
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
r
e
a
U
r
b
a
n
2
7
8

(
8
0
.
3
)
1
,
1
9
7

(
6
7
.
8
)
6
7
5

(
7
7
.
3
)
1
2
2

(
8
1
.
9
)
1
7

(
9
4
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
u
r
a
l
6
8

(
1
9
.
7
)
5
6
9

(
3
2
.
2
)
1
9
8

(
2
2
.
7
)
2
7

(
1
8
.
1
)
1

(

5
.
6
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
9
0

(
2
6
.
0
)
2
5
5

(
1
4
.
4
)
1
2
5

(
1
4
.
3
)
2
5

(
1
6
.
8
)
2

(
1
1
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
5
-
3
4
1
3
8

(
3
9
.
9
)
4
6
4

(
2
6
.
3
)
3
1
7

(
3
6
.
3
)
6
3

(
4
2
.
3
)
2

(
1
1
.
1
)
3
5
-
4
4
4
9

(
1
4
.
2
)
3
0
4

(
1
7
.
2
)
1
5
2

(
1
7
.
4
)
1
9

(
1
2
.
8
)
4

(
2
2
.
2
)
4
5
-
5
4
3
4

(

9
.
8
)
3
2
7

(
1
8
.
5
)
1
4
0

(
1
6
.
0
)
2
1

(
1
4
.
1
)
2

(
1
1
.
1
)
5
5
-
6
4
2
6

(

7
.
5
)
2
9
0

(
1
6
.
4
)
1
1
1

(
1
2
.
7
)
1
3

(

8
.
7
)
5

(
2
7
.
8
)
>
6
4
9

(

2
.
6
)
1
2
6

(

7
.
1
)
2
8

(

3
.
2
)
8

(

5
.
4
)
3

(
1
6
.
7
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
3
1

(
3
7
.
9
)
7
1
4

(
4
0
.
4
)
3
3
8

(
3
8
.
7
)
6
8

(
4
5
.
6
)
5

(
2
7
.
8
)
0
.
3
0
9
F
e
m
a
l
e
2
1
5

(
6
2
.
1
)
1
,
0
5
2

(
5
9
.
6
)
5
3
5

(
6
1
.
3
)
8
1

(
5
4
.
4
)
1
3

(
7
2
.
2
)
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
1
8
3

(
5
2
.
9
)
1
,
2
8
7

(
7
2
.
9
)
4
6
6

(
5
3
.
4
)
7
3

(
4
9
.
0
)
4

(
2
2
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
1
1
3

(
3
2
.
7
)
1
8
4

(
1
0
.
4
)
2
9
7

(
3
4
.
0
)
6
0

(
4
0
.
3
)
1
1

(
6
1
.
1
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
2
2

(

6
.
4
)
1
1
4

(

6
.
5
)
4
9

(

5
.
6
)
9

(

6
.
0
)
3

(
1
6
.
7
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
2
8

(

8
.
1
)
1
8
1

(
1
0
.
2
)
6
1

(

7
.
0
)
7

(

4
.
7
)
0

(

0
.
0
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
1
7

(

4
.
9
)
2
2
2

(
1
2
.
6
)
5
6

(

6
.
4
)
1
2

(

8
.
1
)
7

(
3
8
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
1
0
7

(
3
0
.
9
)
8
6
8

(
4
9
.
2
)
3
1
0

(
3
5
.
5
)
4
5

(
3
0
.
2
)
7

(
3
8
.
9
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
2
1
7

(
6
2
.
7
)
5
8
9

(
3
3
.
4
)
4
8
9

(
5
6
.
0
)
8
7

(
5
8
.
4
)
3

(
1
6
.
7
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
5

(

1
.
4
)
8
7

(

4
.
9
)
1
8

(

2
.
1
)
5

(

3
.
4
)
1

(

5
.
6
)
26
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
F
i
r
s
t

a
c
t
i
o
n

t
a
k
e
n

b
y

r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s

i
f

e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g

a
n
y

h
e
a
l
t
h

p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
S
e
l
f
-
m
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

d
o
c
t
o
r
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

d
o
c
t
o
r
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

r
e
t
a
i
l

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
s
t
n

(
%
)
C
o
n
s
u
l
t

t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
1
3
2

(
3
8
.
2
)
6
3
4

(
3
5
.
9
)
2
6
1

(
2
9
.
9
)
4
0

(
2
6
.
8
)
0

(

0
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
1
1
8

(
3
4
.
1
)
4
8
1

(
2
7
.
2
)
4
0
1

(
4
5
.
9
)
7
3

(
4
9
.
0
)
8

(
4
4
.
4
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
4

(

4
.
0
)
1
4
6

(

8
.
3
)
4
9

(

5
.
6
)
5

(

3
.
4
)
1

(

5
.
6
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
5
2

(
1
5
.
0
)
1
4
1

(

8
.
0
)
7
1

(

8
.
1
)
1
6

(
1
0
.
7
)
2

(
1
1
.
1
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
3
0

(

8
.
7
)
3
6
4

(
2
0
.
6
)
9
1

(
1
0
.
4
)
1
5

(
1
0
.
1
)
7

(
3
8
.
9
)
L
i
v
i
n
g

s
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
5
7

(
1
6
.
5
)
2
4
2

(
1
3
.
7
)
1
0
2

(
1
1
.
7
)
2
1

(
1
4
.
1
)
2

(
1
1
.
1
)
0
.
2
3
6
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
2
7
4

(
7
9
.
2
)
1
,
4
6
2

(
8
2
.
9
)
7
3
8

(
8
4
.
5
)
1
1
8

(
7
9
.
2
)
1
4

(
7
7
.
8
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
1
5

(

4
.
3
)
6
0

(

3
.
4
)
3
3

(

3
.
8
)
1
0

(

6
.
7
)
2

(
1
1
.
1
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

I
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
3
3

(

9
.
5
)
2
4
1

(
1
3
.
7
)
3
8

(

4
.
4
)
1
6

(
1
0
.
9
)
4

(
2
2
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
2
2

(

6
.
4
)
1
7
8

(
1
0
.
1
)
6
8

(

7
.
8
)
1
0

(

6
.
8
)
1

(

5
.
6
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
3
5

(
1
0
.
1
)
4
1
3

(
2
3
.
5
)
1
0
3

(
1
1
.
8
)
1
9

(
1
2
.
9
)
0

(

0
.
0
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
1
7

(

4
.
9
)
1
4
2

(

8
.
1
)
4
5

(

5
.
2
)
7

(

4
.
8
)
1

(

5
.
6
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
3
3

(

9
.
5
)
2
4
2

(
1
3
.
8
)
1
1
6

(
1
3
.
3
)
1
7

(
1
1
.
6
)
3

(
1
6
.
7
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
1
8

(

5
.
2
)
8
1

(

4
.
6
)
5
8

(

6
.
6
)
7

(

4
.
8
)
3

(
1
6
.
7
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
4
2

(
1
2
.
1
)
1
8
8

(
1
0
.
7
)
1
1
9

(
1
3
.
6
)
1
7

(
1
1
.
6
)
4

(
2
2
.
2
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
2
6

(

7
.
5
)
4
6

(

2
.
6
)
5
5

(

6
.
3
)
9

(

6
.
1
)
0

(

0
.
0
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
2
8

(

8
.
1
)
8
1

(

4
.
6
)
6
4

(

7
.
3
)
1
3

(

8
.
8
)
1

(

5
.
6
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
1
9

(

5
.
5
)
3
3

(

1
.
9
)
4
2

(

4
.
8
)
7

(

4
.
8
)
0

(

0
.
0
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
7
3

(
2
1
.
1
)
1
1
5

(

6
.
5
)
1
6
5

(
1
8
.
9
)
2
5

(
1
7
.
0
)
0

(

0
.
0
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
27
Table 7 recorded the consumers choice of
facilities to obtain medicines. It was found that
majority of the respondents usually obtained
their medicines from clinics (85.9%), hospitals
(75.0%) and community pharmacies (72.2%).
There remained a small proportion of consumers
who claimed to have obtained medicines from
grocery shops (11.8%) traditional medicines
outlet (7.9%), direct sales facilities (5.0%) and
night market (0.7%).
Table 7: Consumers choice of facilities to
obtain medicines
If you experiencing any
health problems, what is the
FIRST action that youll take?
n (%)
Hospital
Chosen 2,364 (75.0)
Not chosen 784 (24.9)
Clinic
Chosen 2,709 (85.9)
Community
pharmacy
Chosen 2,277 (72.2)
Traditional
medicines
outlet
Chosen 248 ( 7.9)
Not chosen 2,897 (91.9)
Direct sales
Chosen 159 ( 5.0)
Not chosen 2,986 (94.7)
Grocery shop
Chosen 371 (11.8)
Not chosen 2,774 (88.0)
Night market
Chosen 23 ( 0.7)
Not chosen 3,120 (98.9)
Others
Chosen 17 ( 0.5)
Not chosen 3,128 (99.2)
Table 8 summarized the factors associated
with consumers choice of facilities to obtain
medicines. Consumers age, area of settlement,
ethnicity, occupation and monthly household
income were found to affect their choice to
obtain medicines from hospitals. More urban
dwellers (77.8%) were found to prefer to obtain
their medicines from hospital. Respondents
above 64 years old (79.9%) were also found
to prefer obtaining medicines from hospital
compared to respondents from other age
groups. Respondents of other races (82.9%)
also preferred to obtain medicines from hospital
more than Malay (77.5%), Chinese (63.3%)
and Indian (74.9%) respondents. Hospital
was also preferred as a source of medicines
by government employees (83.4%) more than
respondents working in other areas.
Consumers choice to obtain medicines
from clinic was associated with their area of
settlement. It was found that a higher proportion
of consumers living in the rural area (89.9%)
claimed to obtain their medicines from clinic
compared to those living in the urban area. On
the other hand, consumers choice to obtain
medicines from community pharmacy were
found to be infuenced by the area of settlement,
age, ethnicity, education level, occupation, living
status, and monthly income. Respondents who
lived in urban area (76.2%), aged between 25 to
34 years (79.3%), of Chinese ethnicity (81.2%)
and with tertiary education (81.7%) were
found to be more prone to choose community
pharmacy as their source of medicines.
As for traditional medicines outlet, the number
of respondents who prefer to obtain medicines
from this facility was signifcantly affected
by their ethnicity, occupation and monthly
income. Majority of Chinese respondents
(19.5%) and retirees (10.7%) obtained
medicines from traditional medicines outlet.
Meanwhile, consumers who are female (5.9%)
and of Chinese ethnicity (8.6%) were found to
independently infuence Malaysian consumers
preferences to obtain their medicines from
direct sales facilities.
28
Besides that, consumers area of settlement,
ethnicity, education level, and monthly income
were also found to signifcantly affect the
participants choice in obtaining medicines
from a grocery shop. Participants from rural
area (14.5%), of Malay ethnicity (12.9%), with
no formal education (19.0%) and with monthly
income less than RM500 (17.5%) claimed to
prefer to obtain medicines from a grocery shop.
Monthly income was also found to affect those
who have chosen night market as their source
of medicines. Consumers with monthly income
less than RM500 (3.0%) were found to prefer
to obtain their medicines from night market
compared to the other respondents who had
higher monthly income.
29
T
a
b
l
e

8

(
1
)
:

F
a
c
t
o
r
s

a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d

w
i
t
h

c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
C
l
i
n
i
c
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

o
u
t
l
e
t
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
r
e
a

U
r
b
a
n
1
,
7
7
8

(
7
7
.
8
)
5
0
8

(
2
2
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
,
9
3
3

(
8
4
.
7
)
3
5
0

(
1
5
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
,
7
3
9

(
7
6
.
2
)
5
4
4

(
2
3
.
8
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
8
8
(
8
.
2
)
2
,
0
9
4

(
9
1
.
7
)
0
.
4
0
6
R
u
r
a
l
5
8
6

(
6
7
.
9
)
2
7
6

(
3
2
.
0
)
7
7
6

(
8
9
.
9
)
8
7
(
1
0
.
1
)
5
3
8

(
6
2
.
3
)
3
2
5

(
3
7
.
7
)
6
0
(
7
.
0
)
8
0
3

(
9
3
.
0
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
3
4
9

(
7
0
.
2
)
1
4
8

(
2
9
.
8
)
0
.
0
4
5
*
4
3
4

(
8
7
.
3
)
6
3
(
1
2
.
7
)
0
.
1
6
6
3
7
1

(
7
4
.
6
)
1
2
6

(
2
5
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
3
2
(
6
.
4
)
4
6
5

(
9
3
.
6
)
0
.
0
8
1
2
5
-
3
4
7
3
1

(
7
4
.
4
)
2
5
1

(
2
5
.
5
)
8
6
1

(
8
7
.
6
)
1
2
2

(
1
2
.
4
)
7
8
0

(
7
9
.
3
)
2
0
3

(
2
0
.
7
)
6
6
(
6
.
7
)
9
1
6

(
9
3
.
2
)
3
5
-
4
4
4
1
9

(
7
9
.
8
)
1
0
6

(
2
0
.
2
)
4
5
0

(
8
5
.
7
)
7
5
(
1
4
.
3
)
3
8
5

(
7
3
.
3
)
1
4
0

(
2
6
.
7
)
3
7
(
7
.
0
)
4
8
8

(
9
3
.
0
)
4
5
-
5
9
3
8
4

(
7
3
.
3
)
1
4
0

(
2
6
.
7
)
4
3
2

(
8
2
.
8
)
9
0
(
1
7
.
2
)
3
5
0

(
6
7
.
0
)
1
7
2

(
3
3
.
0
)
4
7
(
9
.
0
)
4
7
5

(
9
1
.
0
)
6
0
-
6
4
3
4
2

(
7
6
.
7
)
1
0
4

(
2
3
.
3
)
3
8
5

(
8
6
.
5
)
6
0
(
1
3
.
5
)
2
8
1

(
6
3
.
1
)
1
6
4

(
3
6
.
9
)
4
2
(
9
.
4
)
4
0
3

(
9
0
.
6
)
>
6
4
1
3
9

(
7
9
.
9
)
3
5
(
2
0
.
1
)
1
4
7

(
8
4
.
5
)
2
7
(
1
5
.
5
)
1
1
0

(
6
3
.
2
)
6
4
(
3
6
.
8
)
2
4
(
1
3
.
8
)
1
5
0

(
8
6
.
2
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
9
5
3

(
7
6
.
0
)
3
0
0

(
2
3
.
9
)
0
.
2
8
1
1
,
0
5
7

(
8
4
.
5
)
1
9
4

(
1
5
.
5
)
0
.
0
3
3
9
0
8

(
7
2
.
6
)
3
4
3

(
2
7
.
4
)
0
.
8
3
5
1
1
1
(
8
.
9
)
1
,
1
4
0

(
9
1
.
1
)
0
.
1
7
8
F
e
m
a
l
e
1
,
4
1
1

(
7
4
.
5
)
4
8
4

(
2
5
.
5
)
1
,
6
5
2

(
8
7
.
2
)
2
4
3

(
1
2
.
8
)
1
,
3
6
9

(
7
2
.
2
)
5
2
6

(
2
7
.
8
)
1
3
7
(
7
.
2
)
1
,
7
5
7

(
9
2
.
7
)
30
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
C
l
i
n
i
c
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

o
u
t
l
e
t
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
1
,
5
5
9

(
7
7
.
5
)
4
5
2

(
2
2
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
1
,
7
4
1

(
8
6
.
6
)
2
6
9

(
1
3
.
4
)
0
.
5
1
7
1
,
4
0
1

(
6
9
.
7
)
6
0
9

(
3
0
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
9
8
(
4
.
9
)
1
,
9
1
2

(
9
5
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
4
2
1

(
6
3
.
3
)
2
4
4

(
3
6
.
7
)
5
6
7

(
8
5
.
3
)
9
8
(
1
4
.
7
)
5
4
0

(
8
1
.
2
)
1
2
5

(
1
8
.
8
)
1
3
0

(
1
9
.
5
)
5
3
4

(
8
0
.
3
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
1
4
6

(
7
4
.
9
)
4
9
(
2
5
.
1
)
1
6
9

(
8
7
.
1
)
2
5
(
1
2
.
9
)
1
3
4

(
6
9
.
1
)
6
0
(
3
0
.
9
)
1
2
(
6
.
2
)
1
8
2

(
9
3
.
8
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
2
3
8

(
8
2
.
9
)
3
9
(
1
4
.
1
)
2
3
2

(
8
3
.
8
)
4
5
(
1
6
.
2
)
2
0
2

(
7
2
.
9
)
7
5
(
2
7
.
1
)
8
(
2
.
9
)
2
6
9

(
9
7
.
1
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

L
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
2
2
7

(
7
2
.
3
)
8
7
(
2
7
.
7
)
0
.
8
0
6
2
6
5

(
8
4
.
4
)
4
9
(
1
5
.
6
)
0
.
4
6
0
1
7
1

(
5
4
.
5
)
1
4
3

(
4
5
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
3
2
(
1
0
.
2
)
2
8
2

(
8
9
.
8
)
0
.
3
4
8
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
9
9
9

(
7
4
.
9
)
3
3
4

(
2
5
.
1
)
1
,
1
3
6

(
8
5
.
4
)
1
9
4

(
1
4
.
6
)
9
1
7

(
6
8
.
9
)
4
1
3

(
3
1
.
1
)
1
0
9
(
8
.
2
)
1
,
2
2
1

(
9
1
.
8
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
1
,
0
5
0

(
7
5
.
8
)
3
3
5

(
2
4
.
2
)
1
,
2
0
8

(
8
7
.
2
)
1
7
8

(
1
2
.
8
)
1
,
1
3
3

(
8
1
.
7
)
2
5
3

(
1
8
.
3
)
9
5
(
6
.
9
)
1
,
2
9
0

(
9
3
.
1
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
8
8
(
7
5
.
9
)
2
8
(
2
4
.
1
)
1
0
0

(
8
6
.
2
)
1
6
(
1
3
.
8
)
5
6
(
4
8
.
3
)
6
0
(
5
1
.
7
)
1
2
(
1
0
.
3
)
1
0
4

(
8
9
.
7
)
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
8
8
9

(
8
3
.
4
)
1
7
6

(
1
6
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
9
1
2

(
8
5
.
6
)
1
5
4

(
1
4
.
4
)
0
.
2
9
3
8
3
8

(
7
8
.
6
)
2
2
8

(
2
1
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
3
(
5
.
0
)
1
,
0
1
3

(
9
5
.
0
)
0
.
0
0
3
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
7
2
6

(
6
7
.
2
)
3
5
4

(
3
2
.
8
)
9
2
2

(
8
5
.
4
)
1
5
7

(
1
4
.
6
)
7
7
1

(
7
1
.
5
)
3
0
8

(
2
8
.
5
)
1
0
1
(
9
.
4
)
9
7
7

(
9
0
.
5
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
7
0

(
7
9
.
1
)
4
5
(
2
0
.
9
)
1
8
0

(
8
4
.
1
)
3
4
(
1
5
.
9
)
1
4
8

(
6
9
.
2
)
6
6
(
3
0
.
8
)
2
3
(
1
0
.
7
)
1
9
1

(
8
9
.
3
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
1
9
9

(
7
0
.
6
)
8
3
(
2
9
.
4
)
2
5
1

(
8
9
.
3
)
3
0
(
1
0
.
7
)
2
2
1

(
7
8
.
6
)
6
0
(
2
1
.
4
)
2
1
(
7
.
5
)
2
6
0

(
9
2
.
5
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
3
8
0

(
7
5
.
1
)
1
2
6

(
2
4
.
9
)
4
4
4

(
8
7
.
7
)
6
2
(
1
2
.
3
)
2
9
9

(
5
9
.
1
)
2
0
7

(
4
0
.
9
)
5
0
(
9
.
9
)
4
5
6

(
9
0
.
1
)
31
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
C
l
i
n
i
c
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

o
u
t
l
e
t
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
L
i
v
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
3
3
7

(
7
9
.
5
)
8
7
(
2
0
.
5
)
0
.
1
1
6
3
6
6

(
8
6
.
5
)
5
7
(
1
3
.
5
)
0
.
2
3
3
3
2
0

(
7
5
.
7
)
1
0
3

(
2
4
.
3
)
0
.
0
0
8
*
2
5
(
5
.
9
)
3
9
8

(
9
4
.
1
)
0
.
5
1
6
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
1
,
9
2
9

(
7
4
.
1
)
6
7
3

(
2
5
.
9
)
2
,
2
4
4

(
8
6
.
3
)
3
5
7

(
1
3
.
7
)
1
,
8
5
8

(
7
1
.
4
)
7
4
3

(
2
8
.
6
)
2
1
5
(
8
.
3
)
2
,
3
8
5

(
9
1
.
7
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
9
6
(
8
0
.
0
)
2
4
(
2
0
.
0
)
9
7
(
8
0
.
8
)
2
3
(
1
9
.
2
)
9
9
(
8
2
.
5
)
2
1
(
1
7
.
5
)
8
(
6
.
7
)
1
1
2

(
9
3
.
3
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

I
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
2
6
5

(
8
0
.
1
)
6
6
(
1
9
.
9
)
0
.
0
4
4
*
2
7
0

(
8
1
.
6
)
6
1
(
1
8
.
4
)
0
.
0
5
9
2
1
4

(
6
4
.
7
)
1
1
7

(
3
5
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
3
0
(
9
.
1
)
3
0
1

(
9
0
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
1
9
8

(
7
1
.
2
)
8
0
(
2
8
.
8
)
2
3
2

(
8
3
.
5
)
4
6
(
1
6
.
5
)
1
8
3

(
6
5
.
8
)
9
5
(
3
4
.
2
)
1
6
(
5
.
8
)
2
6
2

(
9
4
.
2
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
4
4
2

(
7
7
.
5
)
1
2
8

(
2
2
.
5
)
4
8
5

(
8
5
.
4
)
8
3
(
1
4
.
6
)
3
6
7

(
6
4
.
6
)
2
0
1

(
3
5
.
4
)
2
3
(
4
.
0
)
5
4
5

(
9
6
.
0
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
1
5
5

(
7
3
.
1
)
5
7
(
2
6
.
9
)
1
8
7

(
8
8
.
2
)
2
5
(
1
1
.
8
)
1
3
1

(
6
1
.
8
)
8
1
(
3
8
.
2
)
1
6
(
7
.
5
)
1
9
6

(
9
2
.
5
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
3
1
6

(
7
6
.
9
)
9
5
(
2
3
.
1
)
3
6
2

(
8
8
.
1
)
4
9
(
1
1
.
9
)
3
1
6

(
7
6
.
9
)
9
5
(
2
3
.
1
)
3
8
(
9
.
2
)
3
7
3

(
9
0
.
8
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
1
1
5

(
6
8
.
9
)
5
2
(
3
1
.
1
)
1
5
6

(
9
3
.
4
)
1
1
(
6
.
6
)
1
1
5

(
6
8
.
9
)
5
2
(
3
1
.
1
)
2
0
(
1
2
.
0
)
1
4
7

(
8
8
.
0
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
2
8
8

(
7
7
.
8
)
8
1
(
2
1
.
9
)
3
1
6

(
8
5
.
4
)
5
4
(
1
4
.
6
)
2
8
9

(
7
8
.
1
)
8
1
(
2
1
.
9
)
4
0
(
1
0
.
8
)
3
3
0

(
8
9
.
0
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
1
0
3

(
7
5
.
7
)
3
3
(
2
4
.
3
)
1
1
8

(
8
6
.
8
)
1
8
(
1
3
.
2
)
1
0
6

(
7
7
.
9
)
3
0
(
2
2
.
1
)
1
6
(
1
1
.
8
)
1
1
9

(
8
7
.
5
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
1
4
5

(
7
7
.
5
)
4
2
(
2
2
.
5
)
1
6
1

(
8
6
.
1
)
2
6
(
1
3
.
9
)
1
5
7

(
8
4
.
0
)
3
0
(
1
6
.
0
)
1
5
(
8
.
0
)
1
7
2

(
9
2
.
0
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
7
1
(
6
9
.
6
)
3
1
(
3
0
.
4
)
8
9
(
8
7
.
3
)
1
3
(
1
2
.
7
)
8
3
(
8
1
.
4
)
1
9
(
1
8
.
6
)
8
(
7
.
8
)
9
4
(
9
2
.
2
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
2
6
1

(
6
9
.
0
)
1
1
7

(
3
1
.
0
)
3
2
9

(
8
7
.
0
)
4
9
(
1
3
.
0
)
3
1
2

(
8
2
.
5
)
6
6
(
1
7
.
5
)
2
6
(
6
.
9
)
3
5
2

(
9
3
.
1
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
32
T
a
b
l
e

8

(
2
)
:

F
a
c
t
o
r
s

a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d

w
i
t
h

c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
D
i
r
e
c
t

S
a
l
e
G
r
o
c
e
r
y

S
h
o
p
N
i
g
h
t

m
a
r
k
e
t
O
t
h
e
r
s
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
r
e
a

U
r
b
a
n
1
2
8
(
5
.
6
)
2
,
1
5
4

(
9
4
.
3
)
0
.
0
5
8
2
4
6

(
1
0
.
8
)
2
,
0
3
6

(
8
9
.
2
)
0
.
0
1
3
*
2
1
(
0
.
9
)
2
,
2
5
9

(
9
9
.
0
)
0
.
1
8
3
1
4
(
0
.
6
)
2
,
2
6
9
(
9
9
.
0
)
0
.
0
9
0
R
u
r
a
l
3
1
(
3
.
6
)
8
3
2

(
9
6
.
4
)
1
2
5

(
1
4
.
5
)
7
3
8

(
8
5
.
5
)
2
(
0
.
2
)
8
6
1

(
9
9
.
8
)
3
(
0
.
3
)
8
5
9

(
9
9
.
5
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
2
3
(
4
.
6
)
4
7
4

(
9
5
.
4
)
0
.
8
3
8
7
1
(
1
4
.
3
)
4
2
6

(
8
5
.
7
)
0
.
2
0
7
2
(
0
.
4
)
4
9
5

(
9
9
.
6
)
0
.
0
7
9
3
(
0
.
6
)
4
9
4

(
9
9
.
4
)
0
.
4
3
7
2
5
-
3
4
5
3
(
5
.
4
)
9
2
9

(
9
4
.
5
)
1
2
1

(
1
2
.
3
)
8
6
1

(
8
7
.
6
)
3
(
0
.
2
)
9
7
8

(
9
9
.
6
)
4
(
0
.
4
)
9
7
9

(
9
9
.
5
)
3
5
-
4
4
3
2
(
6
.
1
)
4
9
3

(
9
3
.
9
)
5
1
(
9
.
7
)
4
7
4

(
9
0
.
3
)
8
(
1
.
5
)
5
1
6

(
9
8
.
3
)
4
(
0
.
8
)
5
2
1

(
9
8
.
7
)
4
5
-
5
4
2
5
(
4
.
8
)
4
9
7

(
9
5
.
2
)
7
1
(
1
3
.
6
)
4
5
1

(
8
6
.
4
)
8
(
1
.
5
)
5
1
4

(
9
8
.
5
)
4
(
0
.
8
)
5
1
8

(
9
8
.
7
)
5
5
-
6
4
2
1
(
4
.
7
)
4
2
4

(
9
5
.
3
)
4
2
(
9
.
4
)
4
0
3

(
9
0
.
6
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
4
4
5
(
1
0
0
.
0
)
2
(
0
.
4
)
4
4
2

(
9
9
.
1
)
>
6
4
5
(
2
.
9
)
1
6
9

(
9
7
.
1
)
1
5
(
8
.
6
)
1
5
9

(
9
1
.
4
)
2
(
1
.
1
)
1
7
2

(
9
8
.
9
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
7
4
(
1
0
0
.
0
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
4
7
(
3
.
8
)
1
,
2
0
4

(
9
6
.
2
)
0
.
0
1
9
*
1
4
7

(
1
1
.
8
)
1
,
1
0
4

(
8
8
.
2
)
0
.
7
1
7
8
(
0
.
6
)
1
,
2
4
2

(
9
9
.
3
)
0
.
4
9
1
8
(
0
.
6
)
1
,
2
4
3

(
9
8
.
9
)
0
.
1
6
0
F
e
m
a
l
e
1
1
2
(
5
.
9
)
1
,
7
8
2

(
9
4
.
0
)
2
2
4

(
1
1
.
8
)
1
,
6
7
0

(
8
8
.
1
)
1
5
(
0
.
8
)
1
,
8
7
8

(
9
9
.
2
)
9
(
0
.
5
)
1
,
8
8
5

(
9
9
.
4
)
33
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
D
i
r
e
c
t

S
a
l
e
G
r
o
c
e
r
y

S
h
o
p
N
i
g
h
t

m
a
r
k
e
t
O
t
h
e
r
s
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
8
2
(
4
.
1
)
1
,
9
2
8

(
9
5
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
5
9

(
1
2
.
9
)
1
,
7
5
1

(
8
7
.
1
)
0
.
0
4
4
*
1
8
(
0
.
9
)
1
,
9
9
0

(
9
9
.
1
)
0
.
6
1
7
1
2
(
0
.
6
)
1
,
9
9
8

(
9
9
.
2
)
0
.
0
0
2
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
5
7
(
8
.
6
)
6
0
7

(
9
1
.
3
)
5
8
(
8
.
7
)
6
0
6

(
9
1
.
1
)
3
(
0
.
5
)
6
6
1

(
9
9
.
4
)
3
(
0
.
5
)
6
6
2

(
9
9
.
5
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
3
(
1
.
5
)
1
9
1

(
9
8
.
5
)
1
9
(
9
.
8
)
1
7
5

(
9
0
.
2
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
9
4

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
9
4

(
9
8
.
5
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
1
7
(
6
.
1
)
2
6
0

(
9
3
.
9
)
3
5
(
1
2
.
6
)
2
4
2

(
8
7
.
4
)
2
(
0
.
7
)
2
7
5

(
9
9
.
3
)
2
(
0
.
7
)
2
7
4

(
9
8
.
6
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

L
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
7
(
2
.
2
)
3
0
7

(
9
7
.
8
)
0
.
1
3
6
5
3
(
1
6
.
9
)
2
6
1

(
8
3
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
(
1
.
6
)
3
0
9

(
9
8
.
4
)

0
.
1
7
1
2
(
0
.
6
)
3
1
2

(
9
9
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
6
5
(
4
.
9
)
1
,
2
6
5

(
9
5
.
1
)
1
7
5

(
1
3
.
2
)
1
,
1
5
5

(
8
6
.
8
)
1
4
(
1
.
1
)
1
,
3
1
5

(
9
8
.
9
)
9
(
0
.
7
)
1
,
3
2
1

(
9
8
.
8
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
8
3
(
6
.
0
)
1
,
3
0
2

(
9
3
.
9
)
1
2
1
(
8
.
7
)
1
,
2
6
4

(
9
1
.
2
)
3
(
0
.
2
)
1
,
3
8
1

(
9
9
.
7
)
6
(
0
.
4
)
1
,
3
8
0

(
9
9
.
6
)
N
o

F
o
r
m
a
l

E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
4
(
3
.
4
)
1
1
2

(
9
6
.
6
)
2
2
(
1
9
.
0
)
9
4
(
8
1
.
0
)
1
(
0
.
9
)
1
1
5

(
9
9
.
1
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
1
5

(
9
9
.
1
)
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
5
4
(
5
.
1
)
1
,
0
1
2

(
9
4
.
9
)
0
.
7
4
1
8
2
(
7
.
7
)
9
8
4

(
9
2
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
(
0
.
5
)
1
,
0
5
9

(
9
9
.
4
)
0
.
6
0
0
4
(
0
.
4
)
1
,
0
6
2

(
9
9
.
5
)
0
.
4
9
8
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
6
1
(
5
.
7
)
1
,
0
1
7

(
9
4
.
3
)
1
5
4

(
1
4
.
3
)
9
2
4

(
8
5
.
6
)
9
(
0
.
8
)
1
,
0
6
9

(
9
9
.
1
)
8
(
0
.
7
)
1
,
0
7
1

(
9
9
.
0
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
1
(
5
.
1
)
2
0
3

(
9
4
.
9
)
1
1
(
5
.
1
)
2
0
3

(
9
4
.
9
)
2
(
0
.
9
)
2
1
2

(
9
9
.
1
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
2
1
4

(
9
9
.
5
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
1
5
(
5
.
3
)
2
6
6

(
9
4
.
7
)
4
1
(
1
4
.
6
)
2
4
0

(
8
5
.
4
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
2
8
1

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
3
(
1
.
1
)
2
7
8

(
9
8
.
6
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
1
8
(
3
.
6
)
4
8
8

(
9
6
.
4
)
8
3
(
1
6
.
4
)
4
2
3

(
8
3
.
6
)
7
(
1
.
4
)
4
9
9

(
9
8
.
6
)
2
(
0
.
4
)
5
0
3

(
9
9
.
0
)
34
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

c
h
o
i
c
e

o
f

f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
D
i
r
e
c
t

S
a
l
e
G
r
o
c
e
r
y

S
h
o
p
N
i
g
h
t

m
a
r
k
e
t
O
t
h
e
r
s
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
N
o
t

c
h
o
s
e
n
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
L
i
v
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
2
3
(
5
.
4
)
4
0
0

(
9
4
.
6
)
0
.
9
8
6
4
4
(
1
0
.
4
)
3
7
9

(
8
9
.
6
)
0
.
7
1
5
1
(
0
.
2
)
4
2
1

(
9
9
.
5
)
0
.
1
5
2
2
(
0
.
5
)
4
2
1

(
9
9
.
3
)
0
.
9
9
3
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
1
3
0
(
5
.
0
)
2
,
4
7
0

(
9
5
.
0
)
3
1
6

(
1
2
.
1
)
2
,
2
8
4

(
8
7
.
8
)
2
2
(
0
.
8
)
2
,
5
7
7

(
9
9
.
1
)
1
4
(
0
.
5
)
2
,
5
8
6

(
9
9
.
2
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
6
(
5
.
0
)
1
1
4

(
9
5
.
0
)
1
1
(
9
.
2
)
1
0
9

(
9
0
.
8
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
2
0

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
1
(
0
.
8
)
1
1
9

(
9
9
.
2
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

I
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
1
2
(
3
.
6
)
3
1
9

(
9
6
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
8
(
1
7
.
5
)
2
7
3

(
8
2
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
0
(
3
.
0
)
3
2
1

(
9
7
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
(
1
.
5
)
3
2
5

(
9
7
.
9
)
0
.
5
0
2
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
1
0
(
3
.
6
)
2
6
8

(
9
6
.
4
)
4
3
(
1
5
.
5
)
2
3
5

(
8
4
.
5
)
2
(
0
.
7
)
2
7
6

(
9
9
.
3
)
2
(
0
.
7
)
2
7
6

(
9
8
.
9
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
1
9
(
3
.
3
)
5
4
9

(
9
6
.
7
)
7
7
(
1
3
.
6
)
4
9
1

(
8
6
.
4
)
3
(
0
.
5
)
5
6
4

(
9
9
.
3
)
1
(
0
.
2
)
5
6
7

(
9
9
.
5
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
8
(
3
.
8
)
2
0
4

(
9
6
.
2
)
2
8
(
1
3
.
2
)
1
8
4

(
8
6
.
8
)
3
(
1
.
4
)
2
0
9

(
9
8
.
6
)
2
(
0
.
9
)
2
1
0

(
9
9
.
1
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
1
4
(
3
.
4
)
3
9
7

(
9
6
.
6
)
4
2
(
1
0
.
2
)
3
6
9

(
8
9
.
8
)
1
(
0
.
2
)
4
1
0

(
9
9
.
8
)
3
(
0
.
7
)
4
0
8

(
9
9
.
3
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
1
3
(
7
.
8
)
1
5
4

(
9
2
.
2
)
1
3
(
7
.
8
)
1
5
4

(
9
2
.
2
)
1
(
0
.
6
)
1
6
6

(
9
9
.
4
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
6
7

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
1
7
(
4
.
6
)
3
5
3

(
9
5
.
4
)
3
5
(
9
.
5
)
3
3
5

(
9
0
.
5
)
3
(
0
.
8
)
3
6
7

(
9
9
.
2
)
4
(
1
.
1
)
3
6
6

(
9
8
.
7
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
1
0
(
7
.
4
)
1
2
5

(
9
1
.
9
)
1
6
(
1
1
.
8
)
1
1
9

(
8
7
.
5
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
3
5

(
9
9
.
3
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
3
6

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
1
8
(
9
.
6
)
1
6
9

(
9
0
.
4
)
1
6
(
8
.
6
)
1
7
1

(
9
1
.
4
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
8
7

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
8
7

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
6
(
5
.
9
)
9
6
(
9
4
.
1
)
1
1
(
1
0
.
8
)
9
1
(
8
9
.
2
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
0
2

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
1
0
2

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
3
2
(
8
.
5
)
3
4
6

(
9
1
.
5
)
3
1
(
8
.
2
)
3
4
7

(
9
1
.
8
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
3
7
7

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
0
(
0
.
0
)
3
7
8

(
1
0
0
.
0
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
35
Table 9: Factors affecting medicines-label reading and consumers perceived labelling adequacy
Demographic
characteristics
Outcome
Labelling adequacy Read label
Yes, n (%) No, n (%) p-value Yes, n (%) No, n (%) p-value
Settlement setting
Urban 1,933 (84.7) 350 (15.3)
0.001*
2,120 (92.8) 165 ( 7.2)
0.794
Rural 769 (89.1) 94 (10.9) 803 (93.0) 60 ( 7.0)
Age
18-24 412 (82.9) 85 (17.1)
0.001*
452 (90.9) 45 ( 9.1)
<0.01*
25-34 813 (82.8) 169 (17.2) 948 (95.4) 35 ( 3.6)
35-44 461 (87.8) 64 (12.2) 500 (95.2) 25 ( 4.8)
45-59 466 (83.3) 56 (10.7) 484 (92.5) 39 ( 7.5)
60-64 396 (88.8) 50 (11.2) 400 (89.7) 46 (10.3)
>64 154 (88.5) 20 (11.5) 139 (79.9) 35 (20.1)
Gender
Male 1,077 (86.0) 106 (14.0)
0.93
1,143 (91.2) 110 ( 8.8)
0.004*
Female 1,625 (85.8) 268 (14.2) 1,780 (93.9) 115 ( 6.1)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,766 (88.0) 242 (12.0)
<0.01*
1,906 (94.8) 105 ( 5.2)
<0.01*
Chinese 519 (78.2) 145 (21.8) 585 (88.0) 80 (12.0)
Indian 178 (91.3) 17 ( 8.7) 172 (88.2) 23 (11.8)
Others 236 (85.5) 40 (14.5) 259 (93.8) 17 ( 6.2)
Education level
Primary school 277 (88.2) 37 (11.8)
<0.01*
267 (85.0) 47 (15.0)
<0.01*
Secondary school 1,182 (88.8) 149 (11.2) 1,238 (92.9) 94 ( 7.1)
College/university 1,141 (82.4) 244 (17.6) 1,323 (95.5) 63 ( 4.5)
No formal education 102 (87.9) 14 (12.1) 95 (81.9) 21 (18.1)
Occupation
Government 922 (86.6) 143 (13.4)
0.002*
1,033 (96.9) 33 ( 3.1)
<0.01*
Private/self employed 902 (83.7) 176 (16.3) 1,001 (92.8) 78 ( 7.2)
Retired 195 (81.9) 20 ( 9.3) 192 (89.3) 23 (10.7)
Student 231 (81.9) 51 (18.1) 256 (90.8) 26 ( 9.2)
Unemployed 451 (89.3) 54 (10.7) 441 (87.2) 65 (12.8)
4.4 Perceptions towards
medicines labelling
Table 9 summarized the consumers perception
towards medicines labelling. Consumers
perceived labelling adequacy was found to be
affected by area of settlement, age, ethnicity,
education level, occupation and monthly
household income. Meanwhile, the habit of
reading a label prior to using the medicines was
found to be associated with consumers age,
gender, ethnicity, education level, occupation
and monthly income.
36
Demographic
characteristics
Outcome
Labelling adequacy Read label
Living status
Alone 353 (83.3) 71 (16.7)
0.251
401 (94.6) 23 ( 5.4)
0.315 With family 2,240 (86.3) 357 (13.7) 2,406 (92.5) 194 ( 7.5)
With non-family 104 (86.7) 16 (13.3) 112 (93.3) 8 ( 6.7)
Monthly income
RM500 288 (87.3) 42 (12.7)
<0.01*
299 (90.3) 32 ( 9.7)
0.003*
RM501-RM1,000 255 (91.7) 23 ( 8.3) 247 (88.8) 31 (11.2)
RM1,001-RM1,500 498 (87.5) 71 (12.5) 528 (92.8) 41 ( 7.2)
RM1,501-RM2,000 199 (93.9) 13 ( 6.1) 203 (95.8) 9 ( 4.2)
RM2,001-RM2,500 353 (85.9) 58 (14.4) 377 (91.7) 34 ( 8.3)
RM2,501-RM3,000 143 (85.6) 24 (15.4) 150 (89.8) 17 (10.2)
RM3,001-RM3,500 313 (84.6) 57 (15.4) 353 (95.4) 17 ( 4.6)
RM3,501-RM4,000 108 (79.4) 28 (20.6) 131 (96.3) 5 ( 3.7)
RM4,001-RM4,500 161 (86.1) 26 (13.9) 181 (96.8) 6 ( 3.2)
RM4,501-RM5,000 76 (74.5) 26 (13.9) 96 (94.1) 6 ( 5.9)
>RM5,000 301 (79.8) 76 (20.2) 353 (93.4) 25 ( 6.6)
*Signifcant at p<0.05
Generally, majority of the respondents did not
fnd any diffculties in reading medicines label
obtained from government or private hospitals
and clinics as well as community pharmacies.
Further exploration to identify factors that
were associated with diffculties in reading
medicines label found that consumers area of
settlement, age, ethnicity, education level and
monthly income level are among the factors
that affect consumers perceived diffculty in
reading medicines label obtained from various
health institutions. (Table 10). Respondents who
have not had any formal education and those
of others ethnicity generally perceived more
diffculty in reading medicines label obtained
from government facilities. Meanwhile, more
respondents who have had at least tertiary
education and from urban area, higher income
group generally expressed diffculty in reading
medicines label obtained from private clinics.
Diffculty in reading medicines label obtained
from community pharmacies was found to be
associated with respondents area of settlement.
37
T
a
b
l
e

1
0
:

A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

d
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

a
n
d

d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
/
c
l
i
n
i
c
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
e
s
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

s
e
t
t
i
n
g
U
r
b
a
n
3
0
2

(
1
4
.
8
)
1
,
7
3
9

(
8
5
.
2
)
0
.
3
1
5
2
1
0

(
1
5
.
0
)
1
,
1
8
8

(
8
5
.
0
)
0
.
2
5
7
3
9
2

(
2
1
.
8
)
1
,
4
0
6

(
7
8
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
1
*
3
0
3

(
1
7
.
5
)
1
,
4
2
6

(
8
2
.
5
)
0
.
0
0
7
*
R
u
r
a
l
1
0
8

(
1
3
.
3
)
7
0
2

(
8
6
.
7
)
4
3
(
1
2
.
6
)
2
9
8

(
8
7
.
4
)
8
0
(
1
4
.
9
)
4
5
8

(
8
5
.
1
)
6
4
(
1
2
.
5
)
4
4
9

(
8
7
.
5
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
7
4
(
1
6
.
7
)
3
6
9

(
8
3
.
3
)
0
.
1
1
9
5
4
(
1
8
.
2
)
2
4
3

(
8
1
.
8
)
0
.
1
8
6
9
0
(
2
2
.
8
)
3
0
5

(
7
7
.
2
)
0
.
0
2
*
6
6
(
1
7
.
4
)
3
1
3

(
8
2
.
6
)
0
.
5
9
2
2
5
-
3
4
1
2
4

(
1
4
.
1
)
7
5
7

(
8
5
.
9
)
9
2
(
1
4
.
9
)
5
2
7

(
8
5
.
1
)
1
8
9

(
2
2
.
8
)
6
4
0

(
7
7
.
2
)
1
4
2

(
1
7
.
6
)
6
6
6

(
8
2
.
4
)
3
5
-
4
4
5
1
(
1
0
.
7
)
4
2
7

(
8
9
.
3
)
3
5
(
1
1
.
3
)
2
7
5

(
8
8
.
7
)
7
3
(
1
8
.
2
)
3
2
9

(
8
1
.
8
)
5
0
(
1
3
.
6
)
3
1
9

(
8
6
.
4
)
4
5
-
5
9
7
0
(
1
4
.
6
)
4
1
0

(
8
5
.
4
)
3
4
(
1
2
.
9
)
2
2
9

(
8
7
.
1
)
5
3
(
1
5
.
1
)
2
9
7

(
8
4
.
9
)
5
5
(
1
6
.
5
)
2
7
8

(
8
3
.
5
)
6
0
-
6
4
6
8
(
1
6
.
3
)
3
4
8

(
8
3
.
7
)
2
6
(
1
3
.
9
)
1
6
1

(
8
6
.
1
)
4
6
(
1
7
.
3
)
2
2
0

(
8
2
.
7
)
3
8
(
1
4
.
9
)
2
1
7

(
8
5
.
1
)
>
6
4
2
3
(
1
5
.
1
)
1
2
9

(
8
4
.
9
)
1
2
(
1
9
.
0
)
5
1
(
8
1
.
0
)
2
1
(
2
2
.
6
)
7
2
(
7
7
.
4
)
1
6
(
1
6
.
3
)
8
2
(
8
3
.
7
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
6
8

(
1
4
.
9
)
9
5
9

(
8
5
.
1
)
0
.
5
1
8
1
0
3

(
1
4
.
7
)
5
9
7

(
8
5
.
3
)
0
.
8
7
2
1
8
3

(
1
9
.
5
)
7
5
6

(
8
0
.
5
)
0
.
4
7
4
1
4
9

(
1
6
.
6
)
7
4
8

(
8
3
.
4
)
0
.
8
0
1
F
e
m
a
l
e
2
4
2

(
1
4
.
0
)
1
4
2
8

(
8
6
.
0
)
1
5
0

(
1
4
.
4
)
8
8
9

(
8
5
.
6
)
2
8
9

(
2
0
.
7
)
1
,
1
0
7

(
7
9
.
3
)
2
1
8

(
1
6
.
2
)
1
,
1
2
7

(
8
3
.
8
)
38
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
/
c
l
i
n
i
c
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
e
s
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
2
4
4

(
1
2
.
9
)
1
,
6
5
1

(
8
7
.
1
)
0
.
0
1
2
*
1
5
4

(
1
5
.
1
)
8
6
4

(
8
4
.
9
)
0
.
1
5
7
2
7
5

(
1
9
.
3
)
1
,
1
4
7

(
8
0
.
7
)
0
.
4
0
3
2
2
1

(
1
6
.
2
)
1
,
1
4
6

(
8
3
.
8
)
0
.
8
0
9
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
9
0
(
1
7
.
8
)
4
1
5

(
8
2
.
2
)
5
0
(
1
1
.
6
)
3
8
0

(
8
8
.
4
)
1
2
2

(
2
1
.
9
)
4
3
5

(
7
8
.
1
)
8
7
(
1
6
.
2
)
4
5
1

(
8
3
.
8
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
2
7
(
1
4
.
9
)
1
5
4

(
8
5
.
1
)
1
4
(
1
4
.
6
)
8
2
(
8
5
.
4
)
3
3
(
2
3
.
9
)
1
0
5

(
7
6
.
1
)
2
4
(
1
9
.
5
)
9
9
(
8
0
.
5
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
4
8
(
1
7
.
9
)
2
2
0

(
8
2
.
1
)
3
5
(
1
8
.
1
)
1
5
8

(
8
1
.
9
)
4
2
(
1
9
.
4
)
1
7
5

(
8
0
.
6
)
3
4
(
1
6
.
0
)
1
7
9

(
8
4
.
0
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

L
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
5
1
(
1
7
.
5
)
2
4
0

(
8
2
.
5
)
0
.
0
3
6
*
1
4
(
1
3
.
0
)
9
4
(
8
7
.
0
)
0
.
0
5
1
3
1
(
1
9
.
0
)
1
3
2

(
8
1
.
0
)
0
.
0
3
2
*
1
9
(
1
2
.
7
)
1
3
1

(
8
7
.
3
)
0
.
1
3
7
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
1
5
8

(
1
2
.
8
)
1
,
0
7
2

(
8
1
.
2
)
9
0
(
1
3
.
1
)
5
9
5

(
8
6
.
9
)
1
6
6

(
1
7
.
5
)
7
8
4

(
8
2
.
5
)
1
3
7

(
1
4
.
9
)
7
8
1

(
8
5
.
1
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
1
7
8

(
1
4
.
5
)
1
,
0
4
2

(
8
5
.
5
)
1
3
7

(
1
5
.
2
)
7
6
6

(
8
4
.
8
)
2
6
3

(
2
2
.
6
)
8
9
9

(
7
7
.
4
)
1
9
9

(
1
7
.
8
)
9
1
8

(
8
2
.
2
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
3
(
2
0
.
9
)
8
7
(
7
9
.
1
)
1
2
(
2
7
.
9
)
3
1
(
7
2
.
1
)
1
2
(
2
0
.
0
)
4
8
(
8
0
.
0
)
1
2
(
2
1
.
1
)
4
5
(
7
8
.
9
)
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
1
3
1

(
1
2
.
6
)
9
0
7

(
8
7
.
4
)
0
.
1
5
0
9
8
(
1
4
.
5
)
5
7
6

(
8
5
.
5
)
0
.
2
7
7
1
9
5

(
2
2
.
4
)
6
4
7

(
8
7
.
6
)
0
.
1
7
9
1
4
7

(
1
7
.
4
)
6
9
9

(
8
2
.
6
)
0
.
8
5
1
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
1
4
2

(
1
5
.
9
)
7
5
0

(
8
4
.
1
)
7
8
(
1
2
.
9
)
5
2
7

(
8
7
.
1
)
1
5
6

(
1
9
.
0
)
6
6
6

(
8
1
.
0
)
1
2
2

(
1
5
.
7
)
6
5
4

(
8
4
.
3
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
2
7
(
1
3
.
3
)
1
7
6

(
8
6
.
7
)
1
3
(
1
3
.
5
)
8
3
(
8
6
.
5
)
2
4
(
1
8
.
6
)
1
0
5

(
8
1
.
4
)
2
3
(
1
6
.
8
)
1
1
4

(
8
3
.
2
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
4
4
(
1
7
.
7
)
2
0
5

(
8
2
.
3
)
3
2
(
1
9
.
6
)
1
3
1

(
8
0
.
4
)
4
9
(
2
1
.
7
)
1
7
7

(
7
8
.
3
)
3
5
(
1
6
.
4
)
1
7
8

(
8
3
.
6
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
6
6
(
1
4
.
1
)
4
0
3

(
8
5
.
9
)
3
2
(
1
5
.
9
)
1
6
9

(
8
4
.
1
)
4
8
(
1
6
.
6
)
2
4
1

(
8
3
.
4
)
4
0
(
1
4
.
8
)
2
3
0

(
8
5
.
2
)
39
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
/
c
l
i
n
i
c
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
s
D
i
f
f
c
u
l
t
i
e
s

i
n

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

l
a
b
e
l

f
r
o
m

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
e
s
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
n

(
%
)
N
o
n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
L
i
v
i
n
g

s
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
6
6
(
1
6
.
8
)
3
2
7

(
8
3
.
2
)
0
.
2
4
1
3
4
(
1
3
.
6
)
2
1
6

(
8
6
.
4
)
0
.
8
4
6
6
5
(
1
9
.
8
)
2
6
3

(
8
0
.
2
)
0
.
7
2
8
5
3
(
1
6
.
3
)
2
7
3

(
8
3
.
7
)
0
.
4
7
5
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
3
3
2

(
1
4
.
1
)
2
,
0
1
7

(
8
5
.
9
)
2
1
0

(
1
4
.
8
)
1
,
2
1
1

(
8
5
.
2
)
3
9
2

(
2
0
.
4
)
1
,
5
2
7

(
7
9
.
6
)
3
0
3

(
1
6
.
6
)
1
,
5
2
0

(
8
3
.
4
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
1
2
(
1
1
.
2
)
9
5
(
8
8
.
8
)
9
(
1
3
.
2
)
5
9
(
8
6
.
8
)
1
5
(
1
7
.
0
)
7
3
(
8
3
.
0
)
1
1
(
1
1
.
8
)
8
2
(
8
8
.
2
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

i
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
5
8
(
1
8
.
8
)
2
5
1

(
8
1
.
2
)
0
.
1
8
9
2
9
(
1
7
.
7
)
1
3
5

(
8
2
.
3
)
0
.
2
1
6
3
5
(
1
6
.
3
)
1
8
0

(
8
3
.
7
)
0
.
0
0
5
*
2
9
(
1
4
.
1
)
1
7
7

(
8
5
.
9
)
0
.
5
4
9
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
4
5
(
1
7
.
6
)
2
1
0

(
8
2
.
4
)
1
9
(
1
7
.
4
)
9
0
(
8
2
.
6
)
3
7
(
2
3
.
9
)
1
1
8

(
7
6
.
1
)
3
1
(
1
8
.
3
)
1
3
8

(
8
1
.
7
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
8
1
(
1
5
.
0
)
4
5
9

(
8
5
.
0
)
4
5
(
1
6
.
1
)
2
3
4

(
8
3
.
9
)
7
4
(
1
9
.
1
)
3
1
3

(
8
0
.
9
)
5
8
(
1
5
.
4
)
3
1
9

(
8
4
.
6
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
2
2
(
1
1
.
2
)
1
7
5

(
8
8
.
8
)
9
(
1
0
.
1
)
8
0
(
8
9
.
9
)
2
6
(
1
9
.
7
)
1
0
6

(
8
0
.
3
)
1
6
(
1
3
.
4
)
1
0
3

(
8
6
.
6
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
5
2
(
1
4
.
0
)
3
2
0

(
8
6
.
0
)
2
6
(
1
1
.
1
)
2
0
8

(
8
8
.
9
)
5
5
(
1
7
.
2
)
2
6
5

(
8
2
.
8
)
5
1
(
1
6
.
5
)
2
5
9

(
8
3
.
5
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
2
1
(
1
4
.
4
)
1
2
5

(
8
5
.
6
)
9
(
1
1
.
1
)
7
3
(
8
8
.
9
)
2
4
(
1
8
.
3
)
1
0
7

(
8
1
.
7
)
1
4
(
1
3
.
1
)
9
3
(
8
6
.
9
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
4
3
(
1
2
.
6
)
2
9
7

(
8
7
.
4
)
3
7
(
1
5
.
1
)
2
0
8

(
8
4
.
9
)
5
7
(
1
8
.
3
)
2
5
5

(
8
1
.
7
)
4
7
(
1
6
.
1
)
2
4
5

(
8
3
.
9
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
1
0
(
8
.
8
)
1
0
3

(
9
1
.
2
)
7
(
9
.
2
)
6
9
(
8
0
.
8
)
1
9
(
1
7
.
8
)
8
8
(
8
2
.
2
)
1
4
(
1
3
.
5
)
9
0
(
8
6
.
5
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
2
6
(
1
5
.
5
)
1
4
2

(
8
4
.
5
)
1
4
(
1
0
.
1
)
1
2
4

(
8
9
.
9
)
2
7
(
1
6
.
9
)
1
3
3

(
8
3
.
1
)
2
8
(
1
7
.
6
)
1
3
1

(
8
2
.
4
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
1
3
(
1
4
.
4
)
7
7
(
8
5
.
6
)
1
1
(
1
8
.
3
)
4
9
(
8
1
.
7
)
2
1
(
2
5
.
6
)
6
1

(
7
4
.
4
)
1
2
(
1
4
.
6
)
7
0
(
8
5
.
4
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
3
9
(
1
2
.
4
)
2
7
5

(
8
7
.
6
)
4
4
(
1
7
.
1
)
2
1
3

(
8
2
.
9
)
9
5
(
2
9
.
0
)
2
3
3
(
7
1
.
0
)
6
5
(
2
0
.
9
)
2
4
6

(
7
9
.
1
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
40
From Table 11, the participants stated that they
were satisfed with the information written on
the labels by government hospitals or clinics
(81.0%), private hospitals (45.2%), private
clinics (56.2%) and community pharmacies
(56.1%). This was signifcantly associated
with their area of settlement (p<0.001), age
(p<0.001), ethnicity (p<0.001), educational
level (p<0.001), monthly income (p<0.001)
and occupation (p<0.001).
In the rural area, 85.9% of participants were
satisfed with the labelling adequacy by
government hospital compared to 79.1% of
the participants in the urban area. Eighty-fve
percents of the participants with secondary
education satisfed with the information written
on the labels by government hospital and clinic
compared to others. Furthermore, Chinese
ethnics were the least satisfed (63.1%) with
the labels by government hospitals or clinics
compared to Indian (85.1%), others (85.2%)
and Malay (85.9%).
41
T
a
b
l
e

1
1
:

A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

l
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
o
n

a
n
d

d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
/
c
l
i
n
i
c
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
e
s
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
T
o
t
a
l
=
N
2
,
5
4
9

(
8
1
.
0
)
3
0
7
(
9
.
8
)
2
9
0
(
9
.
2
)
-
1
,
4
1
8
(
4
5
.
2
)
2
8
9
(
9
.
2
)
1
,
4
3
1
(
4
5
.
6
)
-
1
,
7
6
5
(
5
6
.
2
)
5
5
9
(
1
7
.
8
)
8
1
4
(
2
5
.
9
)
-
1
,
7
6
2
(
5
6
.
1
)
4
5
6
(
1
4
.
5
)
9
2
0
(
2
9
.
3
)
A
r
e
a
U
r
b
a
n
1
,
8
0
8
(
7
9
.
1
)
2
4
2
(
1
0
.
0
)
2
3
3
(
1
0
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
,
1
5
6
(
5
0
.
8
)
2
2
7
(
1
0
.
0
)
8
9
2
(
3
9
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
,
3
3
9

(
5
8
.
8
)
4
5
5
(
2
0
.
0
)
4
8
1
(
2
1
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
,
3
4
9

(
5
9
.
3
)
3
7
2
(
1
6
.
3
)
5
5
4
(
2
4
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
u
r
a
l
7
4
1
(
8
5
.
9
)
6
5
(
7
.
5
)
5
7
(
6
.
6
)
2
6
2
(
3
0
.
4
)
6
2
(
7
.
2
)
5
3
9
(
6
2
.
5
)
4
2
6
(
4
9
.
4
)
1
0
4
(
1
2
.
1
)
3
3
3
(
3
8
.
6
)
4
1
3
(
4
7
.
9
)
8
4
(
9
.
7
)
3
6
6
(
4
2
.
4
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
3
7
6
(
7
5
.
7
)
6
9
(
1
3
.
9
)
5
2
(
1
0
.
5
)
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
3
5
(
4
7
.
3
)
6
4
(
1
2
.
9
)
1
9
8
(
3
9
.
8
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
3
0
4
(
6
1
.
2
)
9
7
(
1
9
.
5
)
9
6
(
1
9
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
3
0
4
(
6
1
.
2
)
7
8
(
1
5
.
7
)
1
1
5
(
2
3
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
5
-
3
4
7
7
1
(
7
8
.
4
)
1
1
2
(
1
1
.
4
)
9
8
(
1
0
.
0
)
4
9
9
(
5
0
.
8
)
1
0
6
(
1
1
.
1
)
3
7
4
(
3
8
.
0
)
5
9
7
(
6
0
.
7
)
2
3
0
(
2
3
.
4
)
1
5
5
(
1
5
.
8
)
6
0
4
(
6
1
.
4
)
1
9
8
(
2
0
.
1
)
1
8
0
(
1
8
.
3
)
3
5
-
4
4
4
4
0
(
8
3
.
8
)
3
7
(
7
.
0
)
4
8
(
9
.
1
)
2
5
2
(
4
8
.
0
)
4
8
(
9
.
1
)
2
2
5
(
4
2
.
9
)
3
1
1
(
5
9
.
2
)
8
4
(
1
6
.
0
)
1
3
0
(
2
4
.
8
)
2
9
4
(
5
6
.
0
)
6
4
(
1
2
.
2
)
1
6
7
(
3
1
.
8
)
4
5
-
5
9
4
4
4
(
8
4
.
9
)
3
8
(
7
.
3
)
4
1
(
7
.
8
)
2
2
0
(
4
2
.
5
)
3
3
(
6
.
4
)
2
6
5
(
5
1
.
2
)
2
7
7
(
5
3
.
5
)
6
9
(
1
3
.
3
)
1
7
2
(
3
3
.
2
)
2
6
5
(
5
1
.
2
)
6
2
(
1
2
.
0
)
1
9
1
(
3
6
.
9
)
6
0
-
6
4
3
8
1
(
8
5
.
4
)
3
5
(
7
.
8
)
3
0
(
6
.
7
)
1
5
9
(
3
5
.
9
)
2
4
(
5
.
4
)
2
6
0
(
5
8
.
7
)
2
0
6
(
4
6
.
5
)
5
7
(
1
2
.
9
)
1
8
0
(
4
0
.
6
)
2
1
0
(
4
7
.
4
)
4
4
(
9
.
9
)
1
8
9
(
4
2
.
7
)
>
6
4
1
3
7
(
7
8
.
7
)
1
6
(
9
.
2
)
2
1
(
1
2
.
1
)
5
3
(
3
0
.
6
)
1
1
(
6
.
4
)
1
0
9
(
6
3
.
0
)
7
0
(
4
0
.
5
)
2
2
(
1
2
.
7
)
8
1
(
4
6
.
8
)
8
5
(
4
9
.
1
)
1
0
(
5
.
8
)
7
8
(
4
5
.
1
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
,
0
0
6
(
8
0
.
3
)
1
1
8
(
9
.
4
)
1
2
7
(
1
0
.
1
)
0
.
1
5
0
5
6
5
(
4
5
.
3
)
1
1
8
(
9
.
5
)
5
6
3
(
4
5
.
1
)
0
.
6
2
4
7
0
7
(
5
6
.
7
)
2
2
6
(
1
8
.
1
)
3
1
3
(
2
5
.
1
)
0
.
5
1
9
6
9
9
(
5
6
.
1
)
1
9
1
(
1
5
.
3
)
3
5
6
(
2
8
.
5
)
0
.
4
2
1
F
e
m
a
l
e
1
,
5
4
3
(
8
1
.
4
)
1
8
9
(
1
0
.
0
)
1
6
3
(
8
.
6
)
8
5
3
(
4
5
.
1
)
1
7
1
(
9
.
0
)
8
6
8
(
4
5
.
9
)
1
,
0
5
8
(
5
5
.
9
)
3
3
3
(
1
7
.
6
)
5
0
1
(
2
6
.
5
)
1
,
0
6
3
(
5
6
.
2
)
2
6
5
(
1
4
.
0
)
5
6
4
(
2
9
.
8
)
42
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
/
c
l
i
n
i
c
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
e
s
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
1
,
7
2
8
(
8
5
.
9
)
1
8
0
(
8
.
9
)
1
0
4
(
5
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
8
2
9
(
4
1
.
3
)
1
7
2
(
8
.
6
)
1
,
0
0
6
(
5
0
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
,
1
0
9
(
5
5
.
3
)
3
1
0
(
1
5
.
4
)
5
8
8
(
2
9
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
,
0
8
1
(
5
3
.
9
)
2
7
6
(
1
3
.
8
)
6
5
0
(
3
2
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
4
1
9
(
6
3
.
1
)
8
4
(
1
2
.
7
)
1
5
9
(
2
3
.
9
)
3
6
4
(
5
4
.
8
)
6
5
(
9
.
8
)
2
3
4
(
3
5
.
2
)
3
8
9
(
5
8
.
6
)
1
6
9
(
2
5
.
5
)
1
0
5
(
1
5
.
8
)
4
1
2
(
6
2
.
0
)
1
1
5
(
1
7
.
3
)
1
3
6
(
2
0
.
5
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
1
6
6
(
8
5
.
1
)
1
7
(
8
.
7
)
1
2
(
6
.
2
)
7
6
(
3
9
.
6
)
1
9
(
9
.
9
)
9
7
(
5
0
.
5
)
9
9
(
5
1
.
6
)
3
7
(
1
9
.
3
)
5
6
(
2
9
.
2
)
1
0
2
(
5
3
.
1
)
2
4
(
1
2
.
5
)
6
6
(
3
4
.
4
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
2
3
6
(
8
5
.
2
)
2
6
(
9
.
4
)
1
5
(
5
.
4
)
1
4
9
(
5
4
.
0
)
3
3
(
1
2
.
0
)
9
4
(
3
4
.
1
)
1
6
8
(
6
0
.
9
)
4
3
(
1
5
.
6
)
6
5
(
2
3
.
6
)
1
6
7
(
6
0
.
5
)
4
1
(
1
4
.
9
)
6
8
(
2
4
.
6
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
2
6
5
(
8
4
.
4
)
2
5
(
8
.
0
)
2
4
(
7
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
9
1
(
2
9
.
0
)
1
4
(
4
.
5
)
2
0
9
(
6
6
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
3
5
(
4
3
.
0
)
2
7
(
8
.
6
)
1
5
2
(
4
8
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
2
4
(
3
9
.
5
)
2
4
(
7
.
6
)
1
6
6
(
5
2
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
1
,
1
3
2
(
8
5
.
0
)
9
8
(
7
.
4
)
1
0
2
(
7
.
7
)
5
6
8
(
4
2
.
9
)
9
6
(
7
.
3
)
6
5
9
(
4
9
.
8
)
7
7
4
(
5
8
.
5
)
1
6
4
(
1
2
.
4
)
3
8
5
(
2
9
.
1
)
7
6
3
(
5
7
.
7
)
1
4
7
(
1
1
.
1
)
4
1
3
(
3
1
.
2
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/

u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
1
,
0
6
0
(
7
6
.
5
)
1
6
7
(
1
2
.
0
)
1
5
7
(
1
1
.
3
)
7
3
0
(
5
2
.
7
)
1
6
5
(
1
1
.
9
)
4
9
0
(
3
5
.
4
)
8
1
5
(
5
8
.
8
)
3
5
1
(
2
5
.
3
)
2
1
9
(
1
5
.
8
)
8
3
3
(
6
0
.
1
)
2
7
3
(
1
9
.
7
)
2
7
9
(
2
0
.
1
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
9
2
(
7
9
.
3
)
1
7
(
1
4
.
7
)
7
(
6
.
0
)
2
9
(
2
5
.
0
)
1
4
(
1
2
.
1
)
7
3
(
6
2
.
9
)
4
1
(
3
5
.
3
)
1
7
(
1
4
.
7
)
5
8
(
5
0
.
0
)
4
2
(
3
6
.
2
)
1
2
(
1
0
.
3
)
6
2
(
5
3
.
4
)
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
9
2
7
(
8
7
.
0
)
1
1
9
(
1
1
.
2
)
2
0
(
1
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
2
7
(
4
9
.
4
)
1
3
4
(
1
2
.
6
)
4
0
5
(
3
8
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
6
0
6
(
5
6
.
8
)
2
5
5
(
2
3
.
9
)
2
0
5
(
1
9
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
6
1
9
(
5
8
.
1
)
2
0
9
(
1
9
.
6
)
2
3
8
(
2
2
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
7
9
5
(
7
3
.
7
)
9
1
(
8
.
4
)
1
9
1
(
1
7
.
7
)
5
1
6
(
4
8
.
0
)
7
2
(
6
.
7
)
4
8
6
(
4
5
.
2
)
6
5
5
(
6
0
.
9
)
1
5
9
(
1
4
.
8
)
2
6
0
(
2
4
.
2
)
6
2
9
(
5
8
.
5
)
1
3
7
(
1
2
.
7
)
3
0
8
(
2
8
.
7
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
9
4
(
9
0
.
2
)
9
(
4
.
2
)
1
2
(
5
.
6
)
8
3
(
3
9
.
3
)
1
2
(
5
.
7
)
1
1
6
(
5
5
.
0
)
1
0
1
(
4
7
.
9
)
2
6
(
1
2
.
3
)
8
4
(
3
9
.
8
)
1
1
8
(
5
5
.
9
)
1
9
(
9
.
0
)
7
4
(
3
5
.
1
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
2
1
0
(
7
4
.
5
)
4
0
(
1
4
.
2
)
3
2
(
1
1
.
3
)
1
2
8
(
4
5
.
6
)
3
5
(
1
2
.
5
)
1
1
8
(
4
2
.
0
)
1
6
9
(
6
0
.
1
)
6
3
(
2
2
.
4
)
4
9
(
1
7
.
4
)
1
7
5
(
6
2
.
3
)
4
3
(
1
5
.
3
)
6
3
(
2
2
.
4
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
4
2
3
(
8
3
.
6
)
4
8
(
9
.
5
)
3
5
(
6
.
9
)
1
6
4
(
3
2
.
4
)
3
6
(
7
.
1
)
3
0
6
(
6
0
.
5
)
2
3
4
(
4
6
.
2
)
5
6
(
1
1
.
1
)
2
1
6
(
4
2
.
7
)
2
2
1
(
4
3
.
7
)
4
8
(
9
.
5
)
2
3
7
(
4
6
.
8
)
43
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
/
c
l
i
n
i
c
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

p
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
s
L
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y

b
y

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
e
s
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
N
o

n

(
%
)
N
A

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
L
i
v
i
n
g

s
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
3
3
6
(
7
9
.
2
)
5
8
(
1
3
.
7
)
3
0
(
7
.
1
)
0
.
0
5
3
1
9
7
(
4
6
.
6
)
5
0
(
1
1
.
8
)
1
7
6
(
4
1
.
6
)
0
.
4
2
3
2
4
1
(
5
7
.
0
)
8
3

(
1
9
.
6
)
9
9
(
2
3
.
4
)
0
.
8
6
0
2
3
9
(
5
6
.
5
)
7
9
(
1
8
.
7
)
1
0
5
(
2
4
.
8
)
0
.
0
1
6
*
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
2
,
1
1
8
(
8
1
.
4
)
2
3
4
(
9
.
0
)
2
4
8
(
9
.
5
)
1
,
1
6
5
(
4
4
.
9
)
2
3
0
(
8
.
9
)
1
,
1
9
8
(
4
6
.
2
)
1
,
4
5
7
(
5
6
.
2
)
4
5
3
(
1
7
.
5
)
6
8
3
(
2
6
.
3
)
1
,
4
5
3
(
5
6
.
0
)
3
5
3
(
1
3
.
6
)
7
8
7
(
3
0
.
3
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
9
3
(
7
7
.
5
)
1
5
(
1
2
.
5
)
1
2
(
1
0
.
0
)
5
6
(
4
6
.
7
)
9
(
7
.
5
)
5
5
(
4
5
.
8
)
6
7
(
5
5
.
8
)
2
3
(
1
9
.
2
)
3
0
(
2
5
.
0
)
7
0
(
5
8
.
3
)
2
4
(
2
0
.
0
)
2
6
(
2
1
.
7
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

I
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
2
7
3
(
8
2
.
5
)
3
6
(
1
0
.
9
)
2
2
(
6
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
2
0
(
3
6
.
5
)
3
7
(
1
1
.
2
)
1
7
2
(
5
2
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
6
2
(
4
9
.
2
)
4
9
(
1
4
.
9
)
1
1
8
(
3
5
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
6
3
(
4
9
.
5
)
3
8
(
1
1
.
6
)
1
2
8
(
3
8
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
2
2
5
(
8
0
.
9
)
3
1
(
1
1
.
2
)
2
2
(
7
.
9
)
8
9
(
3
2
.
0
)
2
1
(
7
.
6
)
1
6
8
(
6
0
.
4
)
1
2
4
(
4
4
.
6
)
3
5
(
1
2
.
6
)
1
1
9
(
4
2
.
8
)
1
3
7
(
4
9
.
3
)
3
2
(
1
1
.
5
)
1
0
9
(
3
9
.
2
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
4
9
1
(
8
6
.
3
)
5
1
(
9
.
0
)
2
7
(
4
.
7
)
2
3
0
(
4
0
.
9
)
4
4
(
7
.
8
)
2
8
9
(
5
1
.
3
)
3
1
1
(
5
5
.
2
)
6
8
(
1
2
.
1
)
1
8
4
(
3
2
.
7
)
3
0
4
(
5
4
.
0
)
6
9
(
1
2
.
3
)
1
9
0
(
3
3
.
7
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
1
8
1
(
8
5
.
4
)
1
5
(
7
.
1
)
1
5
(
7
.
1
)
7
7
(
3
6
.
3
)
1
0
(
4
.
7
)
1
2
5
(
5
9
.
0
)
1
0
8
(
5
0
.
9
)
2
4
(
1
1
.
3
)
8
0
(
3
7
.
7
)
9
5
(
4
4
.
8
)
2
0
(
9
.
4
)
9
7
(
4
5
.
8
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
3
3
9
(
8
2
.
5
)
3
2
(
7
.
8
)
4
0
(
9
.
7
)
2
0
0
(
4
8
.
7
)
2
7
(
6
.
6
)
1
8
4
(
4
4
.
8
)
2
5
3
(
6
1
.
6
)
6
1
(
1
4
.
8
)
9
7
(
2
3
.
6
)
2
4
7
(
6
0
.
1
)
5
8
(
1
4
.
1
)
1
0
6
(
2
5
.
8
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
1
2
5
(
7
4
.
9
)
2
2
(
1
3
.
2
)
2
0
(
1
2
.
0
)
6
6
(
3
9
.
5
)
1
4
(
8
.
4
)
8
7
(
5
2
.
1
)
1
0
2
(
6
1
.
1
)
2
9
(
1
7
.
4
)
3
6
(
2
1
.
6
)
8
8
(
5
2
.
7
)
2
4
(
1
4
.
4
)
5
5
(
3
2
.
9
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
3
0
5
(
8
2
.
4
)
3
2
(
8
.
6
)
3
3
(
8
.
9
)
1
9
6
(
5
3
.
0
)
4
2
(
1
1
.
4
)
1
3
2
(
3
5
.
7
)
2
4
8
(
6
7
.
0
)
6
4
(
1
7
.
3
)
5
8
(
1
5
.
7
)
2
3
2
(
6
2
.
7
)
5
9
(
1
5
.
9
)
7
9
(
2
1
.
4
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
1
0
0
(
7
3
.
5
)
1
4
(
1
0
.
3
)
2
2
(
1
6
.
2
)
6
7
(
4
9
.
3
)
1
1
(
8
.
1
)
5
8
(
4
2
.
6
)
7
8
(
5
7
.
4
)
3
1
(
2
2
.
8
)
2
7
(
1
9
.
9
)
8
2
(
6
0
.
3
)
2
0
(
1
4
.
7
)
3
4
(
2
5
.
0
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
1
5
1
(
8
0
.
7
)
1
7
(
9
.
1
)
1
8
(
9
.
6
)
1
2
5
(
6
6
.
8
)
1
5
(
8
.
0
)
4
6
(
2
4
.
6
)
1
2
4
(
6
6
.
3
)
3
9
(
2
0
.
9
)
2
3
(
1
2
.
3
)
1
3
2
(
7
0
.
6
)
2
4
(
1
2
.
8
)
3
0
(
1
6
.
0
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
7
7
(
7
5
.
5
)
1
3
(
1
2
.
7
)
1
2
(
1
1
.
8
)
4
6
(
4
5
.
1
)
1
3
(
1
2
.
7
)
4
3
(
4
2
.
2
)
5
2

(
5
1
.
0
)
3
0
(
2
9
.
4
)
2
0
(
1
9
.
6
)
6
0
(
5
8
.
8
)
2
1
(
2
0
.
6
)
2
1
(
2
0
.
6
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
2
7
7
(
7
3
.
3
)
4
2
(
1
1
.
1
)
5
9
(
1
5
.
6
)
1
9
9
(
5
2
.
6
)
5
3
(
1
4
.
0
)
1
2
6
(
3
3
.
3
)
2
0
0
(
5
2
.
2
)
1
2
7
(
3
3
.
6
)
5
1
(
1
3
.
5
)
2
1
9
(
5
7
.
9
)
8
9
(
2
3
.
5
)
7
0
(
1
8
.
5
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
44
4.5 Awareness towards
appropriate use of medicines
Only half of the respondents (49.8%, n=1,567)
claimed that they were able to identify medicines
by the trade or generic name. This ability was
found to be associated with consumers area
of settlement, age, gender, education level,
occupation, living status and monthly income.
Consumers from urban area, the age group
of 25-34 years, who have received tertiary
education, of Indian ethnicity, were government
employee, living with non-family members and of
higher income group were more able to identify
medicines by the trade or generic name (Table
12).
Table 12: Association between ability to
identify medicines by trade or generic name
and demographic characteristics
Demographic
characteristics
Ability to identify
medicines by trade or
generic name
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Settlement setting
Urban
1,242
(54.5)
1,037
(45.5)
<0.01*
Rural
325
(37.7)
537
(62.3)
Age
18-24
279
(56.1)
218
(43.9)
<0.01*
25-34
612
(62.4)
368
(37.6)
35-44
272
(51.8)
253
(48.2)
45-59
217
(41.8)
302
(58.2)
60-64
155
(34.8)
290
(65.2)
>64
32
(18.4)
142
(81.6)
Demographic
characteristics
Ability to identify
generic name
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Gender
Male
585
(46.8)
685
(53.2)
0.005*
Female
982
(51.9)
909
(48.1)
Ethnicity
Malay
995
(49.5)
1,014
(50.5)
0.146
Chinese
317
(47.9)
345
(52.1)
Indian
109
(56.2)
85
(43.8)
Others
146
(53.1)
129
(46.9)
Education level
Primary school
59
(18.8)
254
(81.2)
<0.01*
Secondary school
599
(45.1)
728
(54.9)
College/university
895
(64.6)
490
(35.4)
No formal education
14
(12.1)
102
(87.9)
Occupation
Government
709
(66.5)
357
(33.5)
<0.01*
Private/self
employed
462
(42.9)
613
(57.1)
Retired
91
(42.5)
123
(57.5)
Student
160
(56.9)
121
(43.1)
Unemployed
145
(28.8)
359
(71.2)
Living status
Alone
234
(55.2)
190
(44.8)
<0.01* With family
1,251
(48.2)
1,341
(51.8)
With non-family
80
(66.7)
40
(33.3)
45
Demographic
characteristics
Ability to identify
generic name
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Monthly income
RM500
109
(33.0)
221
(67.0)
<0.01*
RM501-RM1,000
98
(35.3)
180
(64.7)
RM1,001-RM1,500
229
(40.6)
335
(59.4)
RM1,501-RM2,000
103
(48.6)
109
(51.4)
RM2,001-RM2,500
194
(47.2)
217
(52.8)
RM2,501-RM3,000
81
(48.5)
86
(51.5)
RM3,001-RM3,500
214
(57.8)
156
(42.2)
RM3,501-RM4,000
92
(67.6)
44
(32.4)
RM4,001-RM4,500
119
(63.6)
68
(36.4)
RM4,501-RM5,000
68
(66.7)
34
(33.3)
>RM5,000
256
(67.9)
121
(32.1)
It was found that up to 56.6% of the respondents
claimed that they really understood the proper
use of medicines. The consumers understanding
were signifcantly associated with their age
(p<0.05), gender (p<0.05), ethnicity (p<0.05),
education level (p <0.05), occupation (p<0.05),
and also their monthly household income
(p<0.05). The study also found that 83.0%
of the respondents have good knowledge on
proper medicines storage. This is signifcantly
associated with age (p<0.05), ethnicity (p<0.05),
education level (p<0.05), occupation (p<0.05)
and the consumers monthly household income
(p<0.05).
46
T
a
b
l
e

1
3
:

A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

t
h
e

k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

p
r
o
p
e
r

u
s
e

a
n
d

s
t
o
r
a
g
e

o
f

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

a
n
d

d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d

t
h
e

p
r
o
p
e
r

u
s
e

o
f

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

p
r
o
p
e
r

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

s
t
o
r
a
g
e
D
o
n
t

u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d

n

(
%
)
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y

u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
s

n

(
%
)
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
N
o

n

(
%
)
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
T
o
t
a
l
=
N
1
0
9

(

3
.
5
)
1
,
2
5
7

(
3
9
.
9
)
1
,
7
8
1

(
5
6
.
6
)
5
3
4

(
1
7
.
0
)
2
,
6
1
4

(
8
3
.
0
)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

s
e
t
t
i
n
g

U
r
b
a
n
7
3

(

3
.
2
)
9
2
0

(
4
0
.
3
)
1
,
2
9
1

(
5
6
.
5
)
0
.
3
7
4
3
9
6

(
1
7
.
3
)
1
,
8
8
9

(
8
2
.
7
)
0
.
8
2
8
R
u
r
a
l
3
6

(

4
.
2
)
3
3
7

(
3
9
.
0
)
4
9
0

(
5
6
.
8
)
1
3
8

(
1
6
.
0
)
7
2
5

(
8
4
.
0
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
2
2

(

4
.
4
)
2
1
5

(
4
3
.
3
)
2
6
0

(
5
2
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
1
3

(
2
2
.
7
)
3
8
4

(
7
7
.
3
)
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
5
-
3
4
1
5

(

1
.
5
)
3
5
4

(
3
6
.
0
)
6
1
4

(
6
2
.
5
)
1
7
1

(
1
7
.
4
)
8
1
2

(
8
2
.
6
)
3
5
-
4
4
1
7

(

3
.
2
)
1
9
6

(
3
7
.
3
)
3
1
2

(
5
9
.
4
)
6
6

(
1
2
.
6
)
4
5
9

(
8
7
.
4
)
4
5
-
5
9
1
2

(

2
.
3
)
2
1
3

(
4
0
.
7
)
2
9
8

(
5
7
.
0
)
8
3

(
1
5
.
9
)
4
4
0

(
8
4
.
1
)
6
0
-
6
4
1
7

(

3
.
8
)
2
0
0

(
4
4
.
9
)
2
2
8

(
5
1
.
2
)
6
8

(
1
5
.
2
)
3
7
8

(
8
4
.
8
)
>
6
4
2
6

(
1
4
.
9
)
7
9

(
4
5
.
4
)
6
9

(
3
9
.
7
)
3
3

(
1
9
.
0
)
1
4
1

(
8
1
.
0
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
4
6

(

3
.
7
)
5
5
1

(
4
4
.
0
)
6
5
5

(
5
2
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
2
2

(
1
7
.
7
)
1
,
0
3
1

(
8
2
.
3
)
0
.
3
5
9
F
e
m
a
l
e
6
3

(

3
.
3
)
7
0
6

(
3
7
.
3
)
1
,
1
2
6

(
5
9
.
4
)
3
1
2

(
1
6
.
5
)
1
,
5
8
3

(
8
3
.
5
)
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
5
7

(

2
.
8
)
7
2
8

(
3
6
.
2
)
1
,
2
2
6

(
6
1
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
3
1
2

(
1
5
.
5
)
1
,
7
0
0

(
8
4
.
5
)
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
3
6

(

5
.
4
)
3
3
2

(
5
0
.
0
)
2
9
6

(
4
4
.
6
)
1
3
8

(
2
0
.
8
)
5
2
6

(
7
9
.
2
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
1
1

(

5
.
6
)
7
7

(
3
9
.
5
)
1
0
7

(
5
4
.
9
)
2
4

(
1
2
.
3
)
1
7
1

(
8
7
.
7
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
5

(

1
.
8
)
1
2
0

(
4
3
.
3
)
1
5
2

(
5
4
.
9
)
6
0

(
2
1
.
7
)
2
1
7

(
7
8
.
3
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
2
3

(

7
.
3
)
1
5
2

(
4
8
.
4
)
1
3
9

(
4
4
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
2

(
1
6
.
6
)
2
6
2

(
8
3
.
4
)
0
.
0
0
6
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
4
6

(

3
.
5
)
5
4
5

(
4
0
.
9
)
7
4
0

(
5
5
.
6
)
2
0
4

(
1
5
.
3
)
1
,
1
2
8

(
8
4
.
7
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
2
4

(

1
.
7
)
5
0
3

(
3
6
.
3
)
8
5
9

(
6
2
.
0
)
2
4
6

(
1
7
.
7
)
1
,
1
4
0

(
8
2
.
3
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
6

(
1
3
.
8
)
5
7

(
4
9
.
1
)
4
3

(
3
7
.
1
)
3
2

(
2
7
.
6
)
8
4

(
7
2
.
4
)
47
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d

t
h
e

p
r
o
p
e
r

u
s
e

o
f

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

p
r
o
p
e
r

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

s
t
o
r
a
g
e
D
o
n
t

u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d

n

(
%
)
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y

u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
s

n

(
%
)
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
N
o

n

(
%
)
Y
e
s

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n

G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
1
4

(

1
.
3
)
3
3
2

(
3
1
.
1
)
7
2
0

(
6
7
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
5
7

(
1
4
.
7
)
9
0
9

(
8
5
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
4
1

(

3
.
8
)
4
8
7

(
4
5
.
1
)
5
5
1

(
5
1
.
1
)
1
9
3

(
1
7
.
9
)
8
8
6

(
8
2
.
1
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
2

(

5
.
6
)
8
9

(
4
1
.
6
)
1
1
3

(
5
2
.
8
)
2
2

(
1
0
.
2
)
1
9
3

(
8
9
.
8
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
8

(

2
.
8
)
1
3
1

(
4
6
.
5
)
1
4
3

(
5
0
.
7
)
7
2

(
2
5
.
5
)
2
1
0

(
7
4
.
5
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
3
4

(

6
.
7
)
2
1
8

(
4
3
.
1
)
2
5
4

(
5
0
.
2
)
9
0

(
1
7
.
8
)
4
1
6

(
8
2
.
2
)
L
i
v
i
n
g

s
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
1
3

(

3
.
1
)
1
5
4

(
3
6
.
4
)
2
5
6

(
6
0
.
5
)
0
.
0
7
7
7
9

(
1
8
.
6
)
3
4
5

(
8
1
.
4
)
0
.
6
2
0
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
9
6

(

3
.
7
)
1
0
5
6

(
4
0
.
6
)
1
4
5
0

(
5
5
.
7
)
4
3
5

(
1
6
.
7
)
2
1
6
7

(
8
3
.
3
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
0

(

0
.
0
)
4
6

(
3
8
.
3
)
7
4

(
6
1
.
7
)
2
0

(
1
6
.
7
)
1
0
0

(
8
3
.
3
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

i
n
c
o
m
e
<
R
M
5
0
0
2
4

(

7
.
3
)
1
4
4

(
4
3
.
5
)
1
6
3

(
4
9
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
8
0

(
2
4
.
2
)
2
5
1

(
7
5
.
8
)
0
.
0
2
8
*
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
1
5

(

5
.
4
)
1
1
3

(
4
0
.
6
)
1
5
0

(
5
4
.
0
)
5
4

(
1
9
.
4
)
2
2
4

(
8
0
.
6
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
2
1

(

3
.
7
)
2
5
2

(
4
4
.
3
)
2
9
6

(
5
2
.
0
)
9
6

(
1
6
.
9
)
4
7
3

(
8
3
.
1
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
8

(

3
.
8
)
8
3

(
3
9
.
2
)
1
2
1
(
5
7
.
1
)
3
0

(
1
4
.
2
)
1
8
2

(
8
5
.
8
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
1
6

(

3
.
9
)
1
6
3

(
3
9
.
7
)
2
3
2

(
5
6
.
4
)
6
3

(
1
5
.
3
)
3
4
8

(
8
4
.
7
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
6

(

3
.
6
)
7
2

(
4
3
.
1
)
8
9

(
5
3
.
3
)
3
2

(
1
9
.
2
)
1
3
5

(
8
0
.
8
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
5

(

1
.
4
)
1
3
7

(
3
7
.
0
)
2
2
8

(
6
1
.
6
)
5
5

(
1
7
.
5
)
3
1
5

(
8
5
.
1
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
2

(

1
.
5
)
4
7

(
3
4
.
6
)
8
7

(
6
4
.
0
)
1
7

(
1
2
.
5
)
1
1
9

(
8
7
.
5
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
0

(

0
.
0
)
7
9

(
4
2
.
2
)
1
0
8

(
5
7
.
8
)
3
1

(
1
6
.
6
)
1
5
6

(
8
3
.
4
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
4

(

3
.
9
)
4
0

(
3
9
.
2
)
5
8

(
5
6
.
9
)
1
6

(
1
5
.
7
)
8
6

(
8
4
.
3
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
8

(

2
.
1
)
1
2
2

(
3
2
.
3
)
2
4
8

(
6
5
.
6
)
5
7

(
1
5
.
1
)
3
2
1

(
8
4
.
9
)
*

S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
48
Majority of the respondents were generally
aware of the side effects of medicines (64.2%,
n=2,017). Respondents from urban area, of a
younger age group, higher education and income
level were found to have better awareness of
medicines side effect (Table 14). Meanwhile, up
to 90% (n=2,826) of respondents were aware
of medicines expiry dates. This was found to
be associated with the consumers area of
settlement, age, occupation, education and
income level (Table 14).

Table 14: Association between the awareness on the side effects and shelf life of medicines and
Demographic
characteristics
Aware of medicines side effects Aware medicines expiry dates
Area of settlement
Urban 1,524 (66.7) 760 (33.3)
<0.001*
2,096 (91.7) 188 ( 8.2)
<0.001*
Rural 493 (57.1) 370 (42.9) 730 (84.6) 133 (15.4)
Age
18-24 329 (66.2) 167 (33.6)
<0.001*
442 (88.9) 55 (11.1)
<0.001*
25-34 717 (72.9) 266 (27.1) 924 (93.9) 59 ( 6.0)
35-44 352 (67.0) 173 (33.0) 484 (92.2) 41 ( 7.8)
45-59 319 (61.0) 204 (39.0) 464 (88.7) 58 (11.1)
60-64 236 (52.9) 210 (47.1) 382 (85.7) 64 (14.3)
>64 64 (36.8) 110 (63.2) 130 (74.7) 44 (25.3)
Gender
Male 738 (58.9) 515 (41.1)
<0.001*
1,106 (88.3) 147 (11.7)
0.050
Female 1,279 (67.5) 615 (32.5) 1,720 (90.8) 174 ( 9.2)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,299 (64.6) 713 (35.4)
0.056
1,794 (89.2) 217 (10.8)
0.512
Chinese 397 (59.8) 266 (40.1) 608 (91.6) 56 ( 8.4)
Indian 131 (67.2) 64 (32.8) 171 (87.7) 24 (12.3)
Others 190 (68.6) 87 (31.4) 253 (91.3) 24 ( 8.7)
Education level
Primary school 139 (44.3) 175 (55.7)
<0.001*
244 (77.7) 70 (22.3)
<0.001*
Secondary school 828 (62.2) 504 (37.8) 1,219 (91.5) 113 ( 8.5)
College/university 999 (72.1) 386 (27.8) 1,287 (92.9) 98 ( 7.1)
49
Demographic
characteristics
Aware of medicines side effects Aware medicines expiry dates
Occupation
Government 807 (75.7) 259 (24.3)
<0.001*
1,010 (94.7) 55 ( 5.2)
<0.001*
Private/self employed 651 (60.3) 427 (39.6) 960 (89.0) 119 (11.0)
Retired 108 (50.2) 107 (49.8) 191 (88.8) 24 (11.2)
Student 184 (65.2) 98 (34.8) 254 (90.1) 28 ( 9.9)
Unemployed 267 (52.8) 239 (47.2) 411 (81.2) 95 (18.8)
Living status
Alone 290 (68.4) 134 (31.6)
0.125
386 (91.0) 38 ( 9.0)
0.567 With family 1,640 (63.0) 961 (37.0) 2,326 (89.4) 275 (10.6)
With non-family 85 (70.8) 35 (29.2) 112 (93.3) 8 ( 6.7)
Monthly household income
<RM500 187 (56.5) 144 (43.5)
<0.001*
266 (80.4) 65 (19.6)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 152 (54.7) 126 (45.3) 228 (82.0) 50 (18.0)
RM1,001-RM1,500 339 (59.6) 229 (40.2) 508 (89.3) 61 (10.7)
RM1,501-RM2,000 136 (64.2) 76 (35.8) 192 (90.6) 20 ( 9.4)
RM2,001-RM2,500 256 (62.2) 155 (37.7) 369 (89.8) 42 (10.2)
RM2,501-RM3,000 92 (55.1) 75 (44.9) 153 (91.6) 14 ( 8.4)
RM3,001-RM3,500 246 (66.5) 124 (33.5) 345 (93.2) 24 ( 6.5)
RM3,501-RM4,000 100 (73.5) 36 (26.5) 131 (96.3) 5 ( 3.7)
RM4,001-RM4,500 140 (74.9) 47 (25.1) 178 (95.2) 9 ( 4.8)
RM4,501-RM5,000 72 (70.6) 30 (29.4) 92 (90.2) 10 ( 9.8)
>RM5,000 295 (78.0) 83 (22.0) 359 (95.0) 19 ( 5.0)
50
Table 15: Factors affecting the awareness on food-medicines and modern-traditional medicines
interactions
Demographic
characteristics
Awareness of interactions between
modern medicines and food
modern and traditional medicines
Total=N 2,151 (68.3) 996 (31.6) - 2,056 (65.3) 1,092 (34.7) -
Age
18-24 331 (66.6) 166 (33.4)
<0.001*
316 (63.6) 181 (36.4)
0.012*
25-34 719 (73.1) 264 (26.9) 652 (66.3) 331 (33.7)
35-44 380 (72.4) 145 (27.6) 361 (68.8) 164 (31.2)
45-54 346 (66.2) 176 (33.7) 343 (65.6) 180 (34.4)
55-64 280 (62.8) 166 (37.2) 291 (65.2) 155 (34.8)
>64 95 (54.6) 79 (45.4) 93 (53.4) 81 (46.6)
Gender
Male 797 (63.6) 456 (36.4)
<0.001*
761 (60.7) 492 (39.3)
<0.001*
Female 1,354 (71.5) 540 (28.5) 1,295 (68.3) 600 (31.7)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,417 (70.4) 594 (29.5)
0.012*
1,304 (64.8) 708 (35.2)
<0.001*
Chinese 417 (62.8) 247 (37.2) 473 (71.2) 191 (28.8)
Indian 124 (63.6) 71 (36.4) 123 (63.1) 72 (36.9)
Others 193 (69.7) 84 (30.3) 156 (56.3) 121 (43.7)
Education level
Primary school 184 (58.6) 130 (41.4)
<0.001*
183 (58.3) 131 (41.7)
<0.001*
Secondary school 916 (68.8) 415 (31.2) 853 (64.0) 479 (36.0)
College/university 996 (71.9) 390 (28.1) 973 (70.2) 413 (29.8)
Occupation
Government 793 (74.4) 272 (25.5)
<0.001*
745 (69.9) 321 (30.1)
0.003*
Private/self employed 715 (66.3) 364 (33.7) 682 (63.2) 397 (36.8)
Retired 142 (66.0) 73 (34.0) 141 (65.6) 74 (34.4)
Student 183 (64.9) 99 (35.1) 178 (63.1) 104 (36.9)
Unemployed 318 (62.8) 188 (37.2) 310 (61.3) 196 (38.7)
Living status
Alone 294 (69.3) 130 (30.7)
0.640
275 (64.9) 149 (35.1)
0.328 With family 1,766 (67.9) 835 (32.1) 1,694 (65.1) 908 (34.9)
With non-family 89 (74.2) 31 (25.8) 86 (71.7) 34 (28.3)
51
Demographic
characteristics
modern medicines and food
modern and traditional medicines
Monthly income
RM500 220 (66.5) 111 (33.5)
0.043
192 (58.0) 139 (42.0)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 194 (69.8) 84 (30.4) 183 (65.8) 95 (34.2)
RM1,001-RM1,500 378 (66.4) 191 (33.6) 333 (58.5) 236 (41.5)
RM1,501-RM2,000 138 (65.1) 74 (34.9) 138 (65.1) 74 (34.9)
RM2,001-RM2,500 262 (63.7) 148 (36.0) 267 (65.0) 144 (35.0)
RM2,501-RM3,000 99 (59.3) 68 (40.7) 98 (58.7) 69 (41.3)
RM3,001-RM3,500 269 (72.7) 101 (27.3) 250 (67.6) 120 (32.4)
RM3,501-RM4,000 96 (70.6) 40 (29.4) 106 (77.9) 30 (22.1)
RM4,001-RM4,500 131 (70.1) 56 (29.9) 130 (69.5) 57 (30.5)
RM4,501-RM5,000 75 (73.5) 27 (26.5) 79 (77.5) 23 (22.5)
>RM5,000 283 (74.9) 95 (25.1) 278 (73.5) 100 (6.5)
Majority of the respondents were aware of
the potential interactions between food with
modern medicines (68.3%) and traditional with
modern medicines (65.3%). This awareness was
signifcantly associated with respondents age,
gender, ethnicity, education level, occupation
and monthly income (Table 15).
Up to 76.4% of the participants were aware of
the requirement for registration with the Ministry
of Health Malaysia for all modern and traditional
medicines prior to marketing. Consumers who
were females (77.9%), from the age group of 25
to 34 years old (85.4%), with tertiary education
(82.0%), government employee (90.8%), who
lived alone (83.3%), and with monthly income
between RM1,501 to RM2,000 (86.7%) were
more aware of this medicines registration
requirement (Table 16).
Table 16: Response to Did you know that all modern and traditional medicines should be registered
with Ministry of Health? based on demographic characteristics
Demographic characteristics
Outcome
Did you know that all modern and traditional medicines should
be registered with Ministry of Health?
Yes, n(%) No, n(%) p-value
Total=N 2,403 (76.4) 744 (23.6)
Age
18-24 367 (74.0) 129 (26.0)
<0.001*
25-34 840 (85.4) 144 (14.6)
35-44 434 (82.5) 92 (17.5)
45-59 380 (72.8) 142 (27.2)
60-64 300 (67.4) 145 (32.6)
>64 82 (47.1) 92 (52.9)
52
Outcome
Did you know that all modern and traditional medicines should
be registered with Ministry of Health?
Gender
Male 929 (74.0) 326 (26.0)
0.012
Female 1,474 (77.9) 418 (22.1)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,593 (79.3) 417 (20.7)
<0.001*
Chinese 439 (66.0) 226 (34.0)
Indian 138 (70.4) 58 (29.6)
Others 233 (84.4) 43 (15.6)
Education level
Primary school 185 (59.1) 128 (40.9)
<0.001*
Secondary school 1,037 (77.9) 295 (22.1)
College/university 1,136 (82.0) 250 (18.0)
No formal education 45 (38.8) 71 (61.2)
Occupation
Government 968 (90.8) 98 ( 9.2)
<0.001*
Private/self employed 794 (73.5) 286 (26.5)
Retired 147 (68.4) 68 (31.6)
Student 196 (69.5) 86 (30.5)
Unemployed 298 (59.1) 206 (40.9)
Living status
Alone 353 (83.3) 71 (16.7)
0.001 With family 1,953 (75.1) 649 (24.9)
With non-family 96 (80.7) 23 (19.3)
Monthly income
RM500 211 (63.6) 121 (36.4)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 208 (75.1) 69 (24.9)
RM1,001-RM1,500 420 (73.9) 148 (26.1)
RM1,501-RM2,000 183 (86.7) 28 (13.3)
RM2,001-RM2,500 302 (73.5) 109 (26.5)
RM2,501-RM3,000 122 (73.1) 45 (26.9)
RM3,001-RM3,500 306 (82.5) 65 (17.5)
RM3,501-RM4,000 112 (82.4) 24 (17.6)
RM4,001-RM4,500 145 (77.5) 42 (22.5)
RM4,501-RM5,000 79 (77.5) 23 (22.5)
>RM5,000 309 (81.7) 69 (18.3)
53
Only 38.7% of the participants were aware
of Meditag availability. This knowledge was
found to be infuenced by the participants age
education level (p<0.05), occupation (p<0.05),
living status (p<0.05) and monthly income
household (p<0.05) (Table 17). Participants of
age between 25 to 34 years (52.3%), females
(40.0%), who were of Malay ethnicity (41.6%),
who have tertiary education (48.6%), who were
government-employed (59.6%), lived with non-
family (48.3%) and have a monthly income within
the range of RM4,501 to RM5,000 (52.0%) were
more aware of the Meditag availability.
Table 17: Factors affecting knowledge on Meditag availability
Outcome
Knowledge of Meditag availability
Age
18-24 176 (35.8) 190 (38.7)
<0.001*
25-34 509 (52.3) 325 (33.4)
35-44 223 (43.0) 209 (40.3)
45-59 162 (31.5) 216 (41.9)
60-64 112 (25.7) 188 (43.2)
>64 21 (12.1) 63 (36.2)
Gender
Male 454 (36.8) 469 (38.0)
0.034*
Female 749 (40.0) 722 (38.5)
Ethnicity
Malay 827 (41.6) 763 (38.4)
<0.001*
Chinese 194 (29.5) 243 (36.9)
Indian 69 (37.1) 64 (34.4)
Others 113 (40.9) 121 (43.8)
Education level
Primary school 48 (15.4) 138 (44.2)
<0.001*
Secondary school 484 (36.8) 551 (41.9)
College/ university 66 (48.6) 464 (33.9)
Occupation
Government 631 (59.6) 332 (31.4)
<0.001*
Retired 57 (27.3) 88 (42.1)
Student 85 (30.7) 109 (39.4)
Unemployed 100 (20.0) 200 (40.1)
54
Outcome
Knowledge of Meditag availability
Living status
Alone 185 (44.0) 166 (39.5)
0.001* With family 962 (37.4) 984 (38.3)
With non-family 56 (48.3) 40 (34.5)
Monthly income
RM500 80 (24.3) 131 (39.8)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 79 (28.7) 128 (46.5)
RM1,001-RM1,500 197 (35.2) 221 (39.5)
RM1,501-RM2,000 81 (38.6) 102 (48.6)
RM2,001-RM2,500 151 (37.5) 153 (38.0)
RM2,501-RM3,000 52 (31.7) 70 (42.7)
RM3,001-RM3,500 180 (49.0) 124 (33.8)
RM3,501-RM4,000 70 (51.9) 42 (31.1)
RM4,001-RM4,500 81 (43.5) 63 (33.9)
RM4,501-RM5,000 53 (52.0) 26 (25.5)
>RM5,000 177 (47.6) 129 (34.7)
55
4.6 Assessment towards
medication compliance
Up to 69.1% (n=2,170) of the respondents
admitted to ever missed taking their medication as
prescribed. This study found that the respondents
age, ethnicity, education level, occupation, and
monthly income were signifcantly (p<0.05)
associated with consumers compliance to
prescribed medications (Table 18). Majority of
the Chinese respondents (75.5%) reported to
have ever forgotten to take prescribed medicines
as indicated. In addition, respondents who had
received to primary level of education (61.0%)
were more likely to remember to take prescribed
medicines as indicated. On the other hand,
respondents aged 64 and above (73.4%) were
more likely to forget to take prescribed medicines
as indicated.
Table 18: Response to Have you ever forgotten to take the prescribed medicines as indicated?
based on demographic characteristics
Ever forgotten to take the prescribed medicines as indicated?
Yes, n (%) No, n (%) p-value
Age
18-24 362 (73.1) 133 (26.9)
0.010*
25-34 698 (70.9) 286 (39.1)
35-44 338 (64.3) 188 (35.7)
45-54 349 (67.0) 172 (33.0)
55-64 296 (66.4) 150 (33.6)
>64 127 (73.4) 46 (26.6)
Gender
Male 844 (67.5) 407 (32.5)
0.135
Female 1,326 (70.0) 568 (30.0)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,329 (66.2) 680 (33.8)
<0.001*
Chinese 501 (75.5) 163 (24.5)
Indian 132 (67.3) 64 (32.7)
Others 208 (75.4) 68 (24.6)
Education level
Primary school 191 (61.0) 122 (39.0)
<0.001*
Occupation
Government 754 (70.7) 312 (29.3)
0.022*
Retired 139 (64.7) 76 (35.3)
Student 209 (74.4) 72 (25.6)
Unemployed 327 (64.8) 178 (35.2)
56
Ever forgotten to take the prescribed medicines as indicated?
Living status
Alone 296 (69.8) 128 (30.2)
0.761 With family 1,787 (68.7) 813 (31.3)
With non-family 85 (71.4) 34 (28.6)
Monthly income
RM500 233 (70.2) 99 (29.8)
0.002*
RM501-RM1,000 167 (60.5) 109 (39.5)
RM1,001-RM1,500 372 (65.6) 195 (34.4)
RM1,501-RM2,000 137 (64.9) 74 (35.1)
RM2,001-RM2,500 282 (68.6) 129 (31.4)
RM2,501-RM3,000 116 (69.5) 51 (30.5)
RM3,001-RM3,500 269 (72.5) 102 (27.5)
RM3,501-RM4,000 102 (75.0) 34 (25.0)
RM4,001-RM4,500 128 (68.4) 59 (31.6)
RM4,501-RM5,000 77 (75.5) 25 (24.5)
>RM5,000 285 (75.4) 93 (24.6)
Less than half of the respondents (n=1,319,
42%) admitted to have consciously chosen not
to take the prescribed medicines. Respondents
who are from the age group of 25-34 years, of
Chinese ethnicity, with tertiary education, living
alone and from higher income group were more
likely to choose not to take the prescribed
medications (Table 19).
Table 19: Response to Have you ever chosen not to take the prescribed medicines? based on
Ever choose not to take prescribed medicines?
Age
18-24 238(48.0) 258 (52.0)
<0.001*
25-34 478 (48.6) 505 (51.4)
35-44 211 (40.1) 315 (59.9)
45-54 184 (35.3) 337 (64.7)
55-64 146 (32.7) 300 (67.3)
Gender
Male 503 (40.2) 749 (59.8)
0.106
Female 816 (43.1) 1,078 (56.9)
57
Ever choose not to take prescribed medicines?
Ethnicity
Malay 769 (38.3) 1,241 (61.7)
<0.001*
Chinese 353 (53.2) 311 (46.8)
Indian 81 (41.3) 115 (58.7)
Others 116 (42.0) 160 (58.0)
Education Level
Primary school 89 (28.4) 224 (71.6)
<0.001*
College/university 685 (49.4) 701 (50.6)
Occupation
Government 474 (44.5) 592 (55.5)
<0.001*
Retired 79 (36.7) 136 (63.3)
Student 120 (42.6) 162 (57.4)
Unemployed 165 (32.7) 340 (67.3)
Living status
Alone 205 (48.3) 219 (51.7)
0.011* With family 1,060 (40.8) 1,541 (59.2)
With non-family 53 (44.5) 66 (55.5)
Monthly income
RM500 121 (36.4) 211 (63.6)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 102 (36.8) 175 (63.2)
RM1,001-RM1,500 219 (38.6) 349 (61.4)
RM1,501-RM2,000 76 (36.0) 135 (64.0)
RM2,001-RM2,500 172 (41.8) 239 (58.2)
RM2,501-RM3,000 78 (46.7) 89 (53.3)
RM3,001-RM3,500 139 (37.6) 231 (62.4)
RM3,501-RM4,000 64 (47.1) 72 (52.9)
RM4,001-RM4,500 91 (48.7) 96 (51.3)
RM4,501-RM5,000 53 (52.0) 49 (48.0)
>RM5,000 198 (52.4) 180 (47.6)
58
Sharing of medications was a common practice
among consumers (29.5%, n=928) (Table 20).
Respondents who lived with non-family members
were more likely to share medications than those
living alone or with family members (p=0.004).
Additionally, those from the age group between
18-24 years (43.8%), are students (42.5%) and
have tertiary education (38.6%) were found to
be more likely to share medications than the
others.
Table 20: Response to Have you ever shared any medicines with others? based on demographic
characteristics
Ever shared medicines with others?
Area
Urban 731 (32.0) 1,553 (68.0)
<0.001*
Rural 197 (22.8) 666 (77.2)
Age
18-24 217 (43.8) 278 (56.2)
<0.001*
25-34 353 (35.9) 631 (64.1)
35-44 141 (26.8) 385 (73.2)
45-54 112 (21.5) 410 (78.5)
55-64 75 (16.8) 371 (83.2)
>64 30 (17.2) 144 (82.8)
Gender
Male 375 (29.9) 879 (70.1)
Female 553 (29.2) 1,340 (70.8)
Ethnicity
Malay 579 (28.8) 1,430 (71.2)
0.001*
Chinese 222 (33.4) 443 (66.6)
Indian 37 (18.9) 159 (81.1)
Others 90 (32.5) 187 (67.5)
Education level
Primary school 48 (15.3) 265 (84.6)
<0.001*
Secondary school 319 (23.9) 1,014 (76.1)
Occupation
Government 338 (31.7) 728 (68.3)
<0.001*
Retired 44 (20.5) 171 (79.5)
Student 120 (42.5) 162 (57.4)
Unemployed 94 (18.6) 411 (81.3)
59
Ever shared medicines with others?
Living status
Alone 141 (33.3) 283 (66.7)
0.004* With family 738 (28.4) 1,864 (71.6)
With non-family 48 (40.3) 71 (59.6)
Monthly income
RM500 90 (27.1) 242 (72.9)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 68 (24.6) 208 (75.4)
RM1,001-RM1,500 154 (27.1) 415 (72.9)
RM1,501-RM2,000 44 (20.9) 167 (79.1)
RM2,001-RM2,500 110 (26.8) 301 (73.2)
RM2,501-RM3,000 65 (38.9) 102 (61.1)
RM3,001-RM3,500 120 (32.3) 251 (67.7)
RM3,501-RM4,000 41 (30.1) 95 (69.9)
RM4,001-RM4,500 57 (30.5) 130 (69.5)
RM4,501-RM5,000 41 (40.2) 61 (59.8)
>RM5,000 135 (35.7) 243 (64.3)
4.7 Assessment of medicines
information resources
Slightly more than half of the participants
(n=1,602, 51.0%) claimed that they will consult
the doctor as their frst point of referral when
they have any concerns about medicines while
921 (29.3%) participants claimed that they
will consult the pharmacists (Table 21). A small
proportion of the participants claimed that
they will consult the nurses (2.5%), medical
assistants (1.4%), friends (2.4%) and family
members (11.2%).
Table 22 showed the association between
consumers choice of reference and their
demographic characteristics. Consumers frst
point of reference was found to be associated
with their age (p<0.001). Most participants from
the age group of 45-54 years were more likely
to consult the doctors than the other healthcare
professionals regarding medicines-related
concern. Similarly, male and others consumers
were also more likely to consult a doctor when
faced with medication problem. There was also
a statistically signifcant association between
consumers education and income level with their
frst point of consult (p<0.001). Participants with
primary education and those earning between
RM1,001-RM1,500 monthly tend to consult
doctors for further information when they have
medication problem. Those who are unemployed
(p<0.001) and living with family (p<0.01) were
also more likely to consult the doctors when
faced with medication problem.
60
Table 21: Consumers frst point of reference on medicines-related issues
First person to consult concerning medicines n (%)
Doctor 1,602 (51.0)
Pharmacist 921 (29.3)
Family member 353 (11.2)
Nurse 76 ( 2.5)
Friends/neighbours 74 ( 2.4)
Medical assistant 44 ( 1.4)
Table 22: Response to Who will be the FIRST person that you consult concerning medicines? based
on demographic characteristics
Demographic
characteristics
First person to consult concerning medicines
Doctor
n (%)
Pharmacist
n (%)
Nurse
n (%)
Medical
assistant
n (%)
Friends/
neighbours
n (%)
Family
member
n (%)
p-value
Age
18-24 235 (47.7) 119 (24.1) 14 (2.8) 10 (2.0) 17 (3.4) 92 (18.7)
<0.001*
25-34 428 (44.5) 370 (37.6) 17 (1.7) 14 (1.4) 26 (2.6) 94 ( 9.6)
35-44 297 (56.6) 130 (24.8) 20 (3.8) 10 (1.9) 10 (1.9) 41 ( 7.8)
45-54 304 (58.3) 137 (26.3) 12 (2.3) 5 (1.0) 8 (1.5) 46 ( 8.8)
55-64 234 (52.5) 127 (28.5) 10 (2.2) 5 (1.1) 7 (1.6) 52 (11.7)
>64 94 (54.0) 38 (21.8) 3 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 6 (3.4) 28 (16.1)
Gender
Male 645 (51.6) 357 (28.5) 17 (1.4) 22 (1.8) 37 (3.0) 140 (11.2)
0.025*
Female 957 (50.6) 564 (29.8) 59 (3.1) 22 (1.2) 37 (2.0) 213 (11.3)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,071 (53.3) 560 (27.8) 55 (2.7) 30 (1.5) 43 (2.1) 201 (10.0)
<0.001*
Chinese 281 (42.6) 232 (35.2) 7 (1.1) 5 (0.8) 14 (2.1) 105 (15.9)
Indian 102 (52.0) 64 (32.7) 6 (3.1) 3 (1.5) 3 (1.5) 15 ( 7.7)
Others 148 (53.4) 65 (23.5) 8 (2.9) 6 (2.2) 14 (5.1) 32 (11.6)
Education level
Primary school 189 (60.4) 55 (17.6) 9 (2.9) 3 (1.0) 7 (2.2) 42 (13.4)
<0.001*
Secondary school 722 (54.2) 332 (24.9) 51 (3.8) 26 (2.0) 31 (2.3) 138 (10.4)
College/university 623 (45.1) 516 (37.3) 14 (1.0) 13 (0.9) 32 (2.3) 155 (11.2)
No formal education 68 (58.6) 18 (15.5) 2 (1.7) 2 (1.7) 4 (3.4) 18 (15.5)
61
Demographic
characteristics
First person to consult concerning medicines
Doctor
n (%)
Pharmacist
n (%)
Nurse
n (%)
Medical
assistant
n (%)
Friends/
neighbours
n (%)
Family
member
n (%)
p-value
Occupation
Government 490 (46.0) 422 (39.6) 20 (1.9) 15 (1.4) 24 (2.3) 68 ( 6.4)
<0.001*
Private/
self employed
581 (53.9) 279 (25.9) 27 (2.5) 13 (1.2) 28 (2.6) 119 (11.0)
Retired 113 (52.6) 66 (30.7) 3 (1.4) 1 (0.5) 5 (2.3) 25 (11.6)
Student 137 (48.8) 58 (20.6) 6 (2.1) 5 (1.8) 10 (3.6) 61 (21.7)
Unemployed 281 (55.6) 96 (19.0) 20 (4.0) 10 (2.0) 7 (1.4) 80 (15.8)
Living status
Alone 210 (49.5) 149 (35.1) 9 (2.1) 6 (1.4) 14 (3.3) 25 ( 5.9)
0.002* With family 1,338 (51.5) 731 (28.1) 63 (2.4) 34 (1.3) 52 (2.0) 321 (12.4)
With non-family 53 (44.5) 40 (33.6) 4 (3.4) 4 (3.4) 8 (6.7) 7 ( 5.9)
Monthly income
RM500 183 (55.1) 67 (20.2) 6 (1.8) 2 (0.6) 13 (3.9) 51 (15.4)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 136 (49.1) 60 (21.7) 17 (6.1) 3 (1.1) 11 (4.0) 39 (14.1)
RM1,001-RM1,500 332 (58.3) 124 (21.8) 22 (3.9) 18 (3.2) 15 (2.6) 55 ( 9.7)
RM1,501-RM2,000 114 (54.0) 55 (26.1) 8 (3.8) 5 (2.4) 3 (1.4) 19 ( 9.0)
RM2,001-RM2,500 227 (55.4) 116 (28.3) 7 (1.7) 6 (1.5) 9 (2.2) 34 ( 8.3)
RM2,501-RM3,000 92 (55.4) 39 (23.5) 1 (0.6) 5 (3.0) 2 (1.2) 22 (13.3)
RM3,001-RM3,500 187 (50.7) 122 (33.1) 8 (2.2) 4 (1.1) 7 (1.9) 35 ( 9.5)
RM3,501-RM4,000 64 (47.1) 59 (43.4) 1 (0.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) 9 ( 6.6)
RM4,001-RM4,500 87 (46.8) 80 (43.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.2) 13 ( 7.0)
RM4,501-RM5,000 35 (34.3) 46 (45.1) 2 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 16 (15.7)
>RM5,000 141 (37.3) 152 (40.2) 4 (1.1) 1 (0.3) 8 (2.1) 58 (15.3)
From Table 23, most of the participants (67.5%)
felt that it was easy for them to obtain medicines
information from the government doctors and
19.1% of them felt that it was hard while the
rest did not give any answer (13.4%). 52.5% of
the respondents thought it was easy to obtain
medicines information from a private doctor,
16.8% thought it was hard and the rest (30.7%)
had no answer. 68.7% of the respondents thought
it was easy to obtain medicines information from
government pharmacist, 368 (11.7%) of them
fnd it hard and 614 (19.6%) had no answer.
Lastly, 1,755 (56.0%) of the respondents felt
that obtaining medicines information from
community pharmacist was easy, 379 (12.1%)
of them fnd it hard while the rest (31.9%) did
not give any answer.
62
Table 23: Proportion of consumers having diffculties in obtaining medicines information from
government doctors/private doctors/government pharmacists/community pharmacists
Variable Yes, n (%) No, n (%) No Answer, n (%)
Easy to obtain medicines information
from government doctors
2,120 (67.5) 601 (19.1) 421 (13.4)
from private doctors
1,649 (52.5) 526 (16.8) 964 (30.7)
from government pharmacists
2,154 (68.7) 368 (11.7) 614 (19.6)
from community pharmacists
1,755 (56.0) 379 (12.1) 1,000 (31.9)
From Table 24, this study found that diffculty
in obtaining medicines information from
government doctors was signifcantly associated
with age (p<0.05), ethnicity (p<0.05),
living status (p<0.05) and monthly income
(p<0.05). It is also observed that the diffculty
in obtaining medicines information from private
doctors was signifcantly associated with age
and monthly income. Other than that, this study
found that both diffculty in obtaining information
from government pharmacist and community
pharmacist, are signifcantly associated with age
(p<0.05), ethnicity (p<0.05), education level
(p<0.05), occupation (p<0.05), and monthly
income (p<0.05).
Table 24 (1): Association of proportion of consumers having diffculties in obtaining medicines
information from government doctors/private doctors/government pharmacists/community
pharmacists with demographic characteristics
Demographic
characteristics
Diffculty in obtaining medicines information
Government doctors Private doctors
Yes No p-value Yes No p-value
Age
18-24 299 125
<0.001*
209 90
<0.001*
25-34 624 221 560 209
35-44 371 80 306 66
45-54 364 91 231 90
55-64 333 64 214 53
Gender
Male 821 252
0.224
671 231
0.005*
Female 1,299 349 978 295
Ethnicity
Malay 1,495 321
<0.001*
999 302
<0.001*
Chinese 301 178 408 125
Indian 140 33 100 31
Others 184 69 142 68
63
Demographic
characteristics
Government doctors Private doctors
Education level
Primary school 247 31
<0.001*
125 26
<0.001*
Secondary school 960 208 698 186
College/university 822 348 786 296
No formal education 91 14 40 18
Occupation
Government 765 237
<0.001*
573 230
<0.001*
Private/self employed 648 199 608 164
Retired 152 36 100 25
Student 165 76 147 55
Unemployed 390 53 221 52
Living status
Alone 287 89
0.009*
234 77
0.186 With family 1,768 475 1,360 424
With non-family 63 37 55 25
Monthly income
RM500 245 48
<0.001*
150 51
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 196 50 131 40
RM1,001-RM1,500 425 84 267 78
RM1,501-RM2,000 157 35 96 27
RM2,001-RM2,500 291 73 216 82
RM2,501-RM3,000 111 27 93 20
RM3,001-RM3,500 249 80 216 75
RM3,501-RM4,000 71 34 75 27
RM4,001-RM4,500 123 42 132 24
RM4,501-RM5,000 53 20 56 16
>RM5,000 192 108 213 85
64
Table 24 (2): Association of proportion of consumers having diffculties in obtaining medicines
information from government doctors/private doctors/government pharmacists/community
pharmacists with demographic characteristics
Demographic
characteristics
Government pharmacists Community pharmacists
Age
18-24 325 73
0.002*
290 73
<0.001*
25-34 697 127 624 141
35-44 363 58 296 48
45-54 343 61 245 66
55-64 316 36 221 42
Gender
Male 835 163
0.190
695 161
0.629
Female 1,319 205 1,060 218
Ethnicity
Malay 1,473 177
<0.001*
1,046 232
<0.001*
Chinese 373 113 471 65
Indian 128 22 102 18
Others 180 56 136 64
Education level
Primary school 202 22
<0.001*
117 25
<0.001*
Secondary school 941 135 696 159
College/university 939 195 903 183
No formal education 72 16 39 12
Occupation
Government 805 140
<0.001*
632 159
<0.001*
Private/self employed 679 122 627 121
Retired 146 18 111 20
Student 182 45 165 43
Unemployed 342 43 220 36
Living status
Alone 284 59
0.649
235 65
0.163 With family 1,791 291 1,456 294
With non-family 78 18 64 20
65
Demographic
characteristics
Government pharmacists Community pharmacists
Monthly income
RM500 208 33
0.002*
154 36
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 190 34 135 37
RM1,001-RM1,500 390 61 264 77
RM1,501-RM2,000 155 20 87 19
RM2,001-RM2,500 301 50 247 53
RM2,501-RM3,000 113 19 94 12
RM3,001-RM3,500 245 60 219 52
RM3,501-RM4,000 82 17 87 16
RM4,001-RM4,500 145 17 142 19
RM4,501-RM5,000 68 6 73 4
>RM5,000 252 51 250 53
Table 25 summarized the frequency of obtaining
medicines information from various information
sources among Malaysian consumers. Most of
the consumers stated that they seldom obtained
medicines information from printed materials
(46.7%) and TV or radio (49.6%) while only
28.2% claimed that they often obtained
medicines information from the internet. Modern
healthcare professionals remained the most
common source of medicines information for
about 47.4% of consumers. Interestingly, only
5.1% of the respondents claimed that they often
sought medicines information from traditional
and complimentary practitioners. Friends,
family and neighbours remained a viable
source of medicines information for some of the
respondents 44.8% (n=1,404).
Table 25: Frequency of obtaining medicines information from various information sources among
Malaysian consumers
Information source Frequency n (%)
Printed materials (magazines, newspaper)
Never 826 (26.3)
Seldom 1,474 (46.7)
Often 724 (23.0)
Internet
Never 1,060 (33.8)
Seldom 1,049 (33.5)
Often 883 (28.2)
Common information and entertainment channels
(TV or radio)
Never 817 (26.0)
Seldom 1,557 (49.6)
Often 651 (20.8)
66
Information source Frequency n (%)
Modern healthcare professionals (doctors, pharmacists,
nurses)
Never 427 (13.6)
Seldom 1,183 (47.7)
Often 1,487 (47.4)
Traditional and complimentary practitioners
(shaman, sinseh)
Never 1,737 (55.4)
Seldom 976 (31.1)
Often 161 ( 5.1)
Friends, family and neighbours
Never 705 (22.5)
Seldom 1,404 (44.8)
Often 860 (27.4)
From Table 26 and 27, frequency in obtaining
medicines information from printed materials
was signifcantly related to consumers living
area (p<0.001), age (p<0.001), gender
(P=0.017), ethnicity (p<0.001), education
level (p<0.001), occupation (p<0.001)
and monthly household income (p<0.001).
Meanwhile, frequency in obtaining medicines
information from the internet was found to be
signifcantly related to consumers living area
(p<0.001), age (p<0.001), gender (p<0.001),
ethnicity (p<0.001), education level (p<0.001),
occupation (p<0.001), living status (p<0.001)
Frequency in obtaining medicines information
from common information channels (TV, radio)
was signifcantly related to age (p<0.001),
consumers occupation (p<0.001) and monthly
household income (p<0.001). Frequency in
obtaining medicines information from modern
healthcare professionals was signifcantly
related to consumers living area (p<0.001), age
(p<0.001), ethnicity (P=0.002), education level
(p<0.001), occupation (p<0.001) and monthly
household income (p<0.001) (Table 27).
from traditional practitioners was signifcantly
related to consumers living area (p<0.001),
age (P=0.019), ethnicity (p<0.001), education
level (p<0.001), occupation (p<0.001)
from friends, family or neighbours was
signifcantly related to consumers living area
(p<0.001), age (p<0.001), gender (p<0.001),
occupation (p<0.001) and monthly household
income (p<0.001).
67
T
a
b
l
e

2
6
:

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

t
o

H
o
w

o
f
t
e
n

d
o

y
o
u

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

p
r
i
n
t
e
d

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,

i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t

a
n
d

c
o
m
m
o
n

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
?

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
o
u
r
c
e
s
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
C
o
m
m
o
n

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
r
e
a
U
r
b
a
n
5
5
6

(
2
4
.
4
)
1
,
1
0
7

(
4
8
.
6
)
5
5
8

(
2
4
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
7
1
2

(
3
1
.
3
)
8
3
6

(
3
6
.
8
)
6
5
7

(
2
8
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
4
6
0

(
2
0
.
2
)
1
,
1
5
2

(
5
0
.
7
)
5
8
3

(
2
5
.
6
)
0
.
3
1
0
R
u
r
a
l

1
6
8

(
1
9
.
5
)
3
6
7

(
4
2
.
5
)
2
6
8

(
3
1
.
1
)
1
7
1

(
1
9
.
8
)
2
1
3

(
2
4
.
7
)
4
0
3

(
4
6
.
7
)
1
9
1

(
2
2
.
1
)
4
0
5

(
4
6
.
9
)
2
3
4

(
2
7
.
1
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
1
0
4

(
2
1
.
0
)
2
6
9

(
5
4
.
2
)
1
0
7

(
2
1
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
0
5

(
4
1
.
4
)
1
9
1

(
3
8
.
6
)
8
8

(
1
7
.
8
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
0
6

(
2
1
.
4
)
2
6
0

(
5
2
.
4
)
1
1
1

(
2
2
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
5
-
3
4
2
5
6

(
2
6
.
0
)
5
2
2

(
5
3
.
0
)
1
8
9

(
1
9
.
2
)
4
0
0

(
4
0
.
7
)
3
7
5

(
3
8
.
2
)
1
8
4

(
1
8
.
7
)
2
1
2

(
2
1
.
6
)
5
0
7

(
5
1
.
6
)
2
2
3

(
2
2
.
7
)
3
5
-
4
4
1
4
4

(
2
7
.
4
)
2
5
3

(
4
8
.
1
)
1
2
1

(
2
3
.
0
)
1
2
7

(
2
4
.
1
)
2
1
2

(
4
0
.
3
)
1
6
8

(
3
1
.
9
)
1
3
3

(
2
5
.
3
)
2
5
7

(
4
8
.
9
)
1
2
8

(
2
4
.
3
)
4
5
-
5
4
1
0
7

(
2
0
.
7
)
2
2
9

(
4
4
.
2
)
1
5
0

(
2
9
.
0
)
8
8

(
1
7
.
1
)
1
6
2

(
3
1
.
4
)
2
2
9

(
4
4
.
4
)
1
0
2

(
1
9
.
8
)
2
7
0

(
5
2
.
3
)
1
2
6

(
2
4
.
4
)
5
5
-
6
4
8
3

(
1
8
.
7
)
1
5
6

(
3
5
.
1
)
1
7
2

(
3
8
.
7
)
5
7

(
1
2
.
9
)
9
0

(
2
0
.
3
)
2
5
5

(
5
7
.
6
)
7
3

(
1
6
.
5
)
2
0
3

(
4
5
.
8
)
1
5
0

(
3
3
.
9
)
>
6
4
3
0

(
1
7
.
2
)
4
5

(
2
5
.
9
)
8
7

(
5
0
.
0
)
6

(
3
.
4
)
1
9

(
1
0
.
9
)
1
3
6

(
7
8
.
2
)
2
5

(
1
4
.
4
)
6
0

(
3
4
.
5
)
7
9

(
4
5
.
4
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
2
5
5

(
2
0
.
4
)
5
8
8

(
4
7
.
0
)
3
6
1

(
2
8
.
8
)
0
.
0
1
7
*
3
0
0

(
2
4
.
1
)
4
1
9

(
3
3
.
6
)
4
6
8

(
3
7
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
2
8

(
1
8
.
3
)
6
3
2

(
5
0
.
7
)
3
4
7

(
2
7
.
8
)
0
.
0
6
2
F
e
m
a
l
e
4
6
9

(
2
4
.
8
)
8
8
6

(
4
6
.
9
)
4
6
5

(
2
4
.
6
)
5
8
3

(
3
0
.
9
)
6
3
0

(
3
3
.
4
)
5
9
2

(
3
1
.
3
)
4
2
3

(
2
2
.
4
)
9
2
5

(
4
8
.
9
)
4
7
0

(
2
4
.
9
)
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
4
2
6

(
2
1
.
2
)
9
3
5

(
4
6
.
6
)
5
6
7

(
2
8
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
5
2
5

(
2
6
.
2
)
6
7
0

(
3
3
.
4
)
7
0
1

(
3
5
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
4
3
5

(
2
1
.
7
)
9
9
6

(
4
9
.
7
)
5
1
5

(
2
5
.
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
1
7
5

(
2
6
.
4
)
3
1
2

(
4
7
.
0
)
1
5
1

(
2
2
.
7
)
2
2
4

(
3
3
.
8
)
2
2
1

(
3
3
.
3
)
1
9
6

(
2
9
.
6
)
1
1
9

(
1
7
.
9
)
3
2
4

(
4
8
.
9
)
1
7
7

(
2
6
.
7
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
6
1

(
3
1
.
3
)
8
2

(
4
2
.
1
)
3
9

(
2
0
.
0
)
5
9

(
3
0
.
4
)
6
0

(
3
0
.
9
)
6
0

(
3
0
.
9
)
3
9

(
2
0
.
1
)
9
6

(
4
9
.
5
)
4
8

(
2
4
.
7
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
6
2

(
2
2
.
5
)
1
4
5

(
5
2
.
5
)
6
9

(
2
5
.
0
)
7
5

(
2
7
.
2
)
9
8

(
3
5
.
5
)
1
0
3

(
3
7
.
3
)
5
8

(
2
1
.
0
)
1
4
1

(
5
0
.
7
)
7
7

(
2
7
.
9
)
68
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
o
u
r
c
e
s
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
C
o
m
m
o
n

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
3
7

(
1
1
.
9
)
9
0

(
2
8
.
8
)
1
5
2

(
4
8
.
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
4

(
4
.
5
)
4
2

(
1
3
.
5
)
2
1
9

(
7
0
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
4
3

(
1
3
.
8
)
1
3
5

(
4
3
.
4
)
1
1
6

(
3
7
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
2
7
6

(
2
0
.
8
)
6
2
9

(
4
7
.
3
)
3
7
4

(
2
8
.
1
)
2
2
8

(
1
7
.
2
)
4
6
5

(
3
5
.
1
)
5
5
8

(
4
2
.
1
)
3
0
4

(
2
2
.
9
)
6
3
3

(
4
7
.
8
)
3
5
1

(
2
6
.
5
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/

u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
4
0
0

(
2
8
.
9
)
7
2
6

(
5
2
.
4
)
2
3
5

(
1
7
.
0
)
6
3
4

(
4
5
.
8
)
5
2
9

(
3
8
.
2
)
1
9
9

(
1
4
.
4
)
2
8
9

(
2
0
.
9
)
7
4
9

(
5
4
.
1
)
2
9
3

(
2
1
.
2
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
1

(

9
.
5
)
2
9

(
2
5
.
0
)
6
5

(
5
6
.
0
)
7

(

6
.
0
)
1
3

(
1
1
.
2
)
8
4

(
7
2
.
4
)
1
5

(
1
2
.
9
)
4
0

(
3
4
.
5
)
5
7

(
4
9
.
1
)
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
3
1
8

(
2
9
.
8
)
5
4
9

(
4
1
.
5
)
1
8
0

(
1
6
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
4
1
4

(
3
8
.
9
)
4
3
7

(
4
1
.
1
)
1
9
2

(
1
8
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
4
0

(
2
2
.
6
)
5
8
6

(
5
5
.
1
)
2
1
0

(
1
9
.
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
2
1
6

(
2
0
.
0
)
5
3
4

(
4
9
.
5
)
2
8
8

(
2
6
.
7
)
2
8
6

(
2
6
.
6
)
3
4
8

(
3
2
.
3
)
3
8
9

(

6
.
2
)
2
1
7

(
2
0
.
2
)
5
2
0

(
4
8
.
3
)
2
9
4

(
2
7
.
3
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
5
6

(
2
6
.
2
)
6
2

(
2
9
.
0
)
8
1

(
3
7
.
9
)
3
0

(
1
4
.
2
)
4
1

(
1
9
.
3
)
1
2
2

(
5
7
.
5
)
3
8

(
1
7
.
9
)
8
8

(
4
1
.
5
)
7
4

(
3
4
.
9
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
6
0

(
2
1
.
4
)
1
5
8

(
5
6
.
2
)
5
5

(
1
9
.
6
)
1
1
2

(
4
0
.
0
)
1
2
7

(
4
5
.
4
)
3
7

(
1
3
.
2
)
6
0

(
2
1
.
4
)
1
5
0

(
5
3
.
4
)
5
9

(
2
1
.
0
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
7
4

(
1
4
.
7
)
1
7
1

(
3
3
.
7
)
2
2
2

(
4
4
.
0
)
4
1

(

8
.
1
)
9
6

(
1
9
.
0
)
3
2
0

(
6
3
.
5
)
9
6

(
1
9
.
0
)
2
1
3

(
4
2
.
3
)
1
8
0

(
3
5
.
7
)
L
i
v
i
n
g

s
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
1
0
4

(
2
5
.
5
)
2
0
5

(
4
8
.
3
)
1
0
8

(
2
5
.
5
)
0
.
3
1
6
1
7
2

(
4
0
.
7
)
1
0
3

(
2
4
.
3
)
1
4
1

(
3
3
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
9
7

(
2
2
.
9
)
2
0
7

(
4
8
.
9
)
1
0
6

(
2
5
.
1
)
0
.
4
5
4
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
5
8
8

(
2
2
.
6
)
1
,
2
0
9

(
4
6
.
5
)
6
9
0

(
2
6
.
6
)
6
5
6

(
2
5
.
3
)
8
6
5

(
3
3
.
4
)
9
3
5

(
3
6
.
1
)
5
3
0

(
2
0
.
4
)
1
,
2
9
7

(
5
0
.
0
)
6
7
4

(
2
6
.
0
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
3
1

(
2
6
.
1
)
5
9

(
4
9
.
6
)
2
8

(
2
3
.
5
)
5
4

(
4
5
.
4
)
4
2

(
3
5
.
3
)
2
2

(
1
8
.
5
)
2
4

(
2
0
.
2
)
5
1

(
4
2
.
9
)
3
7

(
3
1
.
1
)
69
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
o
u
r
c
e
s
P
r
i
n
t
e
d

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
C
o
m
m
o
n

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

i
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
5
1

(
1
5
.
4
)
1
2
7

(
3
8
.
3
)
1
4
9

(
4
4
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
6
1

(
1
8
.
5
)
8
3

(
2
5
.
2
)
1
8
1

(
5
4
.
8
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
7
0

(
2
1
.
1
)
1
2
1

(
3
6
.
6
)
1
3
4

(
4
0
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
4
0

(
1
4
.
4
)
1
1
2

(
4
0
.
4
)
1
1
1

(
4
0
.
1
)
3
9

(
1
4
.
1
)
6
7

(
2
4
.
2
)
1
5
5

(
5
6
.
0
)
6
4

(
2
3
.
1
)
1
1
3

(
4
0
.
8
)
9
0

(
3
2
.
5
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
1
0
6

(
1
8
.
8
)
2
5
4

(
4
5
.
0
)
1
6
8

(
2
9
.
7
)
9
8

(
1
7
.
4
)
1
7
4

(
3
0
.
9
)
2
4
4

(
4
3
.
3
)
1
1
5

(
2
0
.
4
)
2
7
4

(
4
8
.
7
)
1
5
3

(
2
7
.
2
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
4
5

(
2
1
.
3
)
1
0
1

(
4
9
.
7
)
4
9

(
2
3
.
2
)
3
8

(
1
8
.
0
)
9
0

(
4
2
.
7
)
6
0

(
2
8
.
4
)
5
1

(
2
4
.
2
)
1
0
0

(
4
7
.
4
)
4
4

(
2
0
.
9
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
9
5

(
2
3
.
1
)
1
9
8

(
4
8
.
2
)
9
9

(
2
4
.
1
)
1
0
7

(
2
6
.
1
)
1
5
1

(
3
6
.
8
)
1
3
6

(
3
3
.
2
)
8
3

(
2
0
.
2
)
2
1
1

(
5
1
.
5
)
1
0
1

(
2
4
.
6
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
4
0

(
2
4
.
0
)
8
1

(
4
8
.
5
)
3
5

(
2
1
.
0
)
4
7

(
2
8
.
1
)
6
3

(
3
7
.
7
)
4
2

(
2
5
.
1
)
3
4

(
2
0
.
4
)
9
5

(
5
6
.
9
)
2
7

(
1
6
.
2
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
9
8

(
2
6
.
4
)
1
9
0

(
5
1
.
2
)
7
7

(
2
0
.
8
)
1
3
5

(
3
6
.
4
)
1
4
6

(
3
9
.
4
)
7
9

(
2
1
.
3
)
8
6

(
2
3
.
2
)
2
1
0

(
5
6
.
6
)
7
1

(
1
9
.
1
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
4
8

(
3
5
.
3
)
6
6

(
4
8
.
5
)
1
8

(
1
3
.
2
)
6
6

(
4
8
.
5
)
3
9

(
2
8
.
7
)
2
9

(
2
1
.
3
)
2
4

(
1
7
.
6
)
7
4

(
5
4
.
4
)
2
8

(
2
0
.
6
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
4
7

(
2
5
.
1
)
1
0
5

(
5
6
.
1
)
3
5

(
1
8
.
7
)
7
1

(
3
8
.
0
)
6
4

(
3
4
.
2
)
4
9

(
2
6
.
2
)
4
7

(
2
5
.
1
)
9
3

(
4
9
.
7
)
4
2

(
2
2
.
5
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
3
0

(
2
9
.
4
)
5
1

(
5
0
.
0
)
1
8

(
1
7
.
6
)
4
1

(
4
0
.
2
)
3
6

(
3
5
.
3
)
2
2

(
2
1
.
6
)
1
7

(
1
6
.
7
)
5
6

(
5
4
.
9
)
2
6

(
2
5
.
5
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
1
2
3

(
3
2
.
5
)
1
8
5

(
4
8
.
9
)
6
6

(
1
7
.
5
)
1
8
0

(
4
7
.
7
)
1
3
2

(
3
5
.
0
)
6
2

(
1
6
.
4
)
6
0

(
1
5
.
9
)
2
0
5

(
5
4
.
4
)
1
0
1

(
2
6
.
8
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
70
T
a
b
l
e

2
7
:

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

t
o

H
o
w

o
f
t
e
n

d
o

y
o
u

o
b
t
a
i
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

m
o
d
e
r
n

h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e

p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
s
/
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

&

c
o
m
p
l
i
m
e
n
t
a
r
y

p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s
/
f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y

o
r

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
?

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
o
u
r
c
e
s
M
o
d
e
r
n

h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e

p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
s
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s
F
r
i
e
n
d
s
/
f
a
m
i
l
y
/
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
r
e
a

U
r
b
a
n

1
,
1
2
3

(
4
9
.
4
)
8
6
3

(
3
8
.
0
)
2
6
0

(
1
1
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
4
3

(
6
.
3
)
7
6
3

(
3
3
.
6
)
1
,
2
1
6

(
5
3
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
6
9
3

(
3
0
.
5
)
1
,
0
6
2

(
4
6
.
7
)
4
2
4

(
1
8
.
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
u
r
a
l

3
6
4

(
4
2
.
2
)
3
2
0

(
3
7
.
1
)
1
6
7

(
1
9
.
4
)
1
8

(
2
.
1
)
2
1
3

(
2
4
.
7
)
5
2
1

(
6
0
.
4
)
1
6
7

(
1
9
.
4
)
3
4
2

(
3
9
.
6
)
2
8
1

(
3
2
.
6
)
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
2
1
3

(
4
2
.
9
)
2
0
9

(
4
2
.
1
)
6
7

(
1
3
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
4

(
4
.
8
)
1
5
1

(
3
0
.
5
)
2
8
6

(
5
7
.
8
)
0
.
0
1
9
*
1
7
2

(
3
4
.
7
)
2
3
0

(
4
6
.
4
)
7
9

(
1
5
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
5
-
3
4
4
9
7

(
5
0
.
6
)
3
8
2

(
3
8
.
9
)
9
1

(
9
.
3
)
4
2

(
4
.
3
)
3
4
5

(
3
5
.
1
)
5
1
6

(
5
2
.
5
)
2
7
3

(
2
7
.
8
)
4
9
2

(
5
0
.
1
)
1
7
2

(
1
7
.
5
)
3
5
-
4
4
2
4
2

(
4
6
.
0
)
1
9
1

(
3
6
.
3
)
8
7

(
1
6
.
5
)
3
5

(
6
.
7
)
1
6
8

(
3
1
.
9
)
2
8
9

(
5
4
.
9
)
1
3
1

(
2
4
.
9
)
2
4
0

(
4
5
.
6
)
1
3
3

(
2
5
.
3
)
4
5
-
5
4
2
3
5

(
4
5
.
7
)
1
9
8

(
3
8
.
5
)
7
4

(
1
4
.
4
)
2
7

(
5
.
2
)
1
4
8

(
2
8
.
7
)
2
9
2

(
5
6
.
7
)
1
2
6

(
2
4
.
4
)
2
1
8

(
4
2
.
2
)
1
3
8

(
2
6
.
7
)
5
5
-
6
4
2
2
1

(
4
9
.
9
)
1
4
6

(
3
3
.
0
)
7
4

(
1
6
.
7
)
2
0

(
4
.
5
)
1
1
8

(
2
6
.
7
)
2
5
3

(
5
7
.
2
)
1
0
2

(
2
3
.
1
)
1
6
7

(
3
7
.
8
)
1
3
3

(
3
0
.
1
)
>
6
4
7
9

(
4
5
.
4
)
5
7

(
3
2
.
8
)
3
4

(
1
9
.
5
)
1
3

(
7
.
5
)
4
6

(
2
6
.
4
)
1
0
1

(
5
8
.
0
)
5
6

(
3
2
.
2
)
5
7

(
3
2
.
8
)
5
0

(
2
8
.
7
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
5
6
2

(
4
5
.
1
)
4
7
6

(
3
8
.
2
)
1
9
2

(
1
5
.
4
)
0
.
0
6
2
6
1

(
4
.
9
)
3
9
2

(
3
1
.
5
)
6
9
3

(
5
5
.
6
)
0
.
9
1
9
3
2
1

(
2
5
.
7
)
5
4
7

(
4
3
.
9
)
3
1
7

(
2
5
.
4
)
0
.
0
1
3
*
F
e
m
a
l
e
9
2
5

(
4
8
.
9
)
7
0
7

(
3
7
.
4
)
2
3
5

(
1
2
.
4
)
1
0
0

(
5
.
3
)
5
8
4

(
3
0
.
9
)
1
,
0
4
4

(
5
5
.
3
)
5
3
9

(
2
8
.
5
)
8
5
7

(
4
5
.
4
)
3
8
8

(
2
0
.
5
)
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
9
2
8

(
4
6
.
3
)
7
4
5

(
3
7
.
2
)
3
0
3

(
1
5
.
1
)
0
.
0
0
2
*
8
4

(
4
.
2
)
5
9
0

(
2
9
.
5
)
1
,
1
6
1

(
5
8
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
4
9
9

(
2
4
.
9
)
8
8
4

(
4
4
.
1
)
5
0
2

(
2
5
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
3
3
4

(
5
0
.
4
)
2
6
0

(
3
9
.
2
)
6
3

(

9
.
5
)
5
9

(
8
.
9
)
2
4
1

(
3
6
.
3
)
2
9
5

(
4
4
.
5
)
2
3
8

(
3
5
.
9
)
3
0
1

(
4
5
.
4
)
8
9

(
1
3
.
4
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
1
0
3

(
5
3
.
4
)
6
4

(
3
3
.
2
)
2
1

(
1
0
.
9
)
7

(
3
.
6
)
5
7

(
2
9
.
7
)
1
0
4

(
5
4
.
2
)
4
6

(
2
3
.
8
)
9
0

(
4
6
.
6
)
4
4

(
2
2
.
8
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
1
2
2

(
4
4
.
2
)
1
1
4

(
4
1
.
3
)
4
0

(
1
4
.
5
)
1
1

(
4
.
0
)
8
8

(
3
1
.
9
)
1
7
7

(
6
4
.
1
)
7
7

(
2
7
.
9
)
1
2
9

(
4
6
.
7
)
7
0

(
2
5
.
4
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
71
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
o
u
r
c
e
s
M
o
d
e
r
n

h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e

p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
s
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s
F
r
i
e
n
d
s
/
f
a
m
i
l
y
/
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
1
1
2

(
3
6
.
0
)
1
2
2

(
3
9
.
2
)
7
1

(
2
2
.
8
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
2

(
3
.
9
)
7
5

(
2
4
.
1
)
1
8
7

(
6
0
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
6
9

(
2
2
.
2
)
1
1
2

(
3
6
.
0
)
9
8

(
3
1
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
5
8
7

(
4
4
.
4
)
5
1
9

(
3
9
.
2
)
1
9
9

(
1
5
.
0
)
7
6

(
5
.
7
)
3
9
0

(
2
9
.
5
)
7
4
9

(
5
6
.
7
)
3
2
4

(
2
4
.
5
)
5
7
6

(
4
3
.
5
)
3
4
7

(
2
6
.
2
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/

u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
7
4
7

(
5
3
.
9
)
5
0
8

(
3
6
.
7
)
1
1
8

(

8
.
5
)
6
0

(
4
.
3
)
4
9
3

(
3
5
.
6
)
7
3
0

(
5
2
.
7
)
4
3
9

(
3
1
.
7
)
6
8
6

(
4
9
.
5
)
2
1
4

(
1
5
.
5
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
4
1

(
3
5
.
3
)
3
4

(
2
9
.
3
)
3
9

(
3
3
.
6
)
1
3

(
1
1
.
2
)
1
8

(
1
5
.
5
)
7
1

(
6
1
.
2
)
2
8

(
2
4
.
1
)
3
0

(
2
5
.
9
)
4
6

(
3
9
.
7
)
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
5
7
4

(
5
3
.
9
)
3
7
8

(
3
5
.
5
)
1
0
1

(
9
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
4
1

(

3
.
9
)
3
8
4

(
3
6
.
1
)
5
7
3

(
5
3
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
7
3

(
2
5
.
7
)
5
4
7

(
5
1
.
4
)
2
1
0

(
1
9
.
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
4
8
6

(
4
5
.
3
)
4
2
2

(
3
9
.
3
)
1
5
1

(
1
4
.
1
)
6
4

(

6
.
0
)
3
0
2

(
2
8
.
1
)
6
0
5

(
5
6
.
3
)
2
8
7

(
2
6
.
7
)
4
7
8

(
4
4
.
4
)
2
4
9

(
2
3
.
1
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
1
1
3

(
5
3
.
3
)
6
8

(
3
2
.
1
)
2
9

(
1
3
.
7
)
1
2

(

5
.
7
)
5
7

(
2
7
.
0
)
1
2
2

(
5
7
.
8
)
6
1

(
2
8
.
9
)
7
1

(
3
3
.
6
)
6
4

(
3
0
.
3
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
1
1
8

(
4
2
.
0
)
1
2
1

(
4
3
.
1
)
3
8

(
1
3
.
5
)
1
3

(
1
4
.
6
)
9
9

(
3
5
.
4
)
1
5
2

(
5
4
.
3
)
1
0
9

(
3
8
.
8
)
1
2
1

(
4
3
.
1
)
4
0

(
1
4
.
2
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
1
9
6

(
3
8
.
9
)
1
9
4

(
3
8
.
5
)
1
0
8

(
2
1
.
4
)
3
1

(

6
.
2
)
1
3
4

(
2
6
.
6
)
2
8
5

(
5
6
.
5
)
1
3
0

(
2
5
.
8
)
1
8
7

(
3
7
.
1
)
1
4
2

(
2
8
.
2
)
L
i
v
i
n
g

s
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
2
1
1

(
4
9
.
9
)
1
5
4

(
3
6
.
4
)
5
2

(
1
2
.
3
)
0
.
2
3
1
2
6

(

6
.
1
)
1
3
1

(
3
1
.
0
)
2
3
7

(
5
6
.
0
)
0
.
2
4
7
1
1
6

(
2
7
.
4
)
1
9
9

(
4
7
.
0
)
8
8

(
2
0
.
8
)
0
.
2
7
7
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
1
,
2
0
5

(
4
6
.
5
)
9
9
1

(
3
8
.
2
)
3
6
4

(
1
4
.
0
)
1
3
0

(

5
.
0
)
8
1
2

(
3
1
.
4
)
1
,
4
2
2

(
5
4
.
9
)
7
0
5

(
2
7
.
2
)
1
,
1
4
3

(
4
4
.
1
)
6
0
0

(
2
3
.
1
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
6
9

(
5
8
.
0
)
3
8

(
3
1
.
9
)
1
1

(

9
.
2
)
5

(

4
.
2
)
3
2

(
2
6
.
9
)
7
7

(
6
4
.
7
)
3
8

(
3
1
.
9
)
6
1

(
5
1
.
3
)
1
7

(
1
4
.
3
)
72
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
O
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
o
u
r
c
e
s
M
o
d
e
r
n

h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e

p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
s
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s
F
r
i
e
n
d
s
/
f
a
m
i
l
y
/
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
f
t
e
n
,

n

(
%
)
S
e
l
d
o
m
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
v
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

i
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
1
2
7

(
3
8
.
5
)
1
0
9

(
3
3
.
0
)
9
2

(
2
7
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
2
3

(
7
.
0
)
8
5

(
2
5
.
8
)
2
1
3

(
6
4
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
1
1
0

(
3
3
.
3
)
1
0
4

(
3
1
.
5
)
1
1
1

(
3
3
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
1
1
1

(
4
0
.
1
)
9
6

(
3
4
.
7
)
6
4

(
2
3
.
1
)
1
1

(
4
.
0
)
6
4

(
2
3
.
2
)
1
8
2

(
6
5
.
9
)
6
5

(
2
3
.
5
)
1
0
9

(
3
9
.
4
)
8
9

(
3
2
.
1
)
R
M
1
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
5
0
0
2
3
6

(
4
1
.
9
)
2
3
1

(
4
1
.
0
)
8
6

(
1
5
.
3
)
2
3

(
4
.
1
)
1
6
9

(
3
0
.
1
)
3
1
1

(
5
5
.
3
)
1
3
7

(
2
4
.
3
)
2
3
0

(
4
0
.
9
)
1
5
1

(
2
6
.
8
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
1
0
0

(
4
7
.
6
)
8
8

(
4
1
.
9
)
1
8

(

8
.
6
)
8

(
3
.
8
)
6
0

(
2
8
.
4
)
1
1
0

(
5
2
.
1
)
4
8

(
2
2
.
7
)
9
9

(
4
6
.
9
)
4
0

(
1
9
.
0
)
R
M
2
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
1
8
1

(
4
4
.
1
)
1
8
4

(
4
4
.
9
)
4
1

(
1
0
.
0
)
2
1

(
5
.
1
)
1
3
0

(
3
1
.
7
)
2
2
3

(
5
4
.
4
)
1
0
2

(
2
4
.
9
)
1
9
4

(
4
7
.
3
)
9
0

(
2
2
.
0
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
7
8

(
4
6
.
7
)
6
3

(
3
7
.
7
)
2
2

(
1
3
.
2
)
6

(
3
.
6
)
5
7

(
3
4
.
1
)
8
4

(
5
0
.
3
)
4
3

(
2
5
.
7
)
8
6

(
5
1
.
5
)
2
6

(
1
5
.
6
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
1
8
7

(
5
0
.
4
)
1
4
2

(
3
8
.
3
)
4
0

(
1
0
.
8
)
1
8

(
4
.
9
)
1
4
4

(
3
8
.
8
)
1
8
3

(
4
9
.
3
)
9
3

(
2
5
.
1
)
1
8
6

(
5
0
.
1
)
7
3

(
1
9
.
7
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
8
3

(
6
1
.
0
)
3
7

(
2
7
.
2
)
1
4

(
1
0
.
3
)
9

(
6
.
6
)
4
8

(
3
5
.
3
)
6
4

(
4
7
.
1
)
5
1

(
3
7
.
5
)
5
9

(
4
3
.
4
)
2
0

(
1
4
.
7
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
1
0
9

(
5
8
.
3
)
6
0

(
3
2
.
1
)
1
6

(

8
.
6
)
1
3

(
7
.
0
)
6
8

(
3
6
.
4
)
8
9

(
4
7
.
6
)
5
7

(
3
0
.
5
)
9
8

(
5
2
.
4
)
2
5

(
1
3
.
4
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
5
4

(
5
2
.
9
)
3
8

(
3
7
.
3
)
8

(

7
.
8
)
5

(
4
.
9
)
3
5

(
3
4
.
3
)
5
5

(
5
3
.
9
)
3
3

(
3
2
.
4
)
4
5

(
4
4
.
1
)
2
1

(
2
0
.
6
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
2
2
1

(
5
8
.
6
)
1
3
0

(
3
4
.
5
)
2
6

(

6
.
9
)
2
4

(
6
.
4
)
1
1
1

(
2
9
.
4
)
2
2
3

(
5
9
.
2
)
1
1
9

(
3
1
.
6
)
1
9
1

(
5
0
.
7
)
5
9

(
1
5
.
6
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
73
Almost three quarters of the respondents
(72.5%) felt that they need written medicines
information and this was signifcantly associated
with their age (p<0.05), ethnicity (p<0.05),
education level (p<0.05) and occupation
(p<0.05) (Table 28). The fndings suggested
that most respondents from the age of 35-44
years old, with secondary education, who were
government employees, required additional
written medicines information.
Table 28: Consumers response to Do you need written medicines information? based on
Need written medicines information?
Total 2,286 (72.5) 858 (27.2) -
Age
18-24 360 (72.5) 136 (27.5)
0.001*
25-34 714 (72.7) 269 (27.3)
35-44 414 (78.7) 112 (21.3)
45-54 378 (72.6) 142 (27.6)
55-64 313 (70.2) 133 (29.8)
>64 107 (61.8) 66 (38.2)
Gender
Male 901 (72.0) 351 (28.0)
0.462
Female 1,382 (73.0) 901 (27.0)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,471 (73.2) 539 (26.8)
<0.001*
Chinese 454 (68.5) 209 (31.5)
Indian 124 (63.3) 72 (36.7)
Others 237 (86.2) 38 (13.8)
Education level
Primary school 213 (68.1) 100 (31.9)
0.037*
Occupation
Government 823 (76.3) 243 (23.7)
<0.001*
Retired 137 (64.0) 77 (36.0)
Student 201 (71.3) 81 (28.7)
Unemployed 370 (73.4) 134 (26.6)
74
Need written medicines information?
Living status
Alone 299 (70.5) 125 (29.5)
0.548 With family 1,899 (73.1) 700 (26.9)
With non-family 86 (72.3) 33 (27.7)
Monthly income
RM500 244 (73.5) 88 (26.5)
0.542
RM501-RM1,000 194 (70.0) 83 (30.0)
RM1,001-RM1,500 413 (72.8) 154 (27.2)
RM1,501-RM2,000 155 (73.5) 56 (26.5)
RM2,001-RM2,500 287 (69.8) 124 (30.2)
RM2,501-RM3,000 113 (67.7) 54 (32.3)
RM3,001-RM3,500 279 (75.6) 90 (24.4)
RM3,501-RM4,000 95 (69.9) 41 (30.1)
RM4,001-RM4,500 141 (75.4) 46 (24.6)
RM4,501-RM5,000 78 (76.5) 24 (23.5)
>RM5000 280 (74.1) 98 (25.9)
Up to 67.3% of respondents reported that
they require additional counselling from
their pharmacists (Table 29). This need was
signifcantly associated with gender (p<0.05),
ethnicity (p<0.05), and occupation (p<0.05).
This study found that the proportion of female
respondents (69.4%) requiring additional
counselling from their pharmacists was higher
than the male respondents (64.7%). Consumer
of others ethnicity (86.2%) was also found to
require additional counselling from pharmacists
compared with Malay, Chinese and Indian.
In addition, majority of those working in the
government sector (72.1%) also claimed that
they require additional counselling from their
pharmacists.
75
Table 29: Responses to Do you require additional counselling from your pharmacists? based on
Outcome
Require additional counselling from pharmacists?
Total 2,123 (67.3) 1,021 (32.4)
Age
18-24 315 (63.5) 181 (36.5)
0.154
25-34 690 (70.1) 294 (29.9)
35-44 359 (68.3) 167 (31.7)
45-54 347 (66.9) 172 (33.1)
55-64 292 (65.5) 154 (34.5)
>64 120 (69.4) 53 (30.6)
Gender
Male 810 (64.7) 441 (35.3)
0.007*
Female 1,313 (69.4) 580 (30.6)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,372 (68.3) 638 (31.7)
<0.001*
Chinese 422 (63.7) 241 (36.3)
Indian 115 (59.0) 80 (41.0)
Others 214 (77.5) 62 (22.5)
Education level
Primary school 198 (63.3) 115 (36.7)
0.374
Occupation
Government 769 (72.1) 297 (27.9)
<0.001*
Retired 121 (56.5) 93 (43.5)
Student 183 (65.1) 98 (34.9)
Unemployed 363 (71.9) 142 (28.1)
Living status
Alone 285 (67.2) 139 (32.8)
0.988 With family 1,756 (67.6) 843 (32.4)
With non-family 80 (67.2) 39 (32.8)
76
Outcome
Require additional counselling from pharmacists?
Monthly income
RM500 229 (69.0) 103 (31.0)
0.153
RM501-RM1,000 175 (63.2) 102 (36.8)
RM1,001-RM1,500 390 (68.9) 176 (31.1)
RM1,501-RM2,000 156 (73.9) 55 (26.1)
RM2,001-RM2,500 268 (65.2) 143 (34.8)
RM2,501-RM3,000 100 (59.9) 67 (40.1)
RM3,001-RM3,500 253 (68.4) 117 (31.6)
RM3,501-RM4,000 95 (69.9) 41 (30.1)
RM4,001-RM4,500 128 (68.4) 59 (31.6)
RM4,501-RM5,000 74 (72.5) 28 (27.5)
>RM5,000 252 (66.7) 126 (33.3)
4.8 Awareness on Know Your
Medicines programme
Almost half of the respondents (47.5%, n=1,493)
claimed that they were aware of the Know Your
Medicines programme. This awareness was
found to be signifcantly associated with the
respondents ethnicity, gender, education level,
occupation, living status and monthly income
(Table 30). Respondents from the age group of
25-34 years, with tertiary education, who worked
in the government sector, living alone and
earning between RM3,001-RM3,500 monthly
were more aware of the national programme.
Table 30: Consumers awareness on Know Your Medicines programme
Outcome
Aware of Know Your Medicines programme
Age
18-24 228 (46.0) 268 (54.0)
<0.001*
25-34 563 (57.2) 421 (42.8)
35-44 276 (52.5) 250 (47.5)
45-54 233 (44.7) 288 (55.3)
55-64 159 (35.7) 286 (64.3)
Gender
Male 525 (41.9) 728 (58.1)
<0.001*
Female 968 (51.1) 425 (48.9)
Ethnicity
Malay 1,059 (52.7) 951 (47.3)
<0.001*
Chinese 199 (30.0) 465 (70.0)
Indian 80 (40.8) 116 (59.2)
Others 155 (56.2) 121 (43.8)
77
Outcome
Aware of Know Your Medicines programme
Education
level
Primary school 70 (22.4) 243 (77.6)
<0.001*
Occupation
Government 747 (70.1) 319 (29.9)
<0.001*
Retired 76 (35.5) 138 (64.5)
Student 119 (42.2) 163 (57.8)
Unemployed 161 (31.9) 344 (68.1)
Living status
Alone 243 (57.3) 181 (42.7)
<0.001* With family 1,183 (45.5) 1,418 (54.5)
With non-family 66 (47.5) 53 (44.5)
Monthly
income
RM500 137 (41.3) 195 (58.7)
<0.001*
RM501-RM1,000 102 (36.8) 175 (63.2)
RM1,001-RM1,500 264 (46.6) 303 (53.4)
RM1,501-RM2,000 101 (47.9) 110 (52.1)
RM2,001-RM2,500 196 (47.7) 215 (52.3)
RM2,501-RM3,000 65 (38.9) 102 (61.1)
RM3,001-RM3,500 211 (56.9) 160 (43.1)
RM3,501-RM4,000 74 (54.4) 62 (45.6)
RM4,001-RM4,500 98 (52.4) 89 (47.6)
RM4,501-RM5,000 47 (46.1) 55 (53.9)
>RM5,000 193 (51.1) 185 (48.9)
* Signifcant at p<0.05
Table 31 summarized the consumers sources
of information about the Know Your Medicines
programme. Most of the respondents obtained
their information of the programme from
brochure (75.9%) followed by common
information channel (52.4%) and road banner
(48.7%).
Table 31: Consumers sources of information about the Know Your Medicines programme
Sources of Information about programme Yes, n (%) No, n (%)
Common information channel 733 (52.4) 666 (47.6)
Family/friends/neighbour 593 (43.5) 771 (56.5)
Road banner 670 (48.7) 705 (51.3)
Internet 472 (34.9) 881 (65.1)
Brochure 1,081 (75.9) 343 (24.1)
Others 155 (17.0) 758 (83.0)
78
Table 32 summarized the association between
sources of information about the Know Your
Medicines programme and area of settlement
(urban or rural). The types of information
sources (family/friends/neighbour/internet and
others) were signifcantly associated with where
consumers were residing.
Table 32(1): Association between the sources of information about the Know Your Medicines
Demographic
characteristics
Sources of information about Know Your Medicines programme
Common information channel Family/friends/neighbour Road banner
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Settlement Setting
Urban
574
(53.5)
498
(46.5)
0.1
480
(46.0)
564
(54.0)
0.001*
523
(49.9)
525
(50.1)
0.1
Rural
159
(48.6)
168
(51.4)
113
(35.3)
207
(64.7)
147
(45.0)
180
(55.0)
Table 32(2): Association between the sources of information about the Know Your Medicines
Demographic
characteristics
Sources of information about Know Your Medicines programme
Internet Brochure Others
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Yes
n(%)
No
n(%)
p-value
Settlement Setting
Urban
385
(37.0)
655
(63.0)
0.003*
829
(75.8)
265
(24.2)
0.9
137
(19.9)
552
(80.1)
<0.001*
Rural
87
(27.8)
226
(72.2)
252
(76.4)
78
(23.6)
155
(17.0)
206
(92.0)
Approximately 61.6% of the respondents have
attended the Know Your Medicines programmes
activities (Table 33). The attendance was
signifcantly infuenced by the respondents age
and occupation (p<0.05) (Table 34).
79
Table 33: Attendance for Know Your Medicines programme activities
Variables n (%)
Attendance to programmes activities
Yes 919 (61.6)
No 574 (38.4)
Types of programme activities
Talk 518 (56.4)
Exhibition 760 (82.7)
Road show 81 ( 8.8)
Level of satisfaction
Very satisfed 312 (34.1)
Satisfed 551 (60.2)
Neither 47 ( 5.1)
Not satisfed 4 ( 0.4)
Very not satisfed 1 ( 0.1)
Programme benefcial?
Yes 917 (99.7)
No 3 ( 0.3)
Table 34: Responses to Have you attended any of the programmes activities? based on
Demographic
characteristics
Attended programme activities?
Age
18-24 134 (58.5) 95 (41.5)
0.007*
25-34 376 (65.5) 198 (34.5)
35-44 174 (62.1) 106 (37.9)
45-59 134 (57.3) 100 (42.7)
60-64 89 (54.9) 73 (45.1)
>64 12 (38.7) 19 (61.3)
Gender
Male 308 (57.2) 230 (42.8)
0.04*
Female 611 (62.9) 361 (37.1)
Ethnicity
Malay 644 (59.9) 432 (40.1)
0.001*
Chinese 108 (54.0) 92 (46.0)
Indian 54 (66.7) 27 (33.3)
Others 113 (73.9) 40 (26.1)
Education level
Primary school 38 (55.1) 31 (44.9)
0.7
80
Demographic
characteristics
Attended programme activities?
Occupation
Government 517 (68.3) 240 (31.7)
<0.001*
Retired 35 (45.5) 42 (54.5)
Student 74 (60.2) 49 (39.8)
Unemployed 88 (55.0) 72 (45.0)
Living status
Alone 157 (62.5) 94 (37.5)
0.3 With family 716 (60.1) 475 (39.9)
With non-family 46 (68.7) 21 (31.3)
Monthly income
RM500 81 (57.4) 60 (42.6)
0.4
RM501-RM1,000 48 (46.6) 55 (53.4)
RM1,001-RM1,500 159 (60.0) 106 (40.0)
RM1,501-RM2,000 68 (66.0) 35 (34.0)
RM2,001-RM2,500 120 (60.9) 77 (39.1)
RM2,501RM3,000 34 (52.3) 31 (47.7)
RM3,001-RM3,500 144 (67.9) 68 (32.1)
RM3,501RM4,000 50 (65.8) 26 (34.2)
RM4,001-RM4,500 63 (63.6) 36 (36.4)
RM4,501RM5,000 28 (57.1) 21 (42.9)
>RM5,000 121 (62.4) 73 (37.6)
Among those who have attended the Know
Your Medicines programme activities, 94.3%
of the respondents were between very satisfed
to satisfed with the programme activities
(Table 33). From Table 35, satisfaction with the
programme was found to be associated with the
participants educational level (p=0.01). Majority
of the respondent felt that the programme was
benefcial (99.7%) (Table 33).
81
T
a
b
l
e

3
5
:

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s

t
o

H
o
w

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d

a
r
e

y
o
u

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
?

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
H
o
w

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d

a
r
e

y
o
u

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
?
V
e
r
y

n
o
t

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
N
o
t

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
,

n

(
%
)
S
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
V
e
r
y

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
4
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
0
.
7
)
1
2

(
8
.
4
)

8
8

(
6
1
.
5
)
4
2

(
2
9
.
4
)
0
.
5
2
5
-
3
4
1

(
0
.
3
)
2

(
0
.
5
)
2
5

(
6
.
5
)
2
3
4

(
6
1
.
3
)
1
2
0

(
3
1
.
4
)

3
5
-
4
4
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
6

(
3
.
3
)
1
0
6

(
5
7
.
9
)
7
1

(
3
8
.
8
)
4
5
-
5
4
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
0
.
7
)
5

(
3
.
5
)
7
7

(
5
3
.
8
)
6
0

(
4
2
.
0
)

5
5
-
6
4
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
5

(
5
.
3
)
6
2

(
6
6
.
0
)
2
7

(
2
8
.
7
)

>
6
4
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
1
0

(
7
6
.
9
)
3

(
2
3
.
1
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1

(
0
.
3
)

3

(
0
.
9
)
2
0

(
6
.
0
)
2
0
0

(
6
0
.
1
)
1
0
9

(
3
2
.
7
)
0
.
3
F
e
m
a
l
e
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
0
.
2
)
3
3

(
5
.
3
)
3
7
7

(
6
0
.
3
)
2
1
4

(
3
4
.
2
)
E
t
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
1

(
0
.
1
)
3

(
0
.
4
)
3
7

(
5
.
5
)
4
0
0

(
5
9
.
1
)

2
3
6

(
3
4
.
9
)
0
.
4
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
1
0

(
8
.
7
)
7
8

(
6
7
.
8
)
2
7

(
2
3
.
5
)
I
n
d
i
a
n
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
1
.
8
)

2

(
3
.
6
)
3
2

(
5
7
.
1
)
2
1

(
3
7
.
5
)
O
t
h
e
r
s
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
4

(
3
.
6
)
6
7

(
1
1
.
6
)
3
9

(
1
2
.
1
)
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
2
.
7
)
1

(
2
.
7
)
2
0

(
5
4
.
1
)
1
5

(
4
0
.
5
)
0
.
0
1
*
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

s
c
h
o
o
l
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
1
5

(
3
.
5
)
2
5
0

(
5
9
.
0
)
1
5
9

(
3
7
.
5
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
1

(
0
.
2
)
3

(
0
.
6
)
3
7

(
7
.
6
)
3
0
2

(
6
2
.
4
)
1
4
1

(
2
9
.
1
)
N
o

f
o
r
m
a
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
5

(
3
8
.
5
)
8

(
6
1
.
5
)
82
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
H
o
w

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d

a
r
e

y
o
u

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
?
V
e
r
y

n
o
t

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
N
o
t

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
,

n

(
%
)
S
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
V
e
r
y

s
a
t
i
s
f
e
d
,

n

(
%
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
1

(
0
.
2
)
2

(
0
.
4
)
2
9

(

5
.
4
)
3
2
5

(
6
0
.
7
)
1
7
8

(
3
3
.
3
)
0
.
9
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
/
s
e
l
f

e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
0
.
5
)
8

(

3
.
7
)
1
3
0

(
6
0
.
5
)

7
6

(
3
5
.
3
)
R
e
t
i
r
e
d
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
2

(

5
.
1
)
2
7

(
6
9
.
2
)
1
0

(
2
5
.
6
)
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
8

(

9
.
8
)
4
8

(
5
8
.
5
)
2
6

(
3
1
.
7
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
1
.
1
)
6

(

6
.
9
)
4
7

(
5
4
.
0
)
3
3

(
3
7
.
9
)
L
i
v
i
n
g

s
t
a
t
u
s
A
l
o
n
e
0

(
0
.
0
)

0

(
0
.
0
)
1
7

(
1
0
.
1
)

9
8

(
5
8
.
3
)
5
3

(
3
1
.
5
)
0
.
3
W
i
t
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
1

(
0
.
1
)
4

(
0
.
5
)
3
4

(

4
.
6
)
4
5
0

(
6
0
.
6
)
2
5
3

(
3
4
.
1
)
W
i
t
h

n
o
n
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
2

(

4
.
2
)
2
9

(
6
0
.
4
)
1
7

(
3
5
.
4
)
M
o
n
t
h
l
y

i
n
c
o
m
e
R
M
5
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)

5

(

5
.
8
)
4
0

(
4
6
.
5
)
4
1

(

5
.
8
)
0
.
0
6
R
M
5
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
0
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
1
.
9
)
0

(

0
.
0
)
2
8

(
5
1
.
9
)
2
5

(
4
6
.
3
)
R
M
1
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
1
,
5
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
0
.
6
)
9

(

5
.
3
)
1
0
1

(
5
9
.
8
)
5
8

(
3
4
.
3
)
R
M
1
,
5
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
0
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)

0

(
0
.
0
)
3

(

4
.
4
)
4
8

(
7
0
.
6
)
1
7

(
2
5
.
0
)
R
M
2
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
2
,
5
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(
0
.
8
)
7

(

5
.
8
)
7
3

(
6
0
.
8
)
3
9

(
3
2
.
5
)
R
M
2
,
5
0
1
R
M
3
,
0
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(

2
.
8
)
2
4

(
6
6
.
7
)
1
1

(
3
0
.
6
)
R
M
3
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
3
,
5
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
9

(

6
.
0
)
8
9

(
5
9
.
7
)

5
1

(
3
4
.
2
)
R
M
3
,
5
0
1
R
M
4
,
0
0
0
1

(
1
.
9
)
1

(
1
.
9
)
5

(

9
.
6
)

3
4

(
6
5
.
4
)
1
1

(
2
1
.
2
)
R
M
4
,
0
0
1
-
R
M
4
,
5
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
1

(

1
.
6
)
4
1

(
6
4
.
1
)
2
2

(
3
4
.
4
)
R
M
4
,
5
0
1
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
4

(
1
3
.
8
)
1
8

(
6
2
.
1
)
7

(
2
4
.
1
)
>
R
M
5
,
0
0
0
0

(
0
.
0
)
0

(
0
.
0
)
9

(

7
.
1
)
7
9

(
6
2
.
7
)
3
8

(
3
0
.
2
)
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
83
5.0 DISCUSSIONS
Medicines use and expenditure
among Malaysian consumers
28.4% of the respondents in this survey
reported to be on chronic medicines while up to
about a quarter of the respondents were taking
minerals and supplements. This fnding could be
explained in part by the increasing prevalence
of chronic illnesses in Malaysia which was
reported to be at 15.5% in 2006.
24
Among the
non-communicable diseases found across the
country, hypertension was reported to be of the
highest prevalence followed by diabetes mellitus,
asthma and other cardiovascular diseases. Such
disease patterns found in Malaysia resembled
closely to that of developed countries.
25,26
The
burden of chronic disease will eventually lead
to a higher demand for health services and
ultimately contribute to a growing economic
costs.
27
The use of traditional medicines in the form of
processed and non-processed herbs and herbal
beverages was found in 9.6%-17.8% of the
survey respondents. Meanwhile, up to 12% of
them claimed to consume beauty care products.
This shows that consumers in Malaysia are widely
using pharmaceuticals not only to maintain
their health but also to enhance their vitality
and appearance. The growing pharmaceutical
market for self-enhancement and beauty in the
country is primarily to cater for the consumers
demand for well-being. This periodic mapping
of pharmaceuticals use among consumers in
Malaysia is indeed an important effort to explore
issues on quality use of medicines and make
plans for future interventions and policies.
In recent years, public out-of-pocket healthcare
expenditure in Malaysia has increased steadily.
28
This is closely refected by the fndings in this
survey where Malaysian consumers recorded
an average spending of RM82.14 monthly
on medicines alone obtained from various
healthcare facilities. The private sector health
expenditure in Malaysia is funded primarily
by publics out-of-pocket expenditure where
payment is made at the point of accessing
health services. Therefore, it is not unusual to
fnd that majority of the survey respondents
spent the most for their medicines obtained
from private hospitals, community pharmacies
and non-pharmacy premises which makes up
the extensive network of the private healthcare
sector.
The private healthcare sector mainly caters for
the urban population or those who can afford to
pay. Hence, consumers living in urban area were
found to record a higher expenditure in private
facilities. Meanwhile, the public healthcare
system in Malaysia which is made up of a
network of general hospitals, district hospitals
and health clinics established under the MOH
is a more popular avenue for the poor to seek
treatment. Earlier study found that those from
the lower education and income groups were the
main users of services provided by government
health facilities whereas the private health
facilities were mostly visited by those from
higher income group.
24
This was consistent with
the fndings in this survey as refected by the
expenditure on medicines in private facilities.
The implication of a high out-of-pocket
expenditure in health by the public is that such
payment does not allow for pooling of risks
and leads to a high probability of catastrophic
payments that can result in poverty for the
household. Thus, as part of the National
Medicine Policy agenda to promote quality use
of medicines, it is envisioned that current policies
and interventions that are already in place will
help to promote rational use of and judicious
spending on medicines among consumers.
84
Knowledge of medicines use
Despite the extensive pharmaceutical use
among the survey respondents, more than half
of them (56.6%) claimed that they understand
the proper use of medicines and were unable
to identify their own medicines by the trade or
generic name. However, most of the Malaysian
consumers were aware of the side effect,
possible food-drug and drug-drug interactions,
medicines shelf life and storage condition.
As expected, lower education level,
unemployment, consumer with multiple
prescription items and elderly have more
problems in identifying medicines name than
other groups. They were aware of the availability
of generic medicines; however, the term generic
was not commonly used by them.
29
Interestingly,
this study also found that more respondents of
Chinese ethnicity had problems in medicines
identifcation compared to the other ethnics
groups.
Self-assessed use of medicines
It is widely acknowledged that patients seldom
comply with the instructions on the use of
medication or treatment. Prior reviews have
estimated the extent of patient default at 20% to
82%.
30
This survey highlighted the same results;
a high proportion of consumers reported that
they had ever forgotten to take their medication
at some point in their lives.
In general, medication compliance is affected
by a multitude of factors.
31
From this survey, it
was found that self-reported compliance can
be expected from those with lower education.
It was also found that compliance decreases
with increasing age. This is not uncommon; as
the patients cognitive ability decreases with
advancing age, compliance is generally affected.
31
Consumers who lack of awareness of their
disease, do not fully understand treatment plan
or perceive any benefts from taking medicines
as prescribed are expected to be less compliant
thereby consciously choosing not to take their
medications even when it is indicated.
31
In this
survey, there was a higher proportion of Chinese
respondent who reported to have chosen not
take prescribed medicines. Similarly, those who
were more educated and affuent were less likely
to abide passively to the prescribed instructions.
These groups of consumers may already have
pre-formed beliefs about medicines that are
embedded and conditioned by the local culture
and customs.
The negative implication of sharing medicines
is tantamount to using medicines without
prescription. While self-medication is benign
and might be benefcial up to a certain extent,
sharing of medications without professional
supervision will expose patients at an increased
risk of harm arising from medication error.
32
In
this survey, sharing of medications was found to
be notably more prevalent in respondents living
in the urban area, of younger age group, living
with non-family members, tertiary education
and higher income level. The condition and
consumers characteristics facilitating sharing
of medicines among Malaysians are similar to
those found in international literatures.
32,33
One of the limitations in this survey is that
assessment of compliance was based on
patient self-report and thus may not refect the
actual medication taking behaviour.
Sources of information
Majority of the respondents still prefer to consult
the doctors as their reference point on issues
concerning medicines. This could be explained
in part by the evolution of healthcare profession
85
in Malaysia which is largely dominated by
the doctors. However, when asked about the
ease of obtaining information on medicines,
approximately 70% felt that it is easier to obtain
information from government pharmacists and
doctors compared to community pharmacists
(56.0%) or private doctors (52.5%). The
ease or diffculty in obtaining medicines
information from these healthcare providers
were signifcantly associated with age (p<0.05),
occupation (p<0.05) and monthly income
(p<0.05) of respondents.
With the advent of technologies, information
on medicines not only circulates through
formal and informal network, but also via mass
media and the internet. Up to a quarter of the
respondents frequently obtained medicines
information from the internet and mass media
(e.g. TV and radio). While little can be done to
control and constrain the information available
in the World Wide Web and mass media, there is
an urgent need to educate consumers about the
credibility and reliability of information obtained
from sources other than the mainstream
healthcare providers. Realizing that the internet
is now a popular avenue to obtain information,
the Pharmaceutical Services Division has
developed an online portal for consumers to
submit medicines enquiries and complaints of
pharmaceuticals as part of the national Know
Your Medicines programme.
There remained some proportion of consumers
who sought consultation and medicines
information from traditional and complimentary
(TCM) practitioners. Malaysia has a diverse pool
of traditional medicines practices as the country
is made up of multi-ethnic groups that carry with
them different cultures, theories, beliefs and
experiences. At the time of this survey, efforts
to evaluate, regulate and standardize traditional
medicines products, practices and practitioners
by the Ministry of Health Malaysia are underway.
Herbal treatments are the most popular form of
traditional medicines, and are highly proftable
in the local as well as international market
place. Thus, it is imperative that the consumers
are kept informed of the policies and legislation
governing TCMs to ensure that they access only
safe and effective products and services.
Almost three quarters of the respondents need
additional written medicines information and this
was associated with their age, ethnicity, education
level and occupation. Such information seeking
behaviour among consumers in Malaysia should
be harnessed as an opportunity to get them
to be more involved in their own healthcare.
Although many pharmaceutical companies now
provide patient information leafet as a product
package insert, majority of these materials
are not available in Malay language. There is a
need for future research to assess the impact
of written information leafets on consumers
medicines knowledge and satisfaction with
information received.
Majority of the respondents reported that
they require additional counselling from their
pharmacists. This is refective of the expansion
of pharmacists role in patient care in the
healthcare system in Malaysia. The increase
in the number of pharmacists in both public
and private workforce has translated into the
provision of more pharmaceutical care services
such as medication management therapy.
Malaysian consumers now view pharmacists as
an important player in the healthcare system.
Know Your Medicines programme
The Know Your Medicines programme is a
national project jointly organized by the Ministry
of Health (MOH) and the Consumers Association
86
of Malaysia (FOMCA) aiming to improve quality
use of medicines among consumers in the
country. The programme, launched in 2007, and
is conducted by pharmacists from both public
and private sectors and includes activities such
as workshops and exhibitions on medicines for
the public.
Five years into the programme, up to half of the
consumers participated in this survey were aware
of the programmes existence. Out of these, 61.6%
reported to have participated in the programme
activities. In this survey, female respondents
tend to be more aware of the program than male
respondents. This was consistent with fndings
from Bell et al where more female respondents
were found to be aware of the Direct-to-Consumer
(DTC) medicines advertising programme.
34
It is
thought that women consumers would have more
predilections for such public health programme
than the men.
The awareness of the programme was also found to
be associated with respondents education level;
consumers who were less educated were least
aware of the programme and this was consistent
with fndings by Barry et al.
35
In order to ensure
that the programme is far reaching to every level
of the society, content of the programme activities
must be designed appropriately according to the
target audience to ensure its relevance.
Government employees were also more aware of
the programme compared to other respondents.
Since Know Your Medicines programme is a
government initiated effort, the promotion of the
programme may have been more widespread
within the government workforce. In addition,
consumers from the Chinese ethnic group were
the least aware of the programme. This could be
explained in part by the relatively smaller number
of Chinese employee within the government
workforce.
Regarding the sources of information, those who
were staying in urban settings tend to obtain
information on the programme from internet.
This could be due to better internet connectivity
in the urban area compared to the rural outskirts.
In addition, government infrastructures as well
as majority of the hospitals and health centre
are also located in the urban setting. Majority
of the respondents who had participated in the
programme activities were satisfed with the
programme and felt that it was benefcial for
them.
6.0 LIMITATIONS
The evaluation of consumers awareness,
knowledge and understanding of quality use
of medicines were based on a self-reported
assessment and hence actual consumer
behaviour cannot be verifed. Publics out-
of-pocket expenditure on medicines was an
estimation that was based on consumer recall
due to the lack of secondary data on medicines
billing in private healthcare sector.
7.0 CONCLUSIONS
The use of pharmaceuticals is very prevalent
among consumers in Malaysia and this account
for part of consumers out-of-pocket expenditure
for health. More than 80% of consumers felt that
medicines labelling is adequate and did not
expressed any diffculty in reading the labels of
medicines obtain from various health facilities in
Malaysia. Despite that, it can be estimated that
up to half of the consumers in Malaysia are still
not able to identify medicines by their trade or
generic name. However, more consumers these
days are aware of the safety and regulatory
issues surrounding pharmaceuticals marketed
in Malaysia. The information seeking behaviour
87
of consumers in Malaysia has evolved over
the years with more consumers consulting
the mainstream healthcare providers such as
doctors and pharmacists as well as accessing
information through the use of technologies
such as internets. Although generally consumers
awareness of the national Know Your Medicines
programme is widespread, participation uptake
is still relatively low. Overall, it can be observed
that Malaysian consumers medicines taking
and information seeking behaviour has evolved
over time as captured by the National Survey
on the Use of Medicines in 2008 and 2012.
This periodic mapping of pharmaceuticals use
among consumers in Malaysia is indeed an
important effort to explore issues on quality
use of medicines and make plans for future
interventions and policies.
88
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. How to develop and implement a national drug policy. 2nd edition ed.
Geneva: WHO Press; 2001.
2. Hardon A, Hodgkin, C., Fresle, D. How to investigate the use of medicines by consumers.
Switzerland: World Health Organization and University of Amsterdam 2004.
3. Grand AL, Hogerzeil, H.V., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F.M. Intervation research in rational use of drugs: a
review. Health Policy and Planning. 1999;14(2):89-109.
4. Homedes N, Ugalde A. Review article: Patients compliance with medical treatments in the third
world. What do we know? Health Policy and Planning. 1993;8(4):291-314.
5. Hardon AP. The use of modern pharmaceuticals in a Filipino village: Doctors prescription and self
medication. Social Science & Medicine. 1987;25(3):277-292.
6. Del Rio MC, Prada C, Alvarez FJ. The use of medication by the Spanish population.
Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 1997;6:41-48.
7. Hempel J. California Pilot Program Creates Rx Fact Sheets, Ads to Inform Consumers. California
2004.
8. Ernst FR, Grizzle, A.J. Drug related morbidity and mortality: updating the cost of illness model. J
Am Pharm Assoc. 2001;41:192-199.
9. Aspden P, Wolcott, J.A., Bootman, J.L., Cronenwett, L.R. Preventing medication errors: quality
chasm series. Washington, DC: The national academies press; 2007.
10. Bahri S, Othman, N. H.,Ahmad Hassali, M.A., Shafe, A.A., Mohamed Ibrahim, M.I. A national
Survey on the use of medicines (NSUM) by Malaysian consumers 2008. frst ed: Pharmaceutical
Services Division, Ministry of Health; 2008.
11. Kirkpatrick CMJ, Roughead EE, Monteith GR, Tett SE. Consumer involvement in quality use of
medicines (QUM) projects-lessons from Australia. BMC Health Services Research 2005.
2005;5(75):1-7.
12. Donnelly N, Orr N, Baird H. Impacts of the 2007 NPS National Awareness Campaign: Findings
from surveys of consumers. National Medicine Symposium. National Convention Centre, Canberra,
Australia: National Prescribing Service Limited; 2008.
13. Lefebvre RC, Peterson GS, McGraw SA, et al. Community intervention to lower blood cholesterol: the
Know Your Cholesterol campaign in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Health Educ Q. 1986;13(2):117-
129.
14. Lu Y, Hernandez, P., Abegunde, D., Edejer, T. The World Medicines Situation 2011-Medicine
Expenditures. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
89
15. Wutzke SE, Artist, M.A., Kehoe, L.A., Flercher, M., Mackson, J.M., Weekes, L.M. Evaluation of a
national programme to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract
infections: effects on consumer awareness, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in Australia. Health
Promotion International, 2006;22(1):53-64.
16. Smith BJ, Ferguson, C., McKenzie, J., Bauman, A., Vita, P. Impacts from repeated mass media
campaigns to promote sun protection in Australia. Health Promotion International. 2006;17(1):51-
60.
17. Bahri S, Lai ST, Yap YW, Ching MW, Ahmad Khidzar N, Kua J. A survey on the use of medicines by
consumers in Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. International Conferences on
Improving Use of Medicines 2008.
18. National Medicines Policy of Malaysia. Ministry of Health; Malaysia 2003.
19. Sample size calculator. 2004; http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html.
20. Kish L. Methods of design effects. Journal of Offcial Statistics. 1995;11(55-77).
21. Kelley K, Clark, B., Brown, V., Sitzia, J. Good practice in the conduct and reporting of survey
research. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2003;15(3):261-266.
22. Valle J, Souris, M., Fournet, F., Bochaton, A., Mobillion, V., Peyronnie, K.,Salem, G. Sampling in
health geography: reconciling geographical objectives and probabilistic methods. An example of
a health survey in Vientiane (Lao PDR). Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 2007;4(6):1-8.
23. Chan L, Hart, G.L., Goodman, D.C. Geographic Access to Health Care for Rural Medicare
Benefciaries. J Rural Health. 2006;22(2):140-146.
24. Amal NM, Paramesarvathy R, Tee GH, Gurpreet K, Karuthan C. Prevalence of Chronic Illness
and Health Seeking Behaviour in Malaysian Population: Results from the Third National Health
Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006. Med J Malaysia. March 2011 2011;66(1):36-41.
25. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2003 Shaping the Future. Geneva,
Switzerland 2003.
26. Wilper AP, Woolhandler, S., Lasser, K.E., et al. A national study of chronic disease prevalence and
access to care in uninsured U.S. adults. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(1706).
27. Yach D, Corinna, H., Gould, C.L., et al. The Global Burden of Chronic Diseases - Overcoming
impediments to prevention and control. JAMA. 2004;291:2616-2622.
28. Chee HL, Barraclaugh S, eds. Healthcare in Malaysia. The Dynamics of Provision, Financing and
Access. New York: Routledge; 2007.
29. Hassali MA, Kong, D.C.M., Stewart, K. Generic medicines: perceptions of consumers in Melbourne,
Australia. The International Journal of Pharmacy Practice,. 2005;13:257-264.
90
30. Cramer J, Mattson RH, Prevey ML, Scheyer RD, Ouellette VL. How often is medication taken as
prescribed?: A novel assessment technique. The Journal of the American Medical Association.
1989;261(22):3273-3277.
31. Osterberg L. Adherence to Medication. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353:487-497.
32. Goldsworthy RC, Schwartz NC, Mayhon CB. Beyond abuse and exposure: Framing the impact of
prescription-medication sharing. American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98(6):1115-1121.
33. Ellis J, Mullan J. Prescription medication borrowing and sharing-risk factors and management
Aust. Fam. Physician. 2009;38(10):816-819.
34. Bell RA, Kravitz RL, Wilkes MS. Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising and the Public.
Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1999;14(11):651-657.
35. Barry MM, Doherty A, Hope A, Sixsmith J, Kelleher CC. A community needs assessment for rural
mental health promotion. Health Education Research. 2000;15(3):293-304.
SURVEY 2:
EVALUATION OF
KNOW YOUR MEDICINES
PROGRAMME 2012
PRE & POST SURVEY
92
ABSTRACT
Background:
Quality Use of Medicines (QUM) is one of
the central objectives of Malaysias National
Medicines Policy. Within the context of QUM
framework, it is vital to empower consumers
with the right awareness and knowledge on
issues pertaining to medicines. The "Know Your
Medicines" programme was a national project
jointly organized by the Ministry of Health (MOH)
and the Consumers Association of Malaysia
(FOMCA) to improve quality use of medicines
among consumers in the country. After fve years of
the national programme, policy makers now seek
to evaluate the impact of strategies that had been
taken thus far. The data gain from such survey
will be very useful to inform and devise future
strategies to enhance quality use of medicines in
population.
Objectives:
To evaluate the effectiveness of Know Your
Medicines programme activities on consumers
knowledge on quality use of medicines.
Methods:
A cross-sectional pre-post design survey was
conducted among selected participants who
attended the Know Your Medicines programme
between September 2011 to May 2012. The
questionnaire used in this survey had been
Use of Drugs. The data was statistically analysed
using SPSS version 18.
Results:
Participants of the Know Your Medicines
programme exhibited signifcant improvement
in their understanding and interpretation on
medicines specifcally on the use of medicines
(83.4% vs. 90.4%), type, labelling and registration
of medicines (89.5% vs. 95.3%), sources of
controlled medicines (82.0% vs. 88.3%) and
medicines disposal (68.1% vs. 83.7%). Factors
such as age, gender and education affected
signifcantly on respondents knowledge on type,
labelling and registration medicines, knowledge
on quality of medicines and knowledge on
disposing expired or damage medicines (p<0.05)
in both pre and post- survey.
Conclusion:
Overall, respondents have better understanding
and knowledge on the quality use of medicines
following the Know Your Medicines programme
activities.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Medicines are an essential part of healthcare in
terms of reducing mortality and morbidity from
various diseases. As a general concept, rational
use of drugs is defned as patients receive
medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in
doses that meet their own individual requirements
for an adequate period of time, and the lowest cost
to them and their community.
1
It is acknowledged
that inappropriate use of medicines can lead
to poor or negative health outcomes, increase
adverse events and health costs among healthcare
consumers around the world.
2-6
Research by the
California Board of Pharmacy in the United States
found that half of the prescriptions taken each
year are used improperly. To make matter worse,
about 96% of patients nationwide failed to ask
questions about how to use their medications.
7

In the year 2000, more than $177 billion were
estimated for the annual costs of medicines-
related illness and death in ambulatory care
settings in the United States.
8
Based on the report
by Institute of Medicine on Preventing Medication
Errors in 2006 it is estimated that more than 1.5
million people are injured by medication errors
each year incurring a cost of $3.5 billion.
9
93
In Malaysia, the frst study done by the MOH in
collaboration with the experts from Discipline of
Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Universiti
Sains Malaysia (USM) in 2008 revealed
that 55.6% of public or consumers did not
understand the proper use of their medicines.
10

Maximising health outcomes, reducing adverse
events and keeping the health costs within
the affordable limits are the initiatives that are
being implemented around the world in order to
improve the use of medicines. Recognizing that
consumer behaviour also infuences medication
use, introducing consumer strategies to improve
the use of medicines is necessary in any countrys
attempts to promote rational drug use.
11
Within
this context, the Malaysian government, through
the Ministry of Health (MOH) has developed a
comprehensive National Strategy for Quality Use
of Medicines-Consumers (QUM-C). A key principle
of the strategy is the primacy of consumers in
any initiative to promote QUM through effective
self-care practices via Know Your Medicines
programme. Effective self-care involves a complex
sequence of tasks, including diagnosing the
condition and its cause, selecting proper medicines
therapy and monitoring treatment effectiveness.
Whereas patients and healthcare providers have
always shared these decisions to some extent,
the current availability of the medications, which
involved both prescriptions and non-prescriptions
items allows greater potential range of decision
making for patients acting with and without direct
provider guidance.
In recent years, many European countries have
undertaken public education campaigns to
encourage rational use of medicines. Few countries
such as Australia, United States and Switzerland
have published an evaluation of the campaign
effectiveness. While some of these campaigns
have had limited success, others have been very
effective.
11-15
We have the most to learn from the
effective campaign such as the sun protection
campaigns in Australia reported by Smith et al.
16

In which targeted audience had high awareness of
the campaign that is sustained over the 3 years. A
survey on the use of medicines by consumers in
federal territories of Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya in
2009 stated that there was a 38.2% improvement
in understanding and knowledge on medicines use
among 70% of consumers. It showed that there
was an escalated improvement in consumers
interpretation and understanding on medicines,
such as identifcation by trade name (40.4%
vs. 80%) and generic name (27.9% vs. 48.3%),
knowledge of medicines side effects (32.7% vs.
51.7%) and storage (59.4% vs. 73.8%) as well
as on the issue of discontinuation of medications
upon recovery (25.3% vs. 63.6%).
17
The Know Your Medicines programme strategy
was planned in tandem with the aspiration
of one of the important components in the
Malaysian National Medicines Policy to promote
the importance of the QUM concept among
consumers in the country. Thus, in order to help
health authorities in planning necessary strategies
to enhance consumers understanding on the
concept of quality use of medicines, it is essential
to evaluate the effectiveness of the Know Your
Medicines programme that is currently in place.
18
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the knowledge acquired on quality
use of medicines following Know Your Medicines
programme.
3.0 METHODS
A pre-post design survey was conducted among
selected participants who met the selection
criteria and had attended pharmacist-initiated
intervention during the Know Your Medicines
programme from September 2011 to May
2012. A pre-intervention self-administered
94
questionnaire was delivered to selected
participants during the programme registration. A
post-test which consisted of the same questions
as the pre-intervention was delivered to the
same participants at the end of the programme.
The questionnaire employed in this survey was
Use of Drugs and review from the educational
talks materials.
A true answer was scored as 1 while false
answer as 0. Total score was calculated based
on number-right scoring method.
19
The total
score was further corrected for guessing using
formula scoring via the following equation:
20
FS=RW/(C-1)
In which,
FS = corrected or formula score
R = number of items answered right
W = number of items answered wrong
C = number of choices per item
(same for all items)
The interpretation of the score was based on
interquartile as outlined below:
PERCENTILE INTERPRETATION
25 Poor knowledge
50-75 Moderate knowledge
>75 Excellent knowledge
3.1 Sample size
For each state, at least 200 programme
participants were approached for participation.
The projected sample size of respondents were
based on 55.6% of total population that did not
understand the proper used of their medicines.
10

Based on the 95% confdence interval and margin
of error of 5%, using sample size calculator, 385
participants are needed.
21
As a national survey
with an estimation of 50% participation rate
(the survey will be administered by individual
data collectors in each state), the estimated
sample size was around 462. By applying a
common design effect of 4 for large sample
surveys, the actual sample size of population
that needs to be surveyed was around 1,848.
22
For the purpose of this study a total of 2,800
respondents were surveyed.
Inclusion criteria:
- Age 18 years and above.
- Able to comprehend and complete the
questionnaire.
- Provide verbal consent to participate (ethical
requirement).
Exclusion criteria:
- Educational talk to health care personnel
(example CME, CPE etc.)
- Participants who had attended Know Your
Medicines programme.
3.2 Data analysis
The encoded responses were entered into
Microsoft Excel. All the data received from this
survey was analysed using PASW Statistics 18,
Release Version 18.0.0 (SPSS Inc, 2008). In
the case of double digit, error in repeating when
coding was corrected from 11 to 1 and from
22 to 2. Appropriate descriptive and inferential
statistics were applied for data analysis. McNemar
test was employed to analyse the responses
across items in the questionnaire at pre and post
intervention. Additionally, Wilcoxon-Signed Rank
Test was employed to analyse the difference in
the knowledge score at pre and post intervention.
Analysis of the open-ended responses on
95
participants comments of the programme (Part
D) employed qualitative thematic analysis. For all
statistical tests performed, the signifcance level
was set at p<0.05.
3.3 Ethical consideration
All the data collectors explained the purpose
of the study to their potential respondents prior
to administering the survey forms. A verbal
consent was obtained from each respondent
before the start of the survey. No fndings which
could identify any individual participant were
published. Participation in this research was
entirely voluntary.
4.0 RESULTS
There were 2,651 returned questionnaires
obtained from the 15 states in Malaysia during
the Know Your Medicines programme.
4.1 Part A:
Table 1 summarized the demographic
characteristics of participants of the Know
Your Medicines programme. Majority of the
respondents were from Pahang (11.8%,
n=312) and Penang (8.1%, n= 216). Most of
the respondents lived in urban areas (74.8%,
n=1,982). Female respondents (67.3%,
n=1,785) and those of Malay ethnicity
(75.3%) constitute the majority of participants.
Programme participants were mostly
represented by those from the age group of
25-34 years old (29.8%). Out of a total of 2,651
respondents, 2,205 respondents (83.3%) were
living with their family. Slightly more than half
of the respondents were government employees
(53.2%, n=1,410). Majority of the respondents
(47.0%) had up to secondary education.
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of
respondents
Demographic
characteristics
n (%)
State
Johor 174 ( 6.6)
Kedah 200 ( 7.5)
Kelantan 188 ( 7.1)
Melaka 140 ( 5.3)
Negeri sembilan 190 ( 7.2)
Pahang 312 (11.8)
Perak 200 ( 7.5)
Perlis 170 ( 6.4)
Penang 216 ( 8.1)
Sabah 200 ( 7.5)
Sarawak 191 ( 7.2)
Selangor 84 ( 3.2)
Terengganu 140 ( 5.3)
WP Kuala Lumpur & HKL 132 ( 5.0)
WP Labuan 114 ( 4.3)
Area
Urban 1,982 (74.8)
Rural 669 (25.2)
Gender
Male 866 (32.7)
Female 1,785 (67.3)
Races
Malay 1,995 (75.3)
Chinese 257 ( 9.7)
Indian 155 ( 5.9)
Others 242 ( 9.1)
Age
18-24 682 (25.7)
25-34 790 (29.8)
35-44 400 (15.1)
45-54 390 (14.7)
55-64 312 (11.8)
>65 77 ( 2.9)
96
Demographic
characteristics
n (%)
Living status
Alone 337 (12.7)
With family 2,205 (83.3)
With non family 105 ( 4.0)
Occupation
Government 1,410 (53.2)
Private or self employment 275 (10.4)
Retired 139 ( 5.2)
Students 556 (21.0)
Unemployed 271 (10.2)
Education
Primary school 180 ( 6.8)
Secondary school 1,243 (47.0)
College/university 1,180 (44.6)
No formal education 39 ( 1.5)
4.2 Part B:
Specific comparison of
response at pre & post
programme activity
Overall, there was a signifcant improvement in
the respondents knowledge on quality use of
medicines at pre and post intervention for each
item across all dimensions in the questionnaire
(Table 2). The proportion of participants who
were able to correctly identify medicines as
substances to treat, prevent and control disease
increased from 80.1%-93.0% at baseline to
83.4%-96.8% post-intervention (p<0.001).
Similarly, the proportion of participants who
correctly identifed a generic and brand or trade
name of the medicines increased from 74.3%
and 78.9% to 92.6% and 92.4% respectively
following the programme activities (p<0.001).
More respondents were aware of the need to
read medicines label prior to use at the end of
the programme. Knowledge on the registration
requirement for medicines marketed in Malaysia
also improved from 94.6% at pre intervention
to 97.8% at post intervention (p<0.001). There
was also signifcant improvement noted in
participants knowledge on the concept of 5R,
namely right patient, right medicines, right dose,
right route and right time (p<0.001).
As part of the programmes agenda to empower
consumers in Malaysia, participants were
enlightened on the issues relating to consumers
rights. The improvement in the awareness of
consumers right in Malaysia was successfully
captured at the end of the programme as
demonstrated by an increase in the proportion
of respondents who were able to correctly
identify their rights as consumers (p<0.001).
In addition, the proportion of respondents who
could correctly identify the correct sources for
controlled medicines also increased following
programme activities (p<0.001). With regards
to medicines storage and disposal, signifcantly
more consumers were able to identify the
correct medicines storage places and disposal
method at the end of the programme activities
(p<0.001).
97
T
a
b
l
e

2
:

R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s

k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

t
h
e

q
u
a
l
i
t
y

u
s
e

o
f

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

a
t

p
r
e

a
n
d

p
o
s
t

i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
S
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
P
r
e
P
o
s
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
r
r
e
c
t

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
W
r
o
n
g

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
C
o
r
r
e
c
t

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
W
r
o
n
g

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

w
h
a
t

a
r
e

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
?
S
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s

u
s
e
d

t
o

t
r
e
a
t

d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
2
,
4
6
8

(
9
3
.
1
)
1
8
3

(

6
.
9
)
2
,
5
6
7

(
9
6
.
8
)
8
4

(

3
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s

u
s
e
d

t
o

p
r
e
v
e
n
t

d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
2
,
1
2
4

(
8
0
.
1
)
5
2
7

(
1
9
.
9
)
2
,
4
1
0

(
9
0
.
9
)
2
4
1

(

9
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
S
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s

u
s
e
d

t
o

c
o
n
t
r
o
l

d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
2
,
3
6
2

(
8
9
.
1
)
2
8
9

(
1
0
.
9
)
2
,
2
1
0

(
8
3
.
4
)
4
4
1

(
1
6
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

t
y
p
e
s
,

l
a
b
e
l
l
i
n
g

a
n
d

r
e
g
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
G
e
n
e
r
i
c

n
a
m
e

o
f

t
h
e

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
1
,
9
7
0

(
7
4
.
3
)
6
8
1

(
2
5
.
7
)
2
,
4
5
4

(
9
2
.
6
)
1
9
7

(

7
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
B
r
a
n
d

o
r

t
r
a
d
e

n
a
m
e

o
f

t
h
e

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
2
,
0
9
1

(
7
8
.
9
)
5
6
0

(
2
1
.
1
)
2
,
4
5
0

(
9
2
.
4
)
2
0
1

(

7
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
Y
o
u

s
h
o
u
l
d

r
e
a
d

t
h
e

l
a
b
e
l

b
e
f
o
r
e

t
a
k
i
n
g

a
n
y

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
2
,
5
3
5

(
9
5
.
6
)
1
1
6

(

4
.
4
)
2
,
6
0
5

(
9
8
.
3
)
4
6

(

1
.
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
A
l
l

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

r
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
e
d

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n

M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y

o
f

H
e
a
l
t
h
2
,
5
0
7

(
9
4
.
6
)
1
4
4

(

5
.
4
)
2
,
5
9
3

(
9
7
.
8
)
5
8

(

2
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

q
u
a
l
i
t
y

u
s
e

o
f

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
R
i
g
h
t

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
2
,
5
6
5

(
9
6
.
8
)
8
6

(

3
.
2
)
2
,
6
2
2

(
9
8
.
9
)
2
9

(

1
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
i
g
h
t

d
o
s
e
2
,
5
4
5

(
9
6
.
0
)
1
0
6

(

4
.
0
)
2
,
6
0
0

(
9
8
.
1
)
5
1

(

1
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
i
g
h
t

a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

t
i
m
e
2
,
5
4
2

(
9
5
.
9
)
1
0
9

(

4
.
1
)
2
,
6
0
1

(
9
8
.
1
)
5
0

(

1
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

r
i
g
h
t

a
s

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
R
i
g
h
t
s

t
o

k
n
o
w

t
h
e

n
a
m
e

o
f

t
h
e

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
2
,
5
1
6

(
9
4
.
9
)
1
3
5

(

5
.
1
)
2
,
5
9
5

(
9
7
.
9
)
5
6

(

2
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
i
g
h
t
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

o
n

t
h
e

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
h
e

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
2
,
5
5
0

(
9
6
.
2
)
1
0
1

(

3
.
8
)
2
,
6
0
0

(
9
8
.
1
)
5
1

(

1
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
i
g
h
t
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

t
h
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

o
n

h
o
w

t
o

t
a
k
e

t
h
e

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
2
,
5
5
4

(
9
6
.
3
)
9
7

(

3
.
7
)
2
,
6
0
0

(
9
8
.
1
)
5
1

(

1
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
i
g
h
t
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

l
a
b
e
l
l
e
d

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
2
,
5
3
6

(
9
5
.
7
)
1
1
5

(

4
.
3
)
2
,
5
8
9

(
9
7
.
7
)
6
2

(

2
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
i
g
h
t
s

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

t
h
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

o
n

s
a
f
e
t
y

a
n
d

i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
2
,
4
9
0

(
9
3
.
9
)
1
6
1

(

6
.
1
)
2
,
5
7
0

(
9
6
.
9
)
8
1

(

3
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

w
h
i
c
h

c
a
n

b
e

o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d

f
r
o
m

m
e
d
i
c
a
l

d
o
c
t
o
r
s
2
,
4
7
5

(
9
3
.
4
)
1
7
6

(

6
.
6
)
2
,
5
8
6

(
9
7
.
5
)
6
5

(

2
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

w
h
i
c
h

c
a
n

b
e

o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d

f
r
o
m

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
s
t
s
1
,
9
9
4

(
7
5
.
2
)
6
5
7

(
2
4
.
8
)
2
,
2
3
0

(
8
4
.
1
)
4
2
1

(
1
5
.
9
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

w
h
i
c
h

c
a
n

b
e

o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d

f
r
o
m

t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e

p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
2
,
0
5
0

(
7
7
.
3
)
6
0
1

(
2
2
.
7
)
2
,
2
0
9

(
8
3
.
3
)
4
4
2

(
1
6
.
7
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
98
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
S
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
P
r
e
P
o
s
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
r
r
e
c
t

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
W
r
o
n
g

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
C
o
r
r
e
c
t

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
W
r
o
n
g

a
n
s
w
e
r
,

n

(
%
)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

A

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t

c
l
i
n
i
c
/
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
2
,
6
0
9

(
9
8
.
4
)
4
2

(

1
.
6
)
2
,
6
2
5

(
9
9
.
0
)
2
6

(

1
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
P
r
i
v
a
t
e

c
l
i
n
i
c
/
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
2
,
3
0
8

(
8
7
.
1
)
3
4
3

(
1
2
.
9
)
2
,
4
6
3

(
9
2
.
9
)
1
8
8

(

7
.
1
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
1
,
8
8
0

(
7
0
.
9
)
7
7
1

(
2
9
.
1
)
2
,
1
3
8

(
8
0
.
6
)
5
1
3

(
1
9
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

o
u
t
l
e
t
/
c
h
i
n
e
s
e

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

h
a
l
l
2
,
1
9
3

(
8
2
.
7
)
4
5
8

(
1
7
.
3
)
2
,
3
2
8

(
8
7
.
8
)
3
2
3

(
1
2
.
2
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
G
r
o
c
e
r
y

s
h
o
p
2
,
3
9
8

(
9
0
.
5
)
2
5
3

(

9
.
5
)
2
,
4
7
8

(
9
3
.
5
)
1
7
3

(

6
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
N
i
g
h
t

m
a
r
k
e
t
2
,
4
5
1

(
9
2
.
5
)
2
0
0

(

7
.
5
)
2
,
5
2
3

(
9
5
.
2
)
1
2
8

(

4
.
8
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
2
,
3
6
9

(
8
9
.
4
)
2
8
2

(
1
0
.
6
)
2
,
4
3
8

(
9
2
.
0
)
2
1
3

(

8
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

s
t
o
r
a
g
e

I
n

t
h
e

b
a
t
h
r
o
o
m
2
,
4
3
2

(
9
1
.
7
)
2
1
9

(

8
.
3
)
2
,
4
7
1

(
9
3
.
2
)
1
8
0

(

6
.
8
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
A
w
a
y

f
r
o
m

s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t

a
n
d

h
e
a
t
2
,
4
0
7

(
9
0
.
8
)
2
4
4

(

9
.
2
)
2
,
4
0
3

(
9
0
.
6
)
2
4
8

(

9
.
4
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
I
n

p
l
a
c
e
s

r
e
a
c
h
a
b
l
e

t
o

c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
2
,
4
3
5

(
9
1
.
9
)
2
1
6

(

8
.
1
)
2
,
4
7
7

(
9
3
.
4
)
1
7
4

(

6
.
6
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
I
n

t
h
e

c
a
r
2
,
3
4
1

(
8
8
.
3
)
3
1
0

(
1
1
.
7
)
2
,
4
8
3

(
9
3
.
7
)
1
6
8

(

6
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
n

d
i
s
p
o
s
i
n
g

e
x
p
i
r
e
d
/

d
a
m
a
g
e
d

m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
s

T
h
r
o
w

i
n
t
o

t
h
e

r
u
b
b
i
s
h

b
i
n
1
,
4
5
8

(
5
5
.
0
)
1
,
1
9
3

(
4
5
.
0
)
2
,
0
5
5

(
7
7
.
5
)
5
9
6

(
2
2
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
F
l
u
s
h

d
o
w
n

t
h
e

t
o
i
l
e
t
2
0
,
4
5
9

(
7
7
.
1
)
6
0
6

(
2
2
.
9
)
2
,
2
7
2

(
8
5
.
7
)
3
7
9

(
1
4
.
3
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
B
u
r
n
1
,
9
9
8

(
7
5
.
4
)
6
5
3

(
2
4
.
6
)
2
,
3
3
4

(
8
8
.
0
)
3
1
7

(
1
2
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
B
u
r
y
1
,
5
0
1

(
5
6
.
6
)
1
,
1
5
0

(
4
3
.
4
)
2
,
0
0
2

(
7
5
.
5
)
6
4
9

(
2
4
.
5
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
R
e
t
u
r
n

t
o

t
h
e

n
e
a
r
e
s
t

p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
,

c
l
i
n
i
c

o
r

h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
2
,
0
3
1

(
7
6
.
6
)
6
2
0

(
2
3
.
4
)
2
,
4
3
8

(
9
2
.
0
)
2
1
3

(

8
.
0
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
*
*
S
i
g
n
i
f
c
a
n
t

a
t

p
<
0
.
0
5
99
4.3 Part C:
Comparison of knowledge
score at pre & post programme
activity
Figure 1 showed distribution of respondents
knowledge score before and after attending the
Know Your Medicines programme activities.
Overall, there was a signifcant improvement in
the knowledge score across all 8 domains of the
quality use of medicines questionnaire.
Respondents knowledge on what are medicines
improved signifcantly from 83.4% at pre
intervention to 90.4% at post intervention
(p<0.001). In addition, knowledge on type,
labelling and registration medicines also has
improved signifcantly from 85.9% to 95.3%
(p<0.001). Respondents knowledge score
on quality of medicines increased by 2.2%
following intervention while their knowledge on
the rights as a consumer increased from 95.4%
to 97.7%. A signifcant improvement in score
was also observed in respondents knowledge
on controlled medicines and its sources. As for
respondents knowledge on medicines storage
and disposal, a 2% and 15.6% increased
respectively were captured at the end of the
programme activities.
Figure 1: Comparison of respondents knowledge score at pre & post programme activities
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Knowledge
on what are
medicines
Knowledge
on type,
labelling and
registration
medicines
Knowledge
on quality
of medicines
Knowledge
on right as
medicines
consumer
Knowledge
on controlled
medicines
Knowledge
on obtaining
controlled
medicines
Knowledge
on medicines
storage
Knowledge
on medicines
disposal
Pre Post
100
4.4 Part D:
Qualitative response to the
programme
In the questionnaires distributed, an open-
ended question was posed to respondents
to gather comments and suggestions from
the respondents on ways to improve the next
programme or campaign. Responses to the open-
ended question were analysed thematically.
Themes were identifed from reading and re-
reading responses. All the responses were
grouped under themes and each theme was
examined. Responses were categorised, counted
and described. A total of 12.6% (n=322) of
the respondents provided the responses. The
following themes and break down of responses
were identifed from the content analysis.
Theme 1:
Pharmacist should be more prepared 62
responses
Theme 2:
Attitude of Pharmacist - 76 responses
Theme 3:
Management in pharmacists talk - 52
responses
Theme 4:
Programme - 80 responses
Theme 5:
Places for the programme - 52 responses
Theme 1:
Pharmacist should be more
prepared
A few respondents commented that the
pharmacist should be well-prepared when
handling the talk and programme. They also
commented that programme materials were not
enough to supplement the presentation. The
pharmacists should have a slide for presentation
during the talk so that the audience can see
clearly what they were talking about. In addition,
in order to spread the knowledge on the quality
use of medicines, some of the participants
suggested the use of media such as radio and
television as the better means of promoting the
programme.

Theme 2:
Attitude of pharmacist
Generally, comments under this theme can
be divided into 2 categories of respondents.
The frst category refected a good level of
satisfaction with the attitude of the pharmacist
as a presenter. On the fip side, some of the
respondents felt that, in order to improve the
Know Your Medicines programme in future, the
pharmacists must be friendlier with the audience
in order to build better rapport with the audience.
In addition, some of the respondents thought
that the pharmacists should have more patience
when carrying out programme activities.
Theme 3:
Management in pharmacists talk
A few respondents said that the example of
medicines especially generic medicines should
be shown clearly to them during the talk and
the programme. Participants also suggested
that more talks pertaining to medicines should
be regularly held in near future and the notes
and brochures should be supplemented with
the talks.
Theme 4:
Continuous programme
Most of the respondents expressed their
support for the programme and suggest that
the programme must be held continuously so
that the communities could develop awareness
and knowledge on the quality use of medicines.
101
The frequency of programme activities in the
village and other area should be increased. It
was also suggested that unused or expired
medications can be returned or disposed during
the programme.
Theme 5:
Places for the programme
Participants gave some suggestions on the
appropriate venue to hold the programme activities
namely in schools, within villages, residential
areas and FELDA communities. It was thought
that it would be benefcial to expose the younger
generations on the issues of medicines at an earlier
age. Meanwhile, conducting programme activities
within a community setting offers convenience for
its residence to attend the programme.
5.0 DISCUSSIONS
Following respondents participation in the
programme activities, it was found that a
good proportion of them have an improved
understanding and knowledge on the use of
medicines as not only to treat but also to prevent
and control disease. Indeed, the increasing use
of medicines to prevent illness will have a long-
term positive impact on public health.
23
Respondents in this survey also indicated an
improvement in their ability to identify generic
and trade names of medicines. The newly
acquired knowledge can assist consumers in
making choices about medicines marketed
in Malaysia. When healthcare providers
prescribe medicines using its generic name,
consumers will be presented with more choices
of pharmaceutically equivalents and cheaper
alternatives thereby satisfying consumers right
to choices.
The use of generic medicines safeguard
access to essential medicines and improve
compliance, especially for those affected by
economic reasons.
24
Earlier, a cross-sectional
survey among the general public in the state
of Penang, Malaysia found that respondents
were more familiar with trade names instead of
generic names.
25
Respondents had improved
understanding and knowledge of branded and
generic names after the Know Your Medicines
programme would mean that more consumers
will be willing to discuss generic medicines with
their healthcare providers after the programme.
This could in turn facilitate the uptake of generic
medicines in the country.
Part of the programme content emphasizes the
importance of proper medicines use among
consumers namely being able to identify the right
medicines, dose and schedule of administration.
Much of this information can be found on the
medicines label as required by the law under the
Malaysian Poison Act 1952.
26
When presented
with the medicines label, consumers need to be
able to read and act upon the instruction given
accordingly. Earlier work by Gupta and colleagues
found that patients may not necessarily read
or understand the instructions properly.
27

Inadequate labelling along with poor health
literacy and understanding of medicines use
could all potentially lead to medications error.
28

In addition, in order to make informed choices
about medical treatment options, consumers
need knowledge about the benefts and the risks
of medicines. While a lot of pressure has been
applied to healthcare professionals to provide
adequate medicines information to consumers,
the Know Your Medicines programme also
emphasizes on educating the consumers in
upholding their rights in obtaining information
on medicines use and safety. Passive consumer
behaviour is generally observed in the Asian
cultures; consumers who did not have knowledge
about how or when to take their medicines may
not voice their concern or ask for information.
29

102
Hence, it is anticipated that when consumers
are aware of and assert their rights, medicines
use and safety awareness can be improved.
The dispensing of controlled medicines has to be
done by the licensed pharmacist or a licensed
physician.
26
Educating the consumers on the
proper medicines distribution channel and the
legislative requirement surrounding marketed
pharmaceutical in Malaysia will ensure that
Malaysian consumers will gain access only to
safe and effective products and services. In this
aspect, the Know Your Medicines programme
has shown to have successfully imparted this
knowledge to its participants. The proportions
of consumers who could correctly identify the
correct sources of controlled medicines and
registration requirement of pharmaceutical
products have improved signifcantly at the end
of the programme.
Proper storage of medicines may be defned as
the safekeeping of medicines in suitable area to
ensure the stability, safety and effectiveness of
medication. Safety and convenience are two most
common concerns when storing a medication.
30

Many consumers are unaware that extreme heat,
moisture, air and humidity can potentially lead
to drugs degradation. An appropriate medicines
storage conditions must include adequate space
with proper ventilation-lighting, temperature
controls and refrigeration as well as being out
of reach of children. Ideally, the medicines
box or locked cabinet is the recommended
storage place for most of the medicines at
home.
31
At the end of the programme, majority
of the respondents could correctly identify the
appropriate medicines storage place.
Good medicines management includes also
an appropriate disposal method. Improper
medicines disposal may pose serious threat
to public health and environment.
32
Therefore
guidelines on safe disposal of unwanted
medicines are required and an organized
method of collecting unused medication
needs to be introduced.
32
While different forms
of pharmaceuticals have distinct disposal
options, many consumers preferred method of
disposal include discarding medicines in the
waste bin or fushing it down the toilet.
30,31&33
In
Malaysia, consumers are encouraged to return
any unused or expired medicines to a nearby
pharmacy via a Drug Take-Back programme.
Overall, a signifcant improvement can be
seen in the knowledge and understanding on
quality use of medicines among consumers
indicating the effectiveness of the Know Your
Medicines programme. With the increasing
use of pharmaceuticals in the everyday life of
Malaysian consumers, the Know Your Medicines
programme is a great avenue for the public to
obtain medicines related information.
For the purpose of future improvement,
feedback on what aspect of the programme can
be improved was gathered from the participants
in the form of an open ended question. As
pharmacists from the Ministry of Health were
central to the execution of the programme,
much of the suggestions from the consumers
had focused on the role of pharmacists. A good
communication skill is vital in pharmacy practice
as it involves helping people and society to
make the best use of pharmaceuticals products
and services.
34
Hence, the delivery of medicines
and health related information to the public
need not only be accurate but also in simple
and understandable terms so as not to confuse
them with the medical jargons. Consumers
also highlighted the need for pharmacists to
have a friendly disposition. It was perceived as
important for the public to feel comfortable when
interacting with the pharmacists. Stemming from
the above suggestions, it is imperative to have
a module on good communication skills when
training potential pharmacists to deliver such
public health programme.
103
Participants of the programme also noted that
there were insuffcient programme materials to
complement the activities and facilitate their
understanding in the issue of quality use of
medicines. Within this context, The National
Drugs Campaign by the Australian Government
to reduce youths motivation to use illicit drugs is
a good example to emulate. The development of
each phase of the campaign and resources were
informed by the formative research team which
has conducted prior qualitative and quantitative
research to explore youth attitudes towards and
behaviour in relation to illicit drugs, key drivers
and barriers to trial and identifed effective
channels to communicate with youths. Using
the information as captured in the National
Survey on Use of Medicine 2008, more relevant
campaign resources can be developed based on
the needs of Malaysian consumers.
Consumers also claimed that the advertisement
of the Know Your Medicines programme was
not widespread enough. Instead of making the
programme a government-led initiative, the
coverage of the programme could be enlarged
by engaging participation of non-governmental
organizations, private doctors, community
pharmacists and local community leaders in
villages such as FELDA settlements. All in all,
the response from the public regarding this
programme was rather encouraging. Many
have called for the programme to be held more
regularly.
6.0 LIMITATIONS
This study has several limitations. As a
convenient sampling method was utilized in this
study during distribution of questionnaire, there
are possibilities for selection bias. Random
members of the public that the researchers met
were approached to fll up the questionnaires.
The results may not be representative to the
entire population of the country of Malaysia.
The results obtained in this questionnaire survey
were based on self-reported information which
very much depends on the honesty and recall
ability of the respondents, as well as their
understanding of the questionnaire.
7.0 CONCLUSIONS
Overall, respondents have better understanding
and knowledge on the quality use of
medicines following participation in the
Know Your Medicines programme activities.
Emerging trends from the periodic mapping of
pharmaceutical use as provided by the National
Survey on the Use of Medicines should be used
to inform the programme's development and
implementation.
104
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. How to develop and implement a national drug policy. 2nd edition ed.
Geneva: WHO Press; 2001.
2. Hardon A, Hodgkin, C., Fresle, D. How to investigate the use of medicines by consumers.
Switzerland: World Health Organization and University of Amsterdam 2004.
3. Grand AL, Hogerzeil, H.V., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F.M. Intervation research in rational use of drugs: a
review. Health Policy and Planning. 1999;14(2):89-109.
4. Homedes N, Ugalde A. Review article: Patient's compliance with medical treatments in the third
world. What do we know? Health Policy and Planning. 1993;8(4):291-314.
5. Hardon AP. The use of modern pharmaceuticals in a Filipino village: Doctors' prescription and self
medication. Social Science & Medicine. 1987;25(3):277-292.
6. Del Rio MC, Prada C, Alvarez FJ. The use of medication by the Spanish population.
Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 1997;6:41-48.
7. Hempel J. California Pilot Program Creates Rx Fact Sheets, Ads to Inform Consumers. California
2004.
8. Ernst FR, Grizzle, A.J. Drug related morbidity and mortality: updating the cost of illness model. J
Am Pharm Assoc. 2001;41:192-199.
9. Aspden P, Wolcott, J.A., Bootman, J.L., Cronenwett, L.R. Preventing medication errors: quality
chasm series. Washington, DC: The national academies press; 2007.
10. Bahri S, Othman, N. H.,Ahmad Hassali, M.A., Shafe, A.A., Mohamed Ibrahim, M.I. A national
Survey on the use of medicines (NSUM) by Malaysian consumers 2008. frst ed: Pharmaceutical
Services Division, Ministry of Health; 2008.
11. Kirkpatrick CMJ, Roughead EE, Monteith GR, Tett SE. Consumer involvement in quality use of
medicines (QUM) projects-lessons from Australia. BMC Health Services Research 2005.
2005;5(75):1-7.
12. Donnelly N, Orr N, Baird H. Impacts of the 2007 NPS National Awareness Campaign: Findings
from surveys of consumers. National Medicine Symposium. National Convention Centre, Canberra,
Australia: National Prescribing Service Limited; 2008.
13. Lefebvre RC, Peterson GS, McGraw SA, et al. Community intervention to lower blood cholesterol: The
"Know Your Cholesterol" campaign in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Health Educ Q. 1986;13(2):117-
129.
14. Lu Y, Hernandez, P., Abegunde, D., Edejer, T. THE WORLD MEDICINES SITUATION 2011-MEDICINE
EXPENDITURES. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
105
15. Wutzke SE, Artist, M.A., Kehoe, L.A., Flercher, M., Mackson, J.M., Weekes, L.M. Evaluation of a
national programme to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract
infections: effects on consumer awareness, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in Australia. Health
Promotion International,. 2006;22(1):53-64.
16. Smith BJ, Ferguson, C., McKenzie, J., Bauman, A., Vita, P. Impacts from repeated mass media
campaigns to promote sun protection in Australia. Health Promotion International. 2006;17(1):51-
60.
17. Bahri S, Lai ST, Yap YW, Ching MW, Ahmad Khidzar N, Kua J. A survey on the use of medicines by
consumers in Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. International Conferences on
Improving Use of Medicines 2008.
18. (Malaysia) MOH. National Medicines Policy of Malaysia. 2nd ed 2003.
19. Frary RB. Comparative Review: Partial-credit scoring methods for multiple choice tests. Applied
Measurement in Education. 1989;2(1):79-96.
20. Rowley GL, Traub, R.E. Formula Scoring, Number-right Scoring, and Test-taking Strategy. Journal of
Educational Measurement. March 1977 1977;14(1):15-22.
21. Sample size calculator. 2004; http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html.
22. Kish L. Methods of design effects. Journal of Offcial Statistics. 1995;11(55-77).
23. Morgan TK, Williamson, M., Pirotta, M., Stewart, K., Myers, S.P., Barnes, J. A national census of
medicines use: a 24-hour snapshot of Australians aged 50 years and older. The Medical Journal
of Australia. 2012;196(1):50-53.
24. Kesselheim AS, Stedman, M.R., Bubrick, E.J., Gagne, J.J., Misono, A.S., Lee, J.L., Brookhart,M.A.,
Avorn, J., Shrank, W.H. . Seizure Outcomes Following Use of Generic vs. Brand-Name Antiepileptic
Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs. 26 March 2010 2010;70(5):605-621.
25. Oh A.L. H, M.A., Al-Haddad, M.S., Syed Sulaiman, S.A., Shafe, A.A., Awaisu, A. Public knowledge
and attitudes towards antibiotic usage: A cross-sectional study among the general public in the
state of Penang, Malaysia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 28 May 2011 2011;28(5):338-347.
26. Malaysian Poisons Regulations. Vol Regulation 12 (1), subregulation (ba) and (c).1952.
27. Gupta MC, Verma, S. DRUG USE AT THE LEVEL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES A CRITICAL
APPRAISAL. Health Administrator.19(1):8-12.
28. Jassim A. In-home Drug Storage and Self-medication with Antimicrobial Drugs in Basrah, Iraq.
Oman Medical Journal. 2010;25(2):1-9.
29. Abdo-Rabbo A, Al-Ansari, M., Gunn, B.,Suleiman, B. MEDICINE USE IN OMAN: PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE,
ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE (KAP). SQU Med J. 2009;9(2):124-131.
106
30. Amod F, Chetty, K.,Essa,A.S.,Hlela, L.,Maharaj, C., Oosthuizen, F. A Pilot Study to Determine Public
Trends in Storage and Disposal of Medicines. SA Pharmaceutical Journal. 2008;75(7):7-10.
31. Abdo-Rabbo A, Al-Ansari, M., Gunn, B.C., Suleiman, B.J. The Use of Medicines in Oman Public
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. SQU Med J. 2009;9(2):124-131.
32. FDA US. Safe Disposal of Medicines. 2012; http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/
ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/EnsuringSafeUseofMedicine/
SafeDisposalofMedicines/default.htm. Accessed 6 December 2012.
33. Persson M, Sabelstrm, E., Gunnarsson, B. Handling of unused prescription drugs knowledge,
behaviour and attitude among Swedish people. Environment International. 2009;35(5).
34. Fresle DA, Wolfheim, C. Public Education in Rational Drug Use: a Global Survey. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 1997.
107
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1: Questionnaire on Survey 1
National Survey on the Use of Medicines by Malaysian Consumers
--
State Area Identification No

MINISTRY OF HEALTH MALAYSIA
NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE USE OF MEDICINES BY MALAYSIAN CONSUMERS
Protocol No.: 9587

Date of Interview: _____/____/____ (dd/mm/yy) Questionnaire Completed Incomplete
Time of Interview: ______________ (am/pm) Status

Pengenalan:
Bahagian Perkhidmatan Farmasi, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia sedang menjalankan kajian bertajuk National Survey on the Use of Medicines
by Malaysian Consumers. Keputusan kajian ini akan membolehkan pihak berkuasa kesihatan untuk merancang strategi yang dikehendaki dalam
meningkatkan pemahaman pengguna terhadap konsep penggunaan ubat secara rasional.

Panduan mengisi borang:
1. Borang ini terdiri daripada 6 seksyen:
i. Seksyen 1: Data demografik
ii. Seksyen 2: Corak penggunaan ubat
iii. Seksyen 3: Keperolehan ubat
iv. Seksyen 4: Penilaian persepsi dan kesedaran pesakit terhadap penggunaan ubat-ubatan
v. Seksyen 5: Penilaian sumber maklumat ubat-ubatan
vi. Seksyen 6: Kesedaran terhadap kempen Kenali Ubat Anda

2. Semua pengumpul data diminta untuk mewawancara responden secara individu dan mencatat semua jawapan yang diberikan oleh
responden.

Introduction:
Pharmaceutical Services Division, Malaysia Ministry of Health is currently undertaking a research project title National Survey on the Use of
Medicines by Malaysian Consumers. The study outcomes would allow health authorities to plan necessary strategies to enhance consumers in
understanding the concept of rational use of drugs.

Guidelines to fill up the form:
1. This form consists of 6 sections:
i. Section 1:Demographic Data
ii. Section 2:Pattern of Medicine Use
iii. Section 3:Access to Medicine
iv. Section 4: Evaluation of patients perceptions and awareness on use of medicines
v. Section 5: Assessment of medicine information resources
vi. Section 6:Awareness on Know Your Medicines Campaign

2. All data collector is required to individually interview the respondent and record all the answers given by the respondent.

Sila tandakan [] pada kotak yang berkaitan dan/atau tulis jawapan pada ruang yang disediakan.
Please tick [] the appropriate box and/or write down the answer(s) at the space provided.

SEKSYEN 1: DATA DEMOGRAFIK
SECTION 1: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Kegunaan
rasmi sahaja
Official use
only

1.1
Umur
Age
1
18-24
2
25-34
3
35-44

4
45-54
5
55-

64
6
65
1.1

1.2
Jantina
Gender
1
Lelaki
2
Perempuan
Male Female
1.2

1.3
Bangsa
Ethnic Group
1
Melayu
2
Cina
3
India
4
Lain-lain
Malay Chinese Indian Others
1.3
108

NSUM Questionnaire
Muka Surat/Page 2 of 8

1.4 Tahap pendidikan
Education Level
1
Sekolah rendah
2
Sekolah menengah
Primary school Secondary school
3
Kolej/Universiti
4
Tiada pendidikan rasmi
College/University No formal education
1.4

1.5
Pekerjaan
Occupation
1
Kerajaan
2
Swasta /Bekerja sendiri
Government Private /Self-employment
3
Pesara
4
Pelajar
5
Tidak bekerja
Retired Student Unemployed
1.5

1.6
Cara tinggal
Living status
1
Sendiri
2
Keluarga
3
Bukan ahli keluarga
Alone With family With non-family
1.6

1.7
Pendapatan bulanan isi rumah
Monthly household income

1
RM500 & ke bawah/ below
2
RM501-1,000

3
RM1,001-RM1,500
4
RM1,501-RM2,000

5
RM2,001-RM2,500
6
RM2,501-RM3,000
7
RM3,001-RM3,500
8
RM3,501-RM4,000
9
RM4,001-RM4,500
10
RM4,501-RM5,000
11
>RM5,000
1.7
SEKSYEN 2: CORAK PENGGUNAAN UBAT
SECTION 2: PATTERN OF MEDICINE USE
Kegunaan
rasmi sahaja
Official use
only

2.1
Adakah ketika ini, anda mengambil
sebarang ubat untuk penyakit kronik
seperti kencing manis, darah tinggi
atau penyakit jantung?
Are you currently taking any medicine
for chronic diseases, e.g. diabetes,
hypertension or heart disease?

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
(Sila ke soalan 2.2/ Proceed to question 2.2)

(i) Jika ya, sudah berapa lama anda mengambil ubat tersebut?
If yes, how long have you been taking the medicine?

bulan/ month(s)
(Sila ke soalan 2.2/ Proceed to
question 2.2)

2.1
109

NSUM Questionnaire

2.2
Adakah ketika ini, anda mengambil persediaan seperti
berikut:
Are you currently taking the following preparations :

a. Vitamin (cth. Vitamin C, E, B12)
Vitamins (e.g. Vitamin C, E, B12)
b. Garam-galian (cth. Kalsium, zink, magnesium) dan suplemen
(cth. Glucosamine, fiber)
Minerals (e.g. Calcium, zinc, magnesium) and supplements
(e.g. Glucosamine, fiber)
c. Herba tidak diproses (cth. Daun misai kucing, akar ginseng)
Non-processed herbs (e.g.Misai kucings leaves, ginsengs
root)
d. Herba diproses (cth. Kapsul ginseng, kapsul Kacip Fatimah)
Processed herbs (e.g.Ginsengs capsule, Kacip Fatimahs
capsule)
e. Minuman Herba (cth. Minuman botol atau tin teh detox, teh
Misai Kucing, kopi Tongkat Ali)
Herbal beverages (e.g. Canned or tin detox tea drinks, Misai
Kucing tea drinks, Tongkat Ali coffee drinks)
f. Produk rawatan kecantikan berasaskan sumber herba,
suplemen, bahan kimia atau haiwan (cth. kolagen, pati
sarang burung, placenta, suntikan vitamin, botox)
Beauty care products derived from herbs, supplements,
chemicals or animals (e.g. collagen, birds nest extract,
placenta, vitamin injection, botox)

1
Ya/ Yes
1
Ya/ Yes
1
Ya/ Yes
1
Ya/ Yes
1
Ya/ Yes
1
Ya/ Yes

2
Tidak/No
2
Tidak/No
2
Tidak/No
2
Tidak/No
2
Tidak/No

2
Tidak/No

2.2

a

b

c

d

e

f

2.3

Berapakah anggaran jumlah wang yang anda
belanjakan bagi perkara-perkara berikut
sama ada untuk diri sendiri atau keluarga
dalam 3 bulan yang lepas? Jika tiada, sila isi
RM0 (kosong) dalam ruang yang disediakan.
What is the estimation of your expenditure
on the following items for either yourself or
family in the last 3 months? If none, please
put RM0 (zero) in the space provided.

a) Ubat yang diperoleh dari klinik swasta
Medicines obtained from private clinic

b) Ubat yang diperoleh dari hospital swasta
Medicines obtained from private hospital

c) Ubat yang diperoleh dari farmasi swasta
Medicines obtained from private pharmacy

d) Ubat yang diperoleh dari bukan premis
farmasi (Kedai runcit, jualan lansung dll)
Medicines obtained from non-pharmacy
Premise (Grocery shop, direct selling etc.)

2.3

a

b

c

d
SEKSYEN 3: KEPEROLEHAN UBAT
SECTION 3: ACCESS TO MEDICINE
Kegunaan
rasmi sahaja
Official use
only

3.1

Sekiranya anda mengalami masalah
kesihatan, apakah tindakan pertama yang
anda ambil? (Sila pilih SATU jawapan
sahaja)
If you experiencing any health problems,
what is the FIRST action that youll take?
(Choose ONE option only)

1
Berjumpa doktor kerajaan
Consult government doctor
2
Berjumpa doktor swasta
Consult Private doctor
3
Berjumpa ahli farmasi di Kedai Farmasi
Consult Pharmacist at Pharmacy Outlet
4
Berjumpa pengamal tradisional
Consult traditional practitioner

5
Rawatan sendiri
Self-medication
3.1
110

NSUM Questionnaire

3.2

Di manakah selalunya anda mendapatkan
ubat? (Sila pilih sehingga TIGA
lokasi/premis yang anda selalu kunjungi)
Where do you usually obtain your
medicines? (Choose up to THREE of the
locations/premises that you often visit)
1
Hospital/ Hospital
2
Klinik/ Clinic
3
Farmasi komuniti/ community pharmacy

4
Outlet perubatan tradisional
Traditional medicines outlet
5
Jualan langsung / Direct sales

6
Kedai runcit/ Grocery shop
7
Pasar malam/ Night market
8
Lain-lain, sila nyatakan/ Others, please specify
______________________________
3.2

a

b

c

SEKSYEN 4: PENILAIAN PERSEPSI DAN KESEDARAN PESAKIT TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN UBAT-UBATAN
SECTION 4: EVALUATION OF PATIENTS PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS ON THE USE OF MEDICINES
Kegunaan
rasmi sahaja
Official use
only
BAHAGIAN 1: PERSEPSI TERHADAP LABEL UBAT/
PART 1: PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS MEDICINE LABELLING

4.1.1
Setiap kali anda dibekalkan ubat, adakah anda diberikan maklumat
yang mencukupi pada label ubat anda?
(Label ubat mempunyai nama pesakit, nama dan kekuatan ubat, dos,
frekuensi, cara pengambilan ubat, nama pembekal/ premis dan tarikh
pembekalan)
Every time you are supplied with medicines, are you given
adequate information on your medicine labels?
(Medicines label includes patients name, drugs name & strength,
dosing, frequency, method of administration, supplier/ premise name
and supplied date)

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.1.1

4.1.2
Sebelum anda mengambil ubat, adakah anda membaca maklumat
pada label ubat anda?
Before taking your medicines, do you read the information on your
medicine labels?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.1.2

4.1.3
Adakah anda menghadapi kesukaran membaca label ubat yang
dibekalkan dari:
Do you have trouble reading labels for medicines supplied from the
following:
a. Hospital atau klinik kerajaan/ Government hospital/clinic
b. Hospital swasta/ Private hospital
c. Klinik swasta/ Private clinics
d. Farmasi komuniti/ Community pharmacy

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
*TB/NA-Tidak berkenaan/ Not Applicable

4.1.4

a

b

c

d
111

NSUM Questionnaire

4.1.4
Adakah anda berpuas hati dengan maklumat yang ditulis pada
label yang dibekalkan oleh:
Are you satisfied with the information written on the labels given
by:
a. Hospital atau klinik kerajaan/ Government hospital or clinic
b. Hospital swasta/ Private hospital
c. Klinik swasta/ Private clinics
d. Farmasi komuniti/ Community pharmacy

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
4.1.5

a

b

c

d

BAHAGIAN 2: KESEDARAN TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN UBAT/
PART 2: AWARENESS TOWARDS APPROPRIATE USE OF MEDICINES

4.2.1
Bolehkah anda membezakan nama ubat sama ada ianya nama bahan
aktif atau nama dagangan? (cth. Panadol dan paracetamol)
Can you differentiate between the active ingredient and brand name of
a particular medicine? (e.g. Panadol and paracetamol)

1
Ya/ Yes

2
Tidak/ No

4.2.1

4.2.2 Adakah anda faham bagaimana cara menggunakan ubat dari segi dos,
frekuensi, teknik, pemantauan kesan sampingan dan interaksi bagi
ubat-ubatan yang anda peroleh?
Do you understand the proper use of your medicines in term of dose,
frequency, method of administration, side effect monitoring and
interaction?
1
Faham sepenuhnya/
Understand
2
Kurang faham/
Partially understand
3
Tidak faham langsung/
Not understand
4.2.2

4.2.3
Adakah anda sedar akan kesan sampingan ubat anda?
Are you aware of the side effects of your medicines?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.2.3

4.2.4
Adakah anda sedar bahawa semua ubat mempunyai tarikh luput?
Are you aware that all medicines have expiry date?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.2.4

4.2.5
Adakah anda sedar bahawa terdapat ubat/makanan yang tidak boleh
diambil bersama?
Are you aware that there are medicines/ food that should not been
taken together?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.2.5

4.2.6
Adakah anda sedar bahawa terdapat ubat moden dan tradisional yang
tidak boleh diambil bersama?
Are you aware that there are some of modern and traditional
medicines should not to be taken together?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.2.6

4.2.7 Adakah anda tahu cara penyimpanan ubat yang betul?
Do you know the correct way of medicines storage?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.2.7

112

NSUM Questionnaire

4.2.8 Adakah anda tahu bahawa semua ubat perlu didaftar dengan
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia?
Do you know that all medicines have to be registered with Ministry Of
Health, Malaysia?

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
(Sila ke soalan 4.3.1/
Proceed to question
4.3.1)

(i) Jika Ya, adakah anda tahu
ketersediaan hologram Meditag untuk
memeriksa ketulenan sesuatu
produk?
If yes, do you know the availability of
Meditag hologram to check the
genuineness of the products?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.2.8

4.2.8(i)
BAHAGIAN 3: PENILAIAN KEPATUHAN PESAKIT TERHADAP UBAT-UBATAN/
PART 3: ASSESSMENT TOWARDS MEDICATION COMPLIANCE

4.3.1
Pernahkah anda lupa untuk mengambil ubat seperti diarahkan?
Have you ever forgotten to take a prescribed medicine as indicated?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.3.1

4.3.2
Pernahkah anda memilih untuk tidak mengambil ubat yang dipreskrib?
Have you ever chosen not to take a prescribed medicine?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.3.2

4.3.3
Pernahkah anda berkongsi ubat dengan orang lain?
Have you ever shared any medicine with others?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
4.3.3

SEKSYEN 5: PENILAIAN SUMBER MAKLUMAT UBAT-UBATAN
SECTION 5: ASSESSMENT OF MEDICINE INFORMATION RESOURCES

Kegunaan
rasmi sahaja
Official use
only

5.1

Sekiranya terdapat kemusykilan tentang ubat, siapakah
orang PERTAMA yang anda rujuk?
If you have any concerns about medicines, who will be the
FIRST person that you consult?
1
Doktor/ Doctor
2
Ahli farmasi/ Pharmacist
3
Jururawat/ Nurse
4
Pemb. Perubatan/ Medical Assistant
5
Rakan atau jiran/ Friends or neighbor
6
Ahli keluarga/ Family member
9
Tidak Berkenaan/ Not Applicable
3.1

5.2
Adakah mudah untuk mendapatkan maklumat ubat
daripada:
Is it easy to obtain medicine information from:

a. Doktor kerajaan?/ Government doctor?
b. Doktor swasta?/ Private doctor?
c. Ahli Farmasi kerajaan?/ Government pharmacist?
d. Ahli farmasi komuniti?/ Community pharmacist?

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
4.1.5

a
b
c
d
113

NSUM Questionnaire

5.3 Nyatakan kekerapan anda mendapatkan maklumat ubat
dari sumber berikut:
How often do you obtain medicines information from:
a. Media cetak (majalah, suratkhabar)/ Printed materials
(magazines, newspapers)
b. Internet/ Internet
c. Siaran informasi dan hiburan (TV, radio)/ Common
information and entertainment channels (TV, radio)
d. Pengamal perubatan moden (doktor, ahli farmasi,
jururawat)/Modern healthcare professionals (doctors,
pharmacists, nurses)
e. Pengamal perubatan tradisional dan komplementari
(bomoh, sinseh) /Traditional and complimentary
practitioners (shaman, sinseh)
f. Rakan, ahli keluarga dan jiran/ Friends, family and
neighbours

1
Selalu
2
Jarang
9
Tidak pernah
Often Seldom Never
1
Selalu
2
Jarang
9
Tidak pernah
Often Seldom Never
1
Selalu
2
Jarang
9
Tidak pernah
Often Seldom Never
1
Selalu
2
Jarang
9
Tidak pernah
Often Seldom Never
1
Selalu
2
Jarang
9
Tidak pernah
Often Seldom Never
1
Selalu
2
Jarang
9
Tidak pernah
Often Seldom Never
5.3

a

b

c

d

e

5.4 Adakah anda memerlukan maklumat ubat secara bertulis?
Do you need written medicine information?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
5.4

5.5 Dengan pengetahuan ubat anda yang sedia ada, adakah
anda memerlukan kaunseling tambahan daripada ahli
farmasi?
With your current knowledge on medicines, do you require
additional counseling from your pharmacist?
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
5.5

SEKSYEN 6: KESEDARAN TERHADAP KEMPEN KENALI UBAT ANDA
SECTION 6: AWARENESS ON KNOW YOUR MEDICINE CAMPAIGN
Kegunaan
rasmi sahaja
Official use
only

6.1
Adakah anda sedar tentang Kempen Kenali Ubat Anda
yang dianjurkan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia?
Are you aware of Know Your Medicine Campaign
organized by Ministry Of Health (MOH)?
1
Ya/ Yes
i. Jika Ya, sila ke soalan
seterusnya
If Yes, please proceed to the
next questions

2
Tidak/ No
Jika Tidak, sesi.tamat
If No, end of session
6.1

6.2
Di manakah anda mendapatkan maklumat berkenaan
kempen tersebut?
Where do you get the information about the campaign?

a. Iklan dari siaran informasi dan hiburan (TV, radio dll) /
Advertisement from common information and
entertainment channels (TV, radio etc.)
b. Ahli keluarga/ Saudara/ Rakan/ Jiran
Family/Relatives/Friends/ Neighbours
c. Sepanduk dan papan iklan jalanan
Road banner and billboard
d. Internet
Internet
e. Risalah dan maklumat dari fasiliti kesihatan
Brochure and information from health facilities
f. Lain-lain, sila nyatakan ________________
Others, please specify __________________

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA
6.2

a
b
c
d
e
f

114

NSUM Questionnaire

6.3

Pernahkah anda menghadiri sebarang aktiviti kempen?
Have you attended any of the campaigns activities?

1
Ya/Yes
2
Tidak/No
9
TB/NA
Jika Tidak, sesi tamat/
If No, end of session

Jika Ya, apakah bentuk aktiviti yang dihadiri?
If Yes, what kind of activity(ies) you have attended?
a. Ceramah/ Talk
1

b. Pameran/ Exhibition
1

c. Jerayawara/ Roadshow
1

6.3

6.3a
6.3b
6.3c

6.4 Bagaimana tahap kepuasan anda terhadap kempen ini?
How satisfied are you with the campaign?
1
Sangat berpuas hati/Very Satisfied
2
Berpuas hati/ Satisfied
3
Sama ada berpuas hati mahupun Tidak berpuas
hati/ Neither
4
Tidak berpuas hati/Not Satisfied
5
Sangat tidak berpuas hati/Very Not Satisfied
9
TB/NA


6.4

6.5
Sebagai pengguna ubat, adakah anda fikir kempen ini
bermanfaat kepada anda?
As a consumer of medicines, do you think the campaign is
beneficial to you?

1
Ya/ Yes
2
Tidak/ No
9
TB/NA

6.5

KEBENARAN DARI PESAKIT
Saya telah diterangkan dengan jelas tentang kajian ini dan telah diberi peluang untuk menanyakan sebarang soalan.
Saya memahami dan menerima semua jawapan yang telah diberikan.

CONSENT BY PARTICIPANT
I have been clearly explained about this study and was given the opportunity to ask any questions.
I understand and accept all the answers given.

______________________ ___________
Tandatangan Peserta Kajian Tarikh
Signature of Study Participant Date

Temubual Tamat End of Interview:
Masa tamat temubual:
Time at end of interview pg/ptg am/pm
115
Appendix 2: Questionnaire on Survey 2 (Pre-Study)
Quality Use of Medicine Consumer Campaign Effectiveness Study (Pre)
1

KENALI UBAT ANDA

ANJURAN
BAHAGIAN PERKHIDMATAN FARMASI
KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA

KAJIAN KEBERKESANAN KEMPEN PENGGUNAAN UBAT BERKUALITI-PENGGUNA
QUALITY USE OF MEDICINE CONSUMER CAMPAIGN EFFECTIVENESS STUDY

NAMA PROGRAM/AKTIVITI /
PROGRAMME NAME / ACTIVITY :
TARIKH / DATE :
TEMPAT / VENUE :

A. Data Demografik / Demographic Data

B. Maklumat Am /General Information

Pernahkah anda mengikuti kempen
sebegini sebelum ini ?
Have you ever attended such campaign
before?

Ya / Yes Tidak / No

Jika YA, sila nyatakan program yang pernah diikuti / If YES, please state
the programme that you attended:

Pameran /
Exhibition
Lain-lain / Others :
(sila nyatakan / pleasa state)

Ceramah /
Talk ----------------------------------------------------

C. Pengetahuan berkenaan penggunaan ubat / Knowledge on medicine use
(Sila jawab semua soalan dibawah / Please answer all the following questions)

Bil./
No
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer
Kegunaan
Urusetia
For Official Use
1 Ubat ialah / Medicine is a?
a. Bahan yang digunakan untuk merawat penyakit /
Substance used to treat diseases

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
B

S

b. Bahan yang digunakan untuk mencegah penyakit /
Substance used to prevent diseases

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
c. Bahan yang digunakan untuk mengawal penyakit /
Substance used to control diseases

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
Nama / Name No kad pengenalan/ IC

Umur / Age
18 - 24 45 - 54
25 - 34 55 - 64
35 - 44 65
Jantina / Gender

Lelaki / Male
Perempuan / Female
Bangsa / Ethnic group

Melayu
/ Malay
India /
Indian

Cina /
Chinese
Lain-lain /
Others
Pekerjaan / Occupation

Badan kerajaan
/ Government
Pesara /
Retired

Badan swasta /
Bekerja sendiri
Pelajar /
Student

Private/ Self-
employed
Tidak bekerja
/ Unemployed
Cara Tinggal / Living status

Berseorangan / Alone

Bersama keluarga /
With family

Bersama bukan keluarga/
With non-family
Tahap pendidikan / Education level

Sekolah rendah /Primary

Sekolah menengah /
Secondary

Kolej/Universiti /
University / College

Tiada pendidikan formal /
No formal education
KEGUNAAN URUSETIA
FOR OFFICIAL USE
Nombor Siri / Serial Number

Pengiraan skor (Score) B S J
Pre (sebelum program)
Pre programme

PRE
116
2

2 Adakah anda tahu / Do you know?
a. Nama generik ubat / Generic name of a medicine
Contoh / Example : - Paracetamol

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Nama dagang atau jenama ubat / Brand or Trade name
of a medicine
Contoh / Example : - Panadol

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Anda perlu membaca label ubat sebelum mengambil
sebarang ubat ?
You should read the label before taking any medicine?

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Setiap ubat perlu didaftar dengan Kementerian
Kesihatan Malaysia?
All medicines should be registered with the Malaysian
Ministry of Health?

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
3
Apakah penggunaan ubat secara berkualiti / What is quality use of medicine?
a.
Ubat yang BETUL / RIGHT medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b.
Dos yang BETUL / RIGHT dose

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c.
Masa pengambilan yang BETUL /
RIGHT administration time

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
4 Apakah hak anda sebagai pengguna ubat-ubatan / What are your rights as a medicine consumer?
a. Hak untuk mengetahui nama ubat /
Rights to know the name of the medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Hak untuk mendapat maklumat tentang kegunaan ubat /
Rights to obtain information on the indication of the
medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Hak untuk mendapat maklumat tentang cara
pengambilan ubat / Rights to obtain the information on
how to take the medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Hak untuk mendapat ubat yang dilabel dengan betul /
Rights to obtain correctly labeled medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
e. Hak untuk mendapat maklumat tentang keselamatan
ubat dan interaksi ubat yang dibekalkan / Rights to
obtain the information on safety and interaction of
medicine supplied.

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
5 Apakah itu UBAT TERKAWAL / What is a CONTROLLED MEDICINE?
a. Ubat yang boleh diperolehi daripada doktor perubatan /
A medicine which can be obtained from medical
doctors

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
B

S

b. Ubat yang boleh diperolehi daripada ahli farmasi /
A medicine which can be obtained from pharmacists

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
c. Ubat yang boleh diperolehi daripada pengamal
perubatan tradisional / A medicine which can be
obtained from traditional medicine practitioners

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
6
Di manakah sepatutnya anda memperolehi UBAT TERKAWAL ? /
Where you should obtain CONTROLLED MEDICINE?
a. Klinik / Hospital kerajaan / Government clinic /
hospital

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Klinik / Hospital swasta / Private clinic / hospital

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Farmasi komuniti / Community pharmacy

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
117
3

d. Toko ubat / Kedai sinseh / Traditional medicine outlet /
Chinese medicine hall

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
e. Kedai runcit / Grocery shop

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
f. Pasar malam/ Night market

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
g. Internet / Internet

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
7 Di manakah ubat sepatutnya disimpan / Where should you store your medicine?
a. Di dalam bilik air / In the bathroom

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Di tempat yang jauh dari cahaya matahari dan haba /
Away from sunlight and heat

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Di tempat yang mudah diambil oleh kanak-kanak /
In places reachable to children

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Disimpan dalam kereta / In the car

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
8
Bagaimanakah cara pelupusan ubat yang telah rosak atau melepasi tarikh luput? /
How do you dispose damaged or expired medicine?
a. Buang dalam tong sampah / Throw into the rubbish bin

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Buang dalam tandas / Flush down the toilet

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Bakar / Burn

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Tanam / Bury

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
e. Diserahkan ke kedai farmasi, klinik atau hospital yang
berdekatan / Return to the nearest pharmacy, clinic or
hospital

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No

Terima kasih kerana meluangkan masa untuk menjawab soalan ini
Thank you for your time in answering the questions
118
Appendix 3: Questionnaire on Survey 2 (Post-study)
Quality Use of Medicine Consumer Campaign Effectiveness Study (Post)
1

KENALI UBAT ANDA

ANJURAN
BAHAGIAN PERKHIDMATAN FARMASI
KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA

KAJIAN KEBERKESANAN KEMPEN PENGGUNAAN UBAT BERKUALITI-PENGGUNA
QUALITY USE OF MEDICINE CONSUMER CAMPAIGN EFFECTIVENESS STUDY

NAMA PROGRAM/AKTIVITI /
PROGRAMME NAME / ACTIVITY :
TARIKH / DATE :
TEMPAT / VENUE :

A. Data Demografik / Demographic Data

B. Pengetahuan berkenaan penggunaan ubat / Knowledge on medicine use
(Sila jawab semua soalan dibawah / Please answer all the following questions)

Bil./
No
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer
Kegunaan
Urusetia
For Official Use
1 Ubat ialah / Medicine is a?
a. Bahan yang digunakan untuk merawat penyakit /
Substance used to treat diseases

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
B

S

b. Bahan yang digunakan untuk mencegah penyakit /
Substance used to prevent diseases

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
c. Bahan yang digunakan untuk mengawal penyakit /
Substance used to control diseases

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
2 Adakah anda tahu / Do you know?
a. Nama generik ubat / Generic name of a medicine
Contoh / Example : - Paracetamol

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Nama dagang atau jenama ubat / Brand or Trade name
of a medicine
Contoh / Example : - Panadol

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
Nama / Name No kad pengenalan/ IC

Umur / Age

18 - 24 45 - 54
25 - 34 55 - 64
35 - 44 > 64
Jantina / Gender

Lelaki / Male
Perempuan / Female
Bangsa / Ethnic group

Melayu
/ Malay
India /
Indian

Cina /
Chinese
Lain-lain /
Others
Pekerjaan / Occupation

Badan kerajaan
/ Government
Pesara /
Retired

Badan swasta /
Bekerja sendiri
Pelajar /
Student

Private/ Self-
employed
Tidak bekerja
/ Unemployed
Cara Tinggal / Living status

Berseorangan / Alone

Bersama keluarga /
With family

Bersama bukan keluarga/
With non-family
Tahap pendidikan / Education level

Sekolah rendah /Primary

Sekolah menengah /
Secondary

Kolej/Universiti /
University / College

Tiada pendidikan formal /
No formal education
KEGUNAAN URUSETIA
FOR OFFICIAL USE
Nombor Siri / Serial Number

Pengiraan skor (Score) B S J
Pre (sebelum program)
Pre programme

Post (selepas program)
Post programme

POST
119
2

c. Anda perlu membaca label ubat sebelum mengambil
sebarang ubat ?
You should read the label before taking any medicine?

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Setiap ubat perlu didaftar dengan Kementerian
Kesihatan Malaysia?
All medicines should be registered with the Malaysian
Ministry of Health?

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
3
Apakah penggunaan ubat secara berkualiti / What is quality use of medicine?
a.
Ubat yang BETUL / RIGHT medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b.
Dos yang BETUL / RIGHT dose

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c.
Masa pengambilan yang BETUL /
RIGHT administration time

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
4 Apakah hak anda sebagai pengguna ubat-ubatan / What are your rights as a medicine consumer?
a. Hak untuk mengetahui nama ubat /
Rights to know the name of the medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Hak untuk mendapat maklumat tentang kegunaan ubat /
Rights to obtain information on the indication of the
medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Hak untuk mendapat maklumat tentang cara
pengambilan ubat / Rights to obtain the information on
how to take the medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Hak untuk mendapat ubat yang dilabel dengan betul /
Rights to obtain correctly labeled medicine

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
e. Hak untuk mendapat maklumat tentang keselamatan
ubat dan interaksi ubat yang dibekalkan / Rights to
obtain the information on safety and interaction of
medicine supplied.

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
5 Apakah itu UBAT TERKAWAL / What is a CONTROLLED MEDICINE?
a. Ubat yang boleh diperolehi daripada doktor perubatan /
A medicine which can be obtained from medical
doctors

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
B

S

b. Ubat yang boleh diperolehi daripada ahli farmasi /
A medicine which can be obtained from pharmacists

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
c. Ubat yang boleh diperolehi daripada pengamal
perubatan tradisional / A medicine which can be
obtained from traditional medicine practitioners

Betul /
Right
Salah /
Wrong
6
Di manakah sepatutnya anda memperolehi UBAT TERKAWAL ? /
Where you should obtain CONTROLLED MEDICINE?
a. Klinik / Hospital kerajaan / Government clinic /
hospital

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Klinik / Hospital swasta / Private clinic / hospital

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Farmasi komuniti / Community pharmacy

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Toko ubat / Kedai sinseh / Traditional medicine outlet /
Chinese medicine hall

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
e. Kedai runcit / Grocery shop

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
f. Pasar malam/ Night market

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
120
3

g. Internet / Internet

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
7 Di manakah ubat sepatutnya disimpan / Where should you store your medicine?
a. Di dalam bilik air / In the bathroom

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Di tempat yang jauh dari cahaya matahari dan haba /
Away from sunlight and heat

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Di tempat yang mudah diambil oleh kanak-kanak /
In places reachable to children

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Disimpan dalam kereta / In the car

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
8
Bagaimanakah cara pelupusan ubat yang telah rosak atau melepasi tarikh luput? /
How do you dispose damaged or expired medicine?
a. Buang dalam tong sampah / Throw into the rubbish bin

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
B

S

b. Buang dalam tandas / Flush down the toilet

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
c. Bakar / Burn

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
d. Tanam / Bury

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No
e. Diserahkan ke kedai farmasi, klinik atau hospital yang
berdekatan / Return to the nearest pharmacy, clinic or
hospital

Ya /
Yes
Tidak /
No

C. Ulasan / Cadangan memperbaiki kempen (Sila nyatakan)
Comments / Suggestions to improve the campaign (please specify)

....................

Adakah anda berminat untuk mendapatkan maklumat lanjut berkenaan kempen penggunaan ubat berkualiti?
Are you interested in getting more information about the campaign-quality use of medicines?
Jika ya, sila isi maklumat di bawah: / If yes, please fill in the information below:
Alamat emel/ Email address: _______________________________________________
Atau/ Or
Layari laman web kami di www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my
Surf our website at www.knowyourmedicines.gov.my

Terima kasih kerana meluangkan masa untuk menjawab soalan ini
Thank you for your time in answering the questions

Book - National Survey Use Medicines 2.12 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Book - National Survey Use Medicines 2.12 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

A NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE USE

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen