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Chemistry, a branch of physical science, is the study of the composition, structure, properties

and change of matter. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their
interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bondsformed
between atoms to create chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement
of electrons and various forms ofenergy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction
reactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties
of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers, biological molecules,
and pharmaceutical agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.
Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridges other natural
sciences like physics, geology and biology. Chemistry is a branch of physical
science but distinct from physics.
[5]

The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed. The history of chemistry can be
traced to certain practices, known asalchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in
various parts of the world, particularly the Middle East

Physics, a branch of science, is the study of forces and their impacts on the environment.
Modern physics connects ideas together about the laws of symmetry and conservation (energy,
momentum, charge, and parity). The word physics comes from the Greek word
"nature".Physics is the study of energy and matter in space and time and how they are related
to each other. Physicists assume the existence of mass, length, time and electric current and
then define (give the meaning of) all other physical quantities in terms of these basic units.
Mass, length, time, and electric current are never defined but the standard units used to
measure them are always defined. In the International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the
French Systme International), the metre is the basic unit of length, the kilogramis the basic unit
of mass, the second is the basic unit of time, the Ampere is the basic unit of electric current.
In addition to these four units, there are three other ones: the mole, which is the unit of the
quantity of matter, the candela which measures the luminous intensity (the power of lighting)
and the Kelvin, the unit of temperature.
Physics studies how things move, and the forces that make them move. For
example, velocity and acceleration are used by physics to show how things move.
Also, physicistsstudy the forces of gravity, electricity, magnetism and the forces that hold things
together.
Physics studies very large things, and very small things. For instance, physicists can
study stars, planets and galaxies but could also study small pieces of matter, such
as atomsand electrons.They may also study sound, light and other waves. As well as that, they
could examine energy, heat and radioactivity, and even space and time. Physics not only helps
people understand how objects move, but how they change form, how they make noise,
how hot or cold they will be, and what they are made of at the smallest level.

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including
their structure, function, growth,evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
[1]
Modern biology is a vast
and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad
scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study
and research, consolidating it into single, coherent fields. In general, biology recognizes
the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine
that propels the synthesis and creation of newspecies. It is also understood today that all
organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal
environment to maintain a stable and vital condition.
Subdisciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of
organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: Biochemistry examines the
rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among
biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biology examines the basic
building-block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions
of tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines
the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact
in their environment.
[2]


Ecology (from Greek: , "house"; -, "study of"
[A]
) is the scientific study of interactions
among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each
other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity,
distribution, amount (biomass), number (population) of organisms, as well as competition
between them within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically
interacting parts including organisms, the communitiesthey make up, and the non-living
components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary
production, pedogenesis,nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the
flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by
organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity.
Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances
certain ecosystem services.
Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology"
("kologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (18341919). Ancient
Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their
studies on natural history. Modern ecology transformed into a more rigorous science in the late
19th century.Evolutionary concepts on adaptation and natural selection became cornerstones of
modern ecological theory. Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism,
natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics,
and ethology. An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important
focus area in ecological studies. Ecologists seek to explain:
Life processes, interactions and adaptations
The movement of materials and energy through living communities
The successional development of ecosystems, and
The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of
the environment.
Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology
in conservation biology, wetland management,natural resource
management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban
ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social
interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology
as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms
(including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn,
maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic)
and nonliving (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions
and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the
regulation of climate, globalbiogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion
control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or
intrinsic value.

Zoology /zoldi/, or animal biology, is the branch of biology that relates to the animal
kingdom, including the structure,embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of
all animals, both living and extinct. The term is derived from Ancient Greek , zon, i.e.
"animal" and , logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".
[1]

Geology (from the Greek , g, i.e. "earth" and -o, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse"
[1][2]
) is
the science comprising the study of solidEarth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the
processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid
features of any celestial body (such as the geology of the Moon or Mars).
Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth by providing the primary evidence for plate
tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and past climates. In modern times, geology is
commercially important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration / exploitation as well as for
evaluating water resources. It is publicly important for the prediction and understanding
of natural hazards, the remediation ofenvironmental problems, and for providing insights into
past climate change. Geology also plays a role in geotechnical engineering and is a
major academic discipline.

Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch
of biology. A botanist is a scientist who specializes in this field of study. The term "botany"
comes from the Ancient Greek word (botane) meaning "pasture", "grass", or
"fodder"; is in turn derived from (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze". A person who
studies plants may be called a botanist or a plant scientist. Traditionally, botany has included
the study of fungi and algae, studied by mycologists, phycologists respectively, with the study of
plants and these three groups of organisms remain within the sphere of interest of
the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately
400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and
about 248,000 are flowering plants.
Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify and
later cultivate edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of
science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical
importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities,
founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These
gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their
collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial
system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including
methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microscopy, analysis
of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and
other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques
ofmolecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to
classify plants more accurately.
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science
and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and
differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical
products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy.
Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which
are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant
cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple
foods and textiles, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant
propagation, breedingand genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials
for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance
ofbiodiversity.

Forestry is the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and
repairing forests and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human
benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to
create and implement systems that manage forests to provide environmental supplies and
services. The challenge of forestry is to create systems that are socially accepted while
sustaining the resource and any other resources that might be affected.
[2]

Silviculture is a process for creating, maintaining, or restoring an appropriate balance of
essential components, structures, and functions that ensure long-term ecosystem vitality,
stability and resiliency (Nyland, 2007). This is done at the ground level which can contain many
varieties of trees. Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns,
including ecosystem services by assisting forests to provide timber as raw
material for wood products, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation,
landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically
appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and
preserving forests as 'sinks' for atmospheric carbon dioxide. A practitioner of forestry is known
as a forester.
Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of
the biosphere,
[3]
and forestry has emerged as a vitalapplied science, craft, and technology.

Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and
other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel,medicinals and other products used to sustain and
enhance human life.
[1]
Agriculture was the key development in the rise ofsedentary human
civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the
development ofcivilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The history
of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined
by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on
techniques to expand and maintain the lands that are suitable for raising domesticated species.
For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland
farming. Livestock are raised in a combination of grassland-based and landless systems, in an
industry that covers almost one-third of the world's ice- and water-free area. In the developed
world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system
of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture,
including permaculture and organic agriculture.
Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population labored in agriculture.
Pre-industrial agriculture was typicallysubsistence agriculture/self-sufficiency in which farmers
raised most of their crops for their own consumption instead of cash crops for trade. A
remarkable shift in agricultural practices has occurred over the past century in response to new
technologies, and the development of world markets. This also has led to technological
improvements in agricultural techniques, such as the Haber-Boschmethod for
synthesizing ammonium nitrate which made the traditional practice of
recycling nutrients with crop rotation and animalmanure less important.
Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and
technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time
have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective
breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of
meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of
the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat
production. Genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture,
although they are banned in several countries. Agricultural food production and water
management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of
fronts. Significant degradation of land and water resources, including the depletion of aquifers,
has been observed in recent decades, and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of
agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw
materials. Specific foods include cereals(grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meats and spices.
Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber andbamboo.
Other useful materials are produced by plants, such
as resins, dyes, drugs, perfumes, biofuels and ornamental products such as cut
flowers and nursery plants. Over one third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture,
second only to the services' sector, although the percentages of agricultural workers in
developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries.

Wildlife traditionally refers to non-domesticated animal species, but has come to include
all plants, fungi and other organisms which grow or live wild in an area without being introduced
by humans. Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many
times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and
negative.
Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, forests, rain forests, plains, grasslands, and
other areas including the most developed urban sites, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While
the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors,

most
scientists agree that wildlife around is affected by human activities.
Humans have historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in a number of ways
including the legal, social, and moral sense. Some animals, however, have adapted to suburban
environments. This includes such animals as domesticated cats, dogs, mice, and gerbils.
Religions have often declared certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times concern for the
natural environment has provoked activists to protest the exploitation of wildlife for human
benefit or entertainment.

Management in business and organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people
to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.
Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing,
and controlling an organization or initiative to accomplish a goal. Resourcing encompasses the
deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources,
and natural resources. Management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose
object of study is the social organization.
Economics is the social science that studies the processes that govern the production,
distribution and consumption of goods and services in an exchange economy.
The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek (oikonomia, "management of a
household, administration") from (oikos, "house") and (nomos, "custom" or "law"),
hence "rules of the house(hold for good management)". 'Political economy' was the earlier
name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested "economics" as a
shorter term for "economic science" to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political
science and other social sciences.
Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and
how economies work. Consistent with this focus, primary textbooks often distinguish between
microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behavior of basic
elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the
outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers,
and sellers. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy (meaning aggregated production,
consumption, savings, and investment) and issues affecting it, including unemployment of
resources (labor, capital, and land), inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that
address these issues (monetary, fiscal, and other policies).
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing
"what is," and normative economics, advocating "what ought to be"; between economic theory
and applied economics; between rational and behavioral economics; and between mainstream
economics (more "orthodox" and dealing with the "rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus")
and heterodox economics (more "radical" and dealing with the "institutions-history-social
structure nexus").
Besides the traditional concern in production, distribution, and consumption in an economy,
economic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, and
government. Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as
crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war,and science; by
considering the economic aspects of these subjects. Education, for example, requires time,
effort, and expenses, plus the foregone income and experience, yet these losses can be
weighted against future benefits education may bring to the agent or the economy. At the turn of
the 21st century, the expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described
as economic imperialism.

Wildlife management attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people using
the best available science. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife
conservation and pest control. Wildlife management draws on disciplines such
as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best
results.
[1]

Wildlife conservation aims to halt the loss in the Earth's biodiversity
[2][3]
by taking into
consideration ecological principles such as carrying capacity, disturbance and successionand
environmental conditions such as physical geography, pedology and hydrology with the aim of
balancing the needs of wildlife with the needs of people.
[4][5][6][7]
Most wildlife biologists are
concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats although rewilding is increasingly
being used. Techniques can include reforestation, pest
control,nitrification and denitrification, irrigation, coppicing and hedge laying.
Game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the well being of game and may
include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high
population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland. In his
1933 book Game Management, Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a
science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for
recreational use".
Pest control is the control of real or perceived pests and can be for the benefit of wildlife,
farmers, game keepers or safety reasons. In the United States, wildlife management practices
are often implemented by a governmental agency to uphold a law, such as the Endangered
Species Act of 1973. Many wildlife managers are employed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and by state governments.
In the United Kingdom, wildlife management undertaken by several organizations including
government bodies such as the Forestry Commission, Charities such as the RSPB andThe
Wildlife Trusts and privately hired gamekeepers and contractors. Legislation has also been
passed to protect wildlife such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The UK government
also give farmers subsidies through the Countryside Stewardship Scheme to improve the
conservation value of their farms.

Economics is the social science that studies the processes that govern the production,
distribution and consumption of goods and services in an exchange economy.
The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek (oikonomia, "management of a
household, administration") from (oikos, "house") and (nomos, "custom" or "law"),
hence "rules of the house(hold for good management)". 'Political economy' was the earlier
name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested "economics" as a
shorter term for "economic science" to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political
science and other social sciences.
Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and
how economies work. Consistent with this focus, primary textbooks often distinguish between
microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behavior of basic
elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the
outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers,
and sellers. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy (meaning aggregated production,
consumption, savings, and investment) and issues affecting it, including unemployment of
resources (labor, capital, and land), inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that
address these issues (monetary, fiscal, and other policies).
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing
"what is," and normative economics, advocating "what ought to be"; between economic theory
and applied economics; between rational and behavioral economics; and between mainstream
economics (more "orthodox" and dealing with the "rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus")
and heterodox economics (more "radical" and dealing with the "institutions-history-social
structure nexus")
Besides the traditional concern in production, distribution, and consumption in an economy,
economic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, and
government. Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime,
education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science; by considering
the economic aspects of these subjects. Education, for example, requires time, effort, and
expenses, plus the foregone income and experience, yet these losses can be weighted against
future benefits education may bring to the agent or the economy. At the turn of the 21st century,
the expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic
imperialism.
[11]

Medicine (also called conventional, scientific, or mainstream medicine, especially when
compared with alternative medicine or traditional medicine, UK English
i
/mdsn/, US
English
i
/mdsn/) is the field that mixes applied science with art in the diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of disease.
[1]
It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to
maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness in human beings.
Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical
research, genetics and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease,
typically throughmedication or surgery, but also through therapies
as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints &
traction, prostheses, biologics, pharmaceuticals, ionizing radiation among others.



BASIC SCIENCE(PSYCOLOGY)
Some of the research that is conducted in the field of psychology is more "fundamental" than
the research conducted in the applied psychological disciplines, and does not necessarily have
a direct application. The subdisciplines within psychology that can be thought to reflect a basic-
science orientation include biological psychology, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and
so on. Research in these subdisciplines is characterized by methodological rigor. The concern
of psychology as a basic science is in understanding the laws and processes that underlie
behavior, cognition, and emotion. Psychology as a basic science provides a foundation
for applied psychology. Applied psychology, by contrast, involves the application
of psychological principles and theories yielded up by the basic psychological sciences; these
applications are aimed at overcoming problems or promoting well-being in areas such as mental
and physical health and education.
applied science - the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to
practical problems; "he had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study"
sociology
[soh-see-ol-uh-jee, soh-shee-] Show IPA
noun
the science or study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of hu
man society; thescience of the fundamental laws of social relations, institutions, etc
.

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