11 March 2011

1
Power Transmission / Distribution
- Electric power can be transmitted from one place to other with the help of conductor
cable, but in doing so some of the electrical power is lost when it is transmitted to
long distance
- Transmission and distribution is designed for minimum loss (less than 10%)
- At the same time it is also important to keep the costs low.
All the conductors have some resistance to the flow of electric current. This itself
show the voltage drop across the length of the conductor.
V
drop
= I x R
"V" drop is depends on:
1. Type of cable material
2. Cross-sectional area of the cable
3. Length of the cable
Most commonly used conducting materials are:
- Copper
- Aluminum
ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforce)
ACSR Cable (Typical specification)
Conductor
Current rating
(amp)
Resistance
()/km)
Weight
(kg/km)
Squirrel 76 1.374 85
Gopher 85 1.089 106
Weasel 95 0.9047 127.7
Rabbit 135 0.5404 213.6
Dog 205 0.2722 394
Aluminum Cable
Conductor
Current
rating
(amp)
Resistance
(/km)
4mm
2
23 7.15
6mm
2
30 4.76
10mm
2
40 2.86
16mm
2
51 1.78
25mm
2
70 1.14
)
2
(
) / (
* 4 . 18
mm
km
A
K
R ~ O
K=1 for copper
k= 1.6 for aluminum
k=10 for steel 1
Ex.: A village is 1.5 km away from the powerhouse. Rabbit cable is used to
transmit 5kW power to the village in single phase. Assuming purely
resistive load, pf. =1.Find the followings:
1. Voltage drop in the cable.
2. Voltage in village, if voltage at Powerhouse is 230 volt
3. What is the % of voltage drop ?
The current necessary to transmit 5kW of power, I = P/V = 5000/230 = 21.74 Amp
From the table, Rabbit conductor has a resistance of 0.5404 / km
Resistance of the whole cable = 2 * 1.5 (km) * 0.5404 (/km) = 1.62
i. Voltage drop, V
drop
= I * R = 21.74 (Amp) * 1.62 () = 35.22 Volts
ii. Voltage in the village = Voltage in PH - V
drop
= 230 - 35.22 = 194.78 Volts
iii. % of voltage drop = (35.22/230)*100 = 15.3 %
Since, V
drop
is too high more than 10%, means chosen Rabbit cable is too thin. Take
bigger size cable say Dog and repeat the above calculation:
From the table, Dog conductor has a resistance of 0.2722 / km
Resistance of the whole cable = 2 * 1.5 (km) * 0.2722 (/km) = 0.82
i. Voltage drop, Vdrop = I * R = 21.74 (Amp) * 0.82 () = 17.83 Volts
ii. Voltage in the village = Voltage in PH - Vdrop = 230 17.83 = 212.17 Volts
iii. % of voltage drop = (17.83/230)*100 = 7.75 % 2
11 March 2011
2


Three-Phase
V
V
V
V
R Y B
Single-Phase
Three identical winding are putting out 3 voltage waveform at 120
0
apart.
Single winding single voltage waveform
V = Phase voltage
I = Phase Current
Power = V.I. Cos
V
P
= Phase voltage
V
L
= Line voltage
V
L
= 3 . V
P
I
P
= Phase Current
I
L
= Line Current
I
L
= 3 . I
P
Power = 3. V
P
. I
P
.pf = 3.V
L
.I
L
.pf
Power = P
(R)
+ P
(Y)
+ P
(B)
If three phase are balanced
If three phase are unbalanced
3
3 Phase Load (Motor)
~
~ ~
R (Red)
N (Neutral)
Y (Yellow)
B (Blue)
V
R-N
V
Y-N
V
B-N
3 Phase Generator
Single Phase Loads
Ex. On a 3 phase panel board, following reading are taken:
V
R
= 218 V I
R
= 15 A
V
Y
= 215 V I
Y
= 16 A
V
B
= 220 V I
B
= 15 A
Find the total power output of a generator assuming loads of
unity power factor (p.f.=1)
Power of the individual phase
P
R
= V
R
.I
R
. Cos = 218*15*1= 3270 W
P
Y
= V
Y
.I
Y
. Cos = 215*16*1= 3440 W
P
B
= V
B
.I
B
. Cos = 220*15*1= 3300 W
Total power = P
R
+P
Y
+P
B
= 3270+3440+3300=10010 W
Three phase supply system/ Load system :
4
11 March 2011
3
Z
I
P
I
P
I
P
I
B
I
Y
I
R R
Y
B
Delta Connected balanced load
V
P
=V
L
Line voltage = V
L
Phase voltage, V
P
=

Phase Current, I
P
= Line Current, I
L
Power drawn, P = 3.V
L
.I
L
.Cos
V
L
3
Line Voltage = V
L
Phase Voltage, V
P
= Line Voltage, V
L

Phase Current, I
P
=


Power drawn, P = 3.V
L
.I
L
.Cos
I
L
3
Three phase star (Y) connected and Delta () connected Loads.
For balanced Loads: I
N
= 0
V
R-N
= V
Y-N
= V
B-N
= V
P
V
R-Y
= V
Y-B
= V
B-R
= V
L
I
L
= I
P
Star Connected balanced load
Z
I
R
I
B
I
Y
I
P
I
P
I
P
R

N

Y

B

V
P
I
N
For balanced Loads:
I
R
= I
Y
= I
B
= I
L
I
R-Y
= I
Y-B
= I
B-R
= I
P
V
L
= V
P
5
V
L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
kW-km
% V
drop

Single Phase
(220 Volts)
(Unity power factor)
ACSR Cable Selection Chart
6
11 March 2011
4
4 8 12 16
20
24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
kW-km
% V
drop

Three Phase
(380/220 Volts)
(Unity power factor)
ACSR Cable Selection Chart
7
30 50
70
90 110 130 150 170
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
kW-km
% V
drop

Three Phase
(1 KV)
(Unity power factor)
ACSR Cable Selection Chart
8
11 March 2011
5
Ex.: 5 kW of power (at pf=1) has to be transmitted from the power house to a village
1.8 km away from the PH. The maximum allowable Voltage drop is 10%.
1. Using single phase transmission, what size cable will be required to transmit
this power ? How much conductor will be needed ?
2. What size cable will be required to transmit this power in three phase (4-wire
system configuration) ? How much conductor will be needed ?
km - kW 9 km 1.8 * kW 5 product distance and Power = =
drop V 10% give will conductor Dog phase) single (for graph the From A
kg 1418.4 (kg/km) 394 * (km) 3.6 cable (Dog) the of Weight
table the From
= =
km - kW 9 km 1.8 * kW 5 product distance and Power = =
drop V 9.5% give will conductor Squirrel phase) (three graph the From A
km 3.6 2 * .8 1 conductor of length Total = =
km 7.2 4 * .8 1 conductor of length Total = =
kg 12 6 (kg/km) 85 * (km) 7.2 cable (Squirrel) the of Weight
table the From
= =
1. Single Phase







2. Three Phase






9
Example:
If 30 kW, 3-phase of power is to be transmitted 2 km away from PH. What
size conductor would be required to keep the voltage drop within 10% if the
transmission is done at 1000 V line voltage ?
% 5 . 6 100 *
3 . 577
7 . 37
V %
V 37.7 2.178 * 17.3 R * I V phase, per drop Voltage
2.178 /km) ( 1.089 * (km) 2 R , Resistance
used, is conductor Gopher If
Amp. 3 . 17
3 . 577 * 3
1000 * 30
I phase, per Current
3 . 577
3
1000
V voltage, line 1000V at phase per Voltage
drop
drop
ph
ph
= =
= = =
O = O =
= |
.
|

\
|
=
= = V
Check for the Result using the graph for 3 phase; 1 kV
Transmission system.
10
11 March 2011
6
Resistance and Reactance of a Conductor
11
drop
V drop, Voltage of (%) allowable Decide : 1 Step
condition) for worse 5 . 0 pf (Take pf for Estimate : 2 ~ Step
3
3 2 1
* * : 3 s s s S spacing, Conductor Effective Find Step =
7/4.9) (say table the from size, conductor the uess : 4 G Step
) L * /km ( Resistance the Find : 5
km table) (From
O Step
) f.L . 2. (X X Reactance, Inductive Find : 6
(H) L L
t = Step
phase) per (H 10 * log * 46 5 ( *
8
) 10 ( length trans. effective ) (

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
r
s
L L
H
) ( Z Impedence, Find : 7
2
)
2
L
X R Z Step + =
) * ( drop Voltage Find : 8
drop
Z I V Step =

drop voltage of % allowable for heck : 9
process) repeat the and cable size bigger the chose more, is
drop
V % (If
C Step
For conductor spacing 0.3m
s
1
=0.3m
s
2
=0.3m
s
3
=0.6m
7 strand cable
Calculation of Voltage drop using Equations
Conductor Size & Resistance
Nominal
Area
(mm
2
)
Size
notation

Resistance
(O/km)
22 7/2.06 1.227
30 7/2.44 0.875
35 7/2.59 0.777
40 7/2.79 0.669
60 7/3.40 0.450
70 7/3.66 0.389
75 7/3.79 0.365
90 7/4.18 0.300
100 7/4.29 0.270
125 7/4.90 0.217
12
11 March 2011
7
A factory requiring 50KW, 3-phase, 380V, 50Hz, power to be supplied by a MHP
plant. The PH is 550 m away from the factory. The worse pf is estimated to be of
pf=0.6. The maximum voltage that can a generator produce is 420 V.
Find the size of the conductor mm
2
, If aluminum conductor is to be used and
corresponding Power loss in the conductor.
9.5% ~ V 40 380 420 = =
drop
V Allowable
6 . 0 = pf
m 0.3 spacing Conductor Assuming =
cable)] (7/4.9 table the [from 125mm Conductor of size the ssuming
2
= A
O O = = = 119 . 0 55 . 0 * 217 . 0 * / Length km R
4 8
10
8
10
10 * 6 . 4 10 *
00735 . 0
378 . 0
log * 46 5 ( * 550
10 * log * 46 5 ( *

= |
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
r
s
Length L
H
378 . 0 6 . 0 * 3 . 0 * 3 . 0 * *
3
3
3 2 1
= = = s s s s
m strand r 00735 . 0 35 . 7 3 *
2
4.9
3 * radius = = = =
s
3
s
1
s
2
13
/phase 144 . 0 10 * 6 . 4 * 50 * * 2 * * * 2
4
O = = =

t t L f X
L
phase per 0.186 0.119 0.144
2 2 2 2
O = + = + = R X Z
L
V 35 . 21 78 . 114 * 186 . 0 * phase) ( = = = I Z per V
drop
V 98 . 36 3 * 35 . 21 3 * ) ( ) ( = = = phase V line V
drop drop
watt R I P
loss
1568 119 . 0 * 78 . 114 * phase per
2 2
= = =
V V V V
drop
383 98 . 36 420
supply site at
= = =
Amp 78 . 114
6 . 0 * ) 3 / 420 ( * 3
50000
* * 3
, = = =
pf V
P
I Current
watts P Total
loss
4704 1568 * 3 = =
14
11 March 2011
8
Resistance and Reactance of a Conductor
15
Transmission & Distribution System
Line Configuration
Single Phase 2-wire system
Power consume by single phase load
| cos * *I V P =
Voltage drop
I x r L V
drop
* ) sin * cos * ( * * 2 | | + =
Voltage drop on each phase
I x r L V
drop
* ) sin * cos * ( * | | + =
Power consume by each phase load
| cos * *
3
I V
P
P
ph ph
= =
Three Phase 4-wire system
Voltage drop on each phase
I x r L V
drop
* ) sin * cos * ( * * 3 | | + =
Power consume by each phase load
| cos * *
3
ph ph
I V
P
P = =
Three Phase 3-wire system
16
11 March 2011
9
17
Example:
A 21 mm
2
ACSR line with a spacing of 0.30 m is used to bring power 500 m from
the power house to a load of 3 kW with a power factor of 0.95, resistance (r) = 1.41
ohm/km and reactance (x) = 0.32 ohm/km. What is the percent voltage drop with
following transmission line systems;
a. Single phase 2-wire system
b. Three phase 4 wire system (per phase)

p.f. = 0.95 = Cos 18
0

Sin 18
0
=0.31
V I x r L V
drop
75 . 19 73 . 13 * ) 31 . 0 * 32 . 0 95 . 0 * 41 . 1 ( * 5 . 0 * 2 * ) sin * cos * ( * * 2 = + = + = | |
Amp
pf V
P
I 73 . 13
95 . 0 * 230
1000 * 3
*
= = =
% 58 . 8 100 *
230
75 . 19
100 * % = = =
V
V
V
drop
drop
a. Single phase 2-wire system
b. Three phase 4- wire system (per phase)
V I x r L V
drop
29 . 3 58 . 4 * ) 31 . 0 * 32 . 0 95 . 0 * 41 . 1 ( * 5 . 0 * ) sin * cos * ( * = + = + = | |
Amp
pf V
P
I 58 . 4
95 . 0 * 230 * 3
1000 * 3
*
= = =
% 43 . 1 100 *
230
29 . 3
100 * % = = =
V
V
V
drop
drop
A 10 kW power at a pf=0.8 is being transmitted over a transmission line whose
resistance is given as (Z=0.3 +J*0.1). Find the voltage drop. What would be the
voltage drop if pf is unity
A
V
Power True
TC Current True 45 . 45
220
10000
) ( = = =
A
pf
TC
AC Current Apparent 81 . 56
8 . 0
45 . 45
) ( = = =
A AC RC Current active 34 6 . 0 * 81 . 56 sin * ) ( Re = = u =
) 34 * 45 . 45 ( j I + =
17.96V
) 1 . 0 3 . 0 ( * ) 34 45 . 45 (
) 1 . 0 * 3 . 0 mod( * ) 34 * 45 . 45 mod(
). mod( * ) mod(
2 2 2 2
=
+ + =
+ + =
=
j j
Z I V
drop
14.36V
) 1 . 0 3 . 0 ( * ) 45 . 45 (
) 1 . 0 * 3 . 0 mod( * ) 45 . 45 mod(
). mod( * ) mod(
2 2 2
=
+ =
+ =
=
j
Z I V
drop
V
drop
when pf=0.8
V
drop
when pf=1
18
11 March 2011
10
Volts = 230 V
Conductor spacing = 0.3 m
Frequency = 50 Hz
Decide the % V
drop
Find the kW-m, as per system and load configuration shown in above table
With known value of kW-m draw vertical line to meet the line of % drop
Draw horizontal line to fine area of conductor (left for aluminum and right copper)
19
Volts = 230 V
Conductor spacing = 0.3 m
Frequency = 50 Hz
Decide the % V
drop
Find the kW-m, as per system and load configuration shown in above table
With known value of kW-m draw vertical line to meet the line of % drop
Draw horizontal line to fine area of conductor (left for aluminum and right copper)
20
11 March 2011
11
Volts = 230 V
Conductor spacing = 0.3 m
Frequency = 50 Hz
Decide the % V
drop
Find the kW-m, as per system and load configuration shown in above table
With known value of kW-m draw vertical line to meet the line of % drop
Draw horizontal line to fine area of conductor (left for aluminum and right copper)
21
Typical Load distribution system for MHP
Uniformly distributed Load
End Concentration Load
Unevenly distributed Load
22
11 March 2011
12
Single Phase 2 wire configuration
3 ) ( ) (
10 *
cos *
1000 *
| V
P
V
P
I
kW kVA
= =
3 ) (
) (
10 *
cos *
* ) sin * cos * ( * * 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
| |
V
P
x r L V
kW
L drop
Generalized Equation
5
2
) (
10 *
cos *
*
* ) sin * cos * ( * 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
| |
V
P L
x r Y
kW
L
3
2
) (
10 *
cos *
* * * 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
| V
P
L r Z
kW
Line
`Configuration
Balance Load of P
concentrated at the
end of the line
Balance Load of P
uniformly distributed
along the line
Voltage drop factor
for a 50% unbalanced
load that totals P
% V
drop
P
Loss(kW)
% V
drop
P
Loss(kW)

Single-Phase
(2-wire)
Y Z Y/2 Z/3 1
Three-Phase
(3-wire, delta)
Y/2 Z/2 Y/4 Z/6 1.1
Three-Phase
(4-wire, wye)
Y/6 Z/6 Y/12 Z/18 1.5
Comparison table, % voltage drop and power loss for different load configuration
Comparison of different line configuration and load condition
23
System
configuration
Load condition/
configuration
Modification of (kW-m) value (k' )
For Single
Phase
If the load concentrated
at the end
If the load is evenly
distribute
If the load is unevenly
distribute
For Three
Phase, delta
system

For perfectly balance
load system
First obtain the k'
(kW-m) value as
assuming single
phase for
corresponding type
of load distribution
system as above
and modify it for
three phase
corresponding to
load balance
For 50% balance load
system
For Three
Phase, wye
system
For perfectly balance
load system
For 50% balance load
system
(km) (kW)
L * P k' km) - (kW = = k
2
L
* P k' km) - (kW
(km)
(kW)
= = k
( )

= =
(km) x (kW) x
L * P k' km) - (kW k
2
'
km) - (kW
k
k =
8 . 1
'
km) - (kW
k
k =
6
'
km) - (kW
k
k =
4
'
km) - (kW
k
k =
To find the equivalent kW-km value using single phase configuration
24
11 March 2011
13
20 kW, 3-phase, 50 Hz power with pf=0.6 is to be transmitted at a distance of
360m. Find size of conductor so that voltage drop should be less than 6%.
m) - (kW 2 . 7 36 . 0 * 20 L * P k' km) - (kW
(km) (kW)
= = = = k
Find (kW-m) assuming single phase
system (concentrated load at end)
km) - (kW 2 . 1
6
2 . 7
6
k'
km) - (kW = = = k
modification of k' (kW-m) value For 3-phase, 4-
wire, wye configuration perfectly balance load
system
- Aluminum conductor of ~ 40mm
2
to be used to keep V
drop
less than 6%
- Copper conductor of ~25mm
2
to be used to keep V
drop
less than 6%
25
Generator Types
There are two types of AC Generator (Alternator)
1. Synchronous Generator
- Single Phase / Three Phase
- Brush / Brushless type

2. Induction (Asynchronous) Generator
- Single Phase / Three Phase
Induction Generator are
simpler and more reliable
machine
It can withstand 200%
overspeed
less maintenance required.
(No brushes that need
maintenance)
It is cheap and easily
available.
Both, Synchronous and Asynchronous
generators are available in single and
three phase. Induction generator and
single phase generator are generally
used for small scheme. For larger
scheme 3 phase synchronous generators
are used.
26
11 March 2011
14
Generator Parts
Prime mover: mechanical work which turns the rotor, may be a water turbine, gas
turbine, diesel engine...
Armature windings: the conductor in which the output voltage is induced
Field windings: the conductors used to produce the electromagnetic field (needs a
DC power supply)
Stator: stationary housing of the generator
Rotor: rotates inside the stator, moved by a prime mover (water turbine, diesel
engine etc)
Sliding contacts (slip-rings and brushes): used to conduct the field or armature
current to and from the rotor
Generator
Rotating rectifier Exciter rotor
Exciter stator
Field
winding
Phase
windings
Rotates
Stationary
u
I
dc
27
V
Load (A)
220 V
Load curve at fixed RPM
V
RPM
220 V
1500
No load curve
V
Load (A)
220 V
Max (A)
Load curve at fixed RPM
(with compounding)
RPM =
120 * f
P
(1+s)
Where;
s= slip (0 10%)
p = No. of poles (2,4...)

RPM =
120 * f
P
Where;
P = No. of poles
When;
P = 4, f = 50 ;
RPM = 1500
When;
P = 4, f = 50 ; s = 0-5%
RPM = 1500 - 1575
Operating Characteristic of Synchronous Generator
Operating Characteristic of Induction Generator
V
RPM
220 V
1500
No load curve
I.G.
S.G.
28
11 March 2011
15
Synchronous Generator Induction Generator
DC Exciter required for field
excitation
Magnetizing and excitation power is provided from the
power system to which it is connected
Synchronization is required for
parallel operation with grid
Synchronization is not required as the machine is
brought above synchronous speed and the breaker is
closed
Complicated construction Simple and rugged construction
Cost is higher Cost is less than synchronous generator
Operation cost is higher Operating cost is less than synchronous generator
Suitable for base load and peak
load duties
Suitable for base load operation
Higher efficiency Slightly lower efficiency than synchronous generator
Comparison between Synchronous and Induction Generator
Generally, Induction Generator are cheaper for small scheme. But, they are not
good for supplying power to motors.
29
Selection of Generator type
Size of scheme Up to 10 kW 10 to 25 kW More than 25 kW
Type of Generator Induction
or
Synchronous
Synchronous
or
Induction

Synchronous
Phase Single
or
Three
Three Three
Factors to be considered for selecting the size of the Generator.

A
Max. ambient Temp.(
0
C) 20 30 40 50
Temp. factor 1.10 1.06 1.00 0.92

B
Altitude 1000 2000 3000 4000
Altitude factor 1.00 0.93 0.86 0.8
C ELC Correction factor 0.83

D

Power factor
When load resistive (light bulbs) only 1.00
When loads are light bulbs + Tube-lights
etc. (Resistive + Inductive)
0.80
Generator KVA =
Power output in kW
A x B x C x D
30
11 March 2011
16
Controlling & protection
Panel board (Volt meter, Current meter, Circuit
breaker, Emergency cut-out)
Under & over voltage protection
Under & over current protection
MCBs / MCCBs must be rated at less than 110% of
generator rating.
Generator neutral and all metal casing should be
earthed
One Lightning arrestor must be mounted on each
phase on the first pole outside the PH
One arrestor on each phase per km of transmission,
and additional as required so that no consumer is
more than .5 km away from the arrestor

31
Voltage Control kVAR Control pf Control
Excitation Control
Generator Control
By pass
Jet deflector
Speed Control
Main Discharge
Niddle
Guide
Wicket
Level Control kW Control
Flow Control
ELC IGC
Load Control
Turbine Control
Hydro Plant Control
32
11 March 2011
17
Load
Controller
Generator
Consumers
Load
Electronic Switch
Ballast
Load
Fuses
A simple Schematic diagram of Load Controller
The purpose of the ELC is to maintain constant speed by accurately adjusting the secondary
load (ballast load).
The ELC sense the generator frequency
When the consumers Load decreases, Generator tends to run fast resulting increase in
frequency.
When the frequency increases, the electronic switch move to on position that transfer extra
load to the ballast load. The reverse happens when consumer load increases.
The ballast load must be rated 20% higher than the maximum generator output
ELC is suitable to use with Synchronous Generators
Since it sense only frequency, an AVR is needed with ELC to keep voltage constant.
Electronic Load Controller (ELC)
33

ELC

Main Load
Ballast Load
Main Load draws
full power
No power to
ballast load
Alternator
Supply
20kW
240V

ELC

Main Load
Ballast Load
12 kW used by
Main Load
8 kW chopped to
ballast load
Alternator
Supply
20kW
240V

ELC

Main Load
Ballast Load
No current drawn
to Main Load
20 kW to ballast
load
Alternator
Supply
20kW
240V
Load
Controller
Generator
Consumers
Load
Electronic Switch
Ballast
Load
Fuses
Working of ELC
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Induction Generator Controller (IGC)
The IGC sense the generator voltage
When the voltage is too high, it divert the extra load to the ballast load.
When the voltage is too low, it divert the additional load to the consumers load.
The ballast load of the IGC is same as the maximum output of the plant.
The main function of a Load controller is to maintain constant voltage by keeping
constant load to the generator.
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
In a simple Synchronous generator, voltage falls as load current increase and vice versa.
AVR is an electronic unit which regulates the voltage within the limit.
AVR regulate the generator voltage by varying the field current.
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Typical Generator Specification for MHP application
Turbine type: (Ex.: Pelton wheel)
Turbine power : ............ kW
Generator power rating : ............ KVA
Duty : Maximum continuous rated
Operating Speed : .......... RPM
Over speed : 180% continuously
Voltage: 415 V
Phase : 3
Frequency : 50 Hz
Power factor : 0.8
AVR : Voltage regulation 2.5% with under and over voltage and
frequency protection.
Ambient temperature: .........
0
C
Altitude : ......... msl
Induction Motor as Generator (IMG)
Induction Motor are most commonly used machine. They are simple cheap and plentiful.
It can be used as generator by putting suitable size capacitor across phase winding.
Induction motor are generally used as generator for smaller size machine.
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Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical
device, which transforms electrical
energy from one voltage level to
another voltage level.
This permits electrical energy to be
generated at relatively low voltages
and transmitted at high voltages
and low currents, thus reducing
voltage drop and line losses.
Need of Transformer
After the power distance product gets to about
54 kW-km, even the largest size conductor
(say Dog) cable used becomes insufficient in
even three phase to give the required 10% of
the voltage drop or better.
4 8 12 16
20
24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
kW-km
% V
drop

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Classification of Transformer
Class -A: Dry type : Core and winding are not contained in
insulating liquid. Heat losses ard dissipated to the ambient air,
hence require large surface area and low current density.
Class -O: Oil immersed type: Core and winding are contained in
mineral oil which is simultaneously work as coolant and insulating.
Transformer Specification
(i) Type Phase
(ii) Installation outdoor
(iii) Rated capacity kVA
(iv) Rated H.V. (Secondary)kV
(v) Rated L.V. (Primary) kV
(vi) Cooling O/A
(vii) Rated frequency 50 Hz
(viii) Primary connection Delta
(ix) Secondary connection Star
(xi) Efficiency not less than 98%

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