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,
[346]
or the oxide sulfate
Te
2
O
3
(SO
4
).
[347]
It dissolves in boiling alkalis, to give
the tellurite and telluride: 3 Te + 6 KOH = K
2
TeO
3
+ 2
K
2
Te + 3 H
2
O, a reaction that proceeds or is reversible
with increasing or decreasing temperature.
[348]
Tellurium, described by Dmitri Mendeleev as forming a transition
between metals and nonmetals
[342]
At higher temperatures tellurium is suciently plastic to
extrude.
[349]
It melts at 449.51 C. Crystalline tellurium
has a structure consisting of parallel innite spiral chains.
The bonding between adjacent atoms in a chain is cova-
lent, but there is evidence of a weak metallic interaction
between the neighbouring atoms of dierent chains.
[350]
Tellurium is a semiconductor with an electrical conduc-
tivity of around 1.0 Scm
1[351]
and a band gap of 0.32 to
0.38 eV.
[352]
Liquid tellurium is a semiconductor, with
an electrical conductivity, on melting, of around 1.9
10
3
Scm
1[352]
Superheated liquid tellurium is a metal-
lic conductor.
[353]
Most of the chemistry of tellurium is characteristic
of a nonmetal.
[354]
It can form alloys with aluminium,
silver and tin.
[355]
Tellurium shows fewer tendencies to
anionic behaviour than ordinary nonmetals.
[278]
Its so-
lution chemistry is characterised by the formation of
oxyanions.
[279]
Tellurium generally forms compounds in
which it has an oxidation state of 2, +4 or +6. The
+4 state is the most stable.
[344]
Tellurides of compo-
sition XxTey are easily formed with most other ele-
ments and represent the most common tellurium miner-
als. Nonstoichiometry is pervasive, especially with transi-
tion metals. Many tellurides can be regarded as metallic
alloys.
[356]
The increase in metallic character evident in
tellurium, as compared to the lighter chalcogens, is fur-
ther reected in the reported formation of various other
oxyacid salts, such as a basic selenate 2TeO
2
SeO
3
and an
analogous perchlorate and periodate 2TeO
2
HXO
4
.
[357]
Tellurium forms a polymeric,
[259]
amphoteric,
[340]
glass-
forming oxide
[261]
TeO
2
. The latter is a conditional
glass-forming oxideit forms a glass with a very small
amount of additive.
[261]
Tellurium has an extensive
organometallic chemistry (see organotellurium chem-
istry).
[358]
7.2 Aluminium 11
7 Elements less commonly recog-
nised as metalloids
7.1 Carbon
Main article: Carbon
Carbon is ordinarily classied as a nonmetal
[360]
but
Carbon (as graphite). Delocalized valence electrons within the
layers of graphite give it a metallic appearance.
[359]
has some metallic properties and is occasionally clas-
sied as a metalloid.
[361]
Hexagonal graphitic carbon
(graphite) is the most thermodynamically stable allotrope
of carbon under ambient conditions.
[362]
It has a lus-
trous appearance
[363]
and is a fairly good electrical
conductor.
[364]
Graphite has a layered structure. Each
layer comprises carbon atoms bonded to three other car-
bon atoms in a honeycomb lattice arrangement. The lay-
ers are stacked together and held loosely by van der Waals
forces and delocalized valence electrons.
[365]
Like a metal, the conductivity of graphite in the di-
rection of its planes decreases as the temperature is
raised;
[366][n 33]
it has the electronic band structure of
a semimetal.
[366]
The allotropes of carbon, includ-
ing graphite, can accept foreign atoms or compounds
into their structures via substitution, intercalation or
doping. The resulting materials are referred to as car-
bon alloys.
[370]
Carbon can form ionic salts, including a
hydrogen sulfate, perchlorate, and nitrate (C+
24X