Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1.Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?

A) Events seem more predictable before the have occ!rred.
") Events seem more predictable after the have occ!rred.
#) A person$s int!ition is !s!all correct.
D) A person$s int!ition is !s!all not correct.
%.&!wan eagerl opened an online trading acco!nt' believing that his mar(et savv wo!ld
allow him to pic( stoc(s that wo!ld ma(e him a rich da trader. )his belief best
ill!strates:
A) the false consens!s effect.
") ill!sor correlation.
#) hindsight bias.
D) overconfidence.
*.)o sa that +pscholog is a science, means that:
A) pschologists st!d onl observable behaviors.
") pschologists st!d tho!ghts and actions with an attit!de of s(epticism and derive
their concl!sions from direct observations.
#) pschological research sho!ld be free of val!e -!dgments.
D) all of the above are tr!e.
..)he scientific attit!de of h!milit is based on the idea that:
A) researchers m!st eval!ate new ideas and theories ob-ectivel rather than accept them
blindl.
") scientific theories m!st be testable.
#) simple e/planations of behavior ma(e better theories than do comple/ e/planations.
D) researchers m!st be prepared to re-ect their own ideas in the face of conflicting
evidence.
0.)he scientific attit!de of s(epticism is based on the belief that:
A) people are rarel candid in revealing their tho!ghts.
") mental processes can$t be st!died ob-ectivel.
#) the scientist$s int!ition abo!t behavior is !s!all correct.
D) ideas need to be tested against observable evidence.
1.)heories are defined as:
A) testable propositions.
") factors that ma change in response to manip!lation.
#) statistical inde/es.
D) principles that help to organi2e' predict' and e/plain facts.
3.Which of the following is tr!e' according to the te/t?
A) "eca!se laborator e/periments are artificial' an principles discovered cannot be
applied to everda behaviors.
") No pschological theor can be considered tr!e !ntil tested.
#) 4scholog$s theories reflect common sense.
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D) 4scholog has few ties to other disciplines.
5.6o! decide to test o!r belief that men drin( more soft drin(s than women b finding o!t
whether more soft drin(s are cons!med per da in the men$s dorm than in the women$s
dorm. 6o!r belief is a7n) ________' and o!r research prediction is a7n) ________.
A) hpothesis8 theor
") theor8 hpothesis
#) independent variable8 dependent variable
D) dependent variable8 independent variable
9.Which of the following is not a basic research strateg !sed b pschologists?
A) description
") replication
#) e/perimentation
D) correlation
1:.)o ens!re that other researchers can repeat their wor(' pschologists !se:
A) control gro!ps.
") random assignment.
#) do!ble;blind proced!res.
D) operational definitions.
11.After detailed st!d of a g!nshot wo!nd victim' a pschologist concl!des that the brain
region destroed is li(el to be important for memor f!nctions. Which research strateg
did the pschologist !se to ded!ce this?
A) the case st!d
") a s!rve
#) correlation
D) e/perimentation
1%.6o!r roommate is cond!cting a s!rve to learn how man ho!rs the tpical college
st!dent st!dies each da. <he plans to pass o!t her =!estionnaire to the members of her
sororit. 6o! point o!t that her findings will be flawed beca!se:
A) she has not specified an independent variable.
") she has not specified a dependent variable.
#) the sample will probabl not be representative of the pop!lation of interest.
D) of all the above reasons.
1*.>ne reason researchers base their findings on representative samples is to avoid the false
consens!s effect' which refers to o!r tendenc to:
A) overestimate the e/tent to which others share o!r belief.
") falsel perceive a relationship between two events when none e/ists.
#) !nderestimate errors in o!r -!dgment.
D) ma(e all of the above reasoning errors.
1..Well;done s!rves meas!re attit!des in a representative s!bset' or ________' of an entire
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gro!p' or ________.
A) pop!lation8 random sample
") control gro!p8 e/perimental gro!p
#) e/perimental gro!p8 control gro!p
D) random sample8 pop!lation
10.A professor constr!cts a =!estionnaire to determine how st!dents at the !niversit feel
abo!t n!clear disarmament. Which of the following techni=!es sho!ld be !sed in order to
s!rve a random sample of the st!dent bod?
A) Ever st!dent sho!ld be sent the =!estionnaire.
") >nl st!dents ma-oring in pscholog sho!ld be as(ed to complete the
=!estionnaire.
#) >nl st!dents living on camp!s sho!ld be as(ed to complete the =!estionnaire.
D) ?rom an alphabetical listing of all st!dents' ever tenth 7or fifteenth' e.g.) st!dent
sho!ld be as(ed to complete the =!estionnaire.
11.A pschologist st!dies the pla behavior of third;grade children b watching gro!ps
d!ring recess at school. Which research strateg is being !sed?
A) correlation
") case st!d
#) e/perimentation
D) nat!ralistic observation
13.@f height and bod weight are positivel correlated' which of the following is tr!e?
A) )here is a ca!se;effect relationship between height and weight.
") As height increases' weight decreases.
#) Anowing a person$s height' one can predict his or her weight.
D) All of the above are tr!e.
15.Which tpe of research strateg wo!ld allow o! to determine whether st!dents$ college
grades acc!ratel predict later income?
A) case st!d
") nat!ralistic observation
#) e/perimentation
D) correlation
19.A researcher was interested in determining whether her st!dents$ test performance co!ld
be predicted from their pro/imit to the front of the classroom. <o she matched her
st!dents$ scores on a math test with their seating position. )his st!d is an e/ample of:
A) e/perimentation.
") correlational research.
#) a s!rve.
D) nat!ralistic observation.
%:.@f eating sat!rated fat and the li(elihood of contracting cancer are positivel correlated'
which of the following is tr!e?
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A) <at!rated fat ca!ses cancer.
") 4eople who are prone to develop cancer prefer foods containing sat!rated fat.
#) A separate factor lin(s the cons!mption of sat!rated fat to cancer.
D) None of the above is necessaril tr!e.
%1.@f shoe si2e and @B are negativel correlated' which of the following is tr!e?
A) 4eople with large feet tend to have high @Bs.
") 4eople with small feet tend to have high @Bs.
#) 4eople with small feet tend to have low @Bs.
D) @B is !npredictable based on a person$s shoe si2e.
%%.&oe believes that his bas(etball game is alwas best when he wears his old gra athletic
soc(s. &oe is a victim of the phenomenon called:
A) statistical significance.
") overconfidence.
#) ill!sor correlation.
D) hindsight bias.
%*.@ll!sor correlation refers to:
A) the perception that two negativel correlated variables are positivel correlated.
") the perception of a correlation between two !nrelated variables.
#) an insignificant correlation.
D) a correlation that e=!als ;1.:.
%..)he strength of the relationship between two vivid events will most li(el be:
A) significant.
") positive.
#) negative.
D) overestimated.
%0.Which of the following research strategies wo!ld be best for determining whether alcohol
impairs memor?
A) case st!d
") nat!ralistic observation
#) s!rve
D) e/periment
%1.Which of the following research methods does not belong with the others?
A) case st!d
") s!rve
#) nat!ralistic observation
D) e/periment
%3.Which of the following proced!res is an e/ample of the !se of a placebo?
A) @n a test of the effects of a dr!g on memor' a participant is led to believe that a
harmless pill act!all contains an active dr!g.
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") A participant in an e/periment is led to believe that a pill' which act!all contains an
active dr!g' is harmless.
#) 4articipants in an e/periment are not told which treatment condition is in effect.
D) Neither the participants nor the e/perimenter (now which treatment condition is in
effect.
%5.@n an e/periment to determine the effects of e/ercise on motivation' e/ercise is the:
A) control condition.
") intervening variable.
#) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.
%9.@n an e/periment to determine the effects of attention on memor' memor is the:
A) control condition.
") intervening variable.
#) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.
*:.)he proced!re designed to ens!re that the e/perimental and control gro!ps do not differ
in an wa that might affect the e/periment$s res!lts is called:
A) variable controlling.
") random assignment.
#) representative sampling.
D) stratification.
*1.@n a test of the effects of air poll!tion' gro!ps of st!dents performed a reaction;time tas(
in a poll!ted or an !npoll!ted room. )o what condition were st!dents in the !npoll!ted
room e/posed?
A) e/perimental
") control
#) randoml assigned
D) dependent
*%.)he concept of control is important in pschological research beca!se:
A) witho!t control over independent and dependent variables' researchers cannot
describe' predict' or e/plain behavior.
") e/perimental control allows researchers to st!d the infl!ence of one or two
independent variables on a dependent variable while holding other potential
infl!ences constant.
#) witho!t e/perimental control' res!lts cannot be generali2ed from a sample to a
pop!lation.
D) of all the above reasons.
**.Cashad' who is participating in a pscholog e/periment on the effects of alcohol on
perception' is tr!thf!ll told b the e/perimenter that he has been assigned to the +high;
dose condition., What is wrong with this e/periment?
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A) )here is no control condition.
") Cashad$s e/pectations concerning the effects of +high doses, of alcohol on
perception ma infl!ence his performance.
#) Anowing that Cashad is in the +high;dose, condition ma infl!ence the
e/perimenter$s interpretations of Cashad$s res!lts.
D) "oth b. and c. are correct.
*..Dartina believes that high doses of caffeine slow a person$s reaction time. @n order to test
this belief' she has five friends each drin( three 5;o!nce c!ps of coffee and then meas!res
their reaction time on a learning tas(. What is wrong with Dartina$s research strateg?
A) No independent variable is specified.
") No dependent variable is specified.
#) )here is no control condition.
D) )here is no provision for replication of the findings.
*0.@n order to st!d the effects of lighting on mood' Dr. #ooper had st!dents fill o!t
=!estionnaires in brightl lit or diml lit rooms. @n this st!d' the independent variable
consisted of:
A) the n!mber of st!dents assigned to each gro!p.
") the st!dents$ responses to the =!estionnaire.
#) the room lighting.
D) the s!b-ect matter of the =!estions as(ed.
*1.@n order to determine the effects of a new dr!g on memor' one gro!p of people is given a
pill that contains the dr!g. A second gro!p is given a s!gar pill that does not contain the
dr!g. )his second gro!p constit!tes the:
A) random sample.
") e/perimental gro!p.
#) control gro!p.
D) test gro!p.
*3.@n the e/periment on s!bliminal perception' st!dents listened for five wee(s to tapes the
tho!ght wo!ld enhance their memor or self;esteem. At the end of the e/periment:
A) st!dents who tho!ght the had a memor tape believed their memories had
improved8 b!t' in fact' there was no improvement.
") self;esteem' b!t not memor' improved.
#) memor' b!t not self;esteem' improved.
D) both self;esteem and memor improved over the co!rse of the e/periment.
*5.What is the mean of the following distrib!tion of scores: %' *' 3' 1' 1' .' 9' 0' 5' %?
A) 0
") .
#) ..3
D) *.3
*9.What is the median of the following distrib!tion of scores: 1' *' 3' 3' %' 5' .?
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A) 1
") %
#) *
D) .
.:.What is the mode of the following distrib!tion: 5' %' 1' 1' *' 3' 1' %' :' %?
A) 1
") %
#) *
D) 3
.1.Which of the following is the meas!re of central tendenc that wo!ld be most affected b
a few e/treme scores?
A) mean
") range
#) median
D) mode
.%.What is the mode of the following distrib!tion of scores: %' %' .' .' .' 1.?
A) %
") .
#) 0
D) 1
.*.What is the mean of the following distrib!tion of scores: %' 0' 5' 1:' 11' .' 1' 9' 1' .?
A) %
") 1:
#) 1
D) 10
..."ob scored .* o!t of 3: points on his pscholog e/am. Ee was worried !ntil he
discovered that most of the class earned the same score. "ob$s score was e=!al to the:
A) mean.
") median.
#) mode.
D) range.
.0.)he fo!r families on o!r bloc( all have ann!al ho!sehold incomes of F%0':::. @f a new
famil with an ann!al income of F30'::: moved in' which meas!re of central tendenc
wo!ld be most affected?
A) mean
") median
#) mode
D) standard deviation
.1.What is the median of the following distrib!tion: 1:' 3' 0' 11' 5' 1' 9?
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A) 1
") 3
#) 5
D) 9
.3.Which of the following is the meas!re of variation that is most affected b e/treme
scores?
A) mean
") standard deviation
#) mode
D) range
.5.A lopsided set of scores that incl!des a n!mber of e/treme or !n!s!al val!es is said to be:
A) smmetrical.
") normal.
#) s(ewed.
D) dispersed.
.9.Esteban ref!ses to be pers!aded b an advertiser$s claim that people !sing their brand of
gasoline average 0: miles per gallon. Eis decision probabl is based on:
A) the possibilit that the average is the mean' which co!ld be artificiall inflated b a
few e/treme scores.
") the absence of information abo!t the si2e of the sample st!died.
#) the absence of information abo!t the variation in sample scores.
D) all of the above.
0:.@n generali2ing from a sample to the pop!lation' it is important that:
A) the sample be representative.
") the sample be nonrandom.
#) the sample not be too large.
D) all of the above be tr!e.
01.)he set of scores that wo!ld li(el be most representative of the pop!lation from which it
was drawn wo!ld be a sample with a relativel:
A) large standard deviation.
") small standard deviation.
#) large range.
D) small range.
0%.@n generali2ing from a sample to the pop!lation' it is important that:
A) the sample is representative of the pop!lation.
") the sample is large.
#) the scores in the sample have low variabilit.
D) all of the above are observed.
0*.)he football team$s p!nter wants to determine how consistent his p!nting distances have
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been d!ring the past season. Ee sho!ld comp!te the:
A) mean.
") median.
#) mode.
D) standard deviation.
0..Dr. <ala2ar recentl completed an e/periment in which she compared reasoning abilit in
a sample of females and a sample of males. )he means of the female and male samples
e=!aled %1 and 19' respectivel' on a %0;point scale. A statistical test revealed that her
res!lts were not statisticall significant. What can Dr. <ala2ar concl!de?
A) ?emales have s!perior reasoning abilit.
") )he difference in the means of the two samples is probabl d!e to chance variation.
#) )he difference in the means of the two samples is reliable.
D) None of the above is tr!e.
00.@f a difference between two samples is not statisticall significant' which of the following
can be concl!ded?
A) )he difference is probabl not a tr!e one.
") )he difference is probabl not reliable.
#) )he difference co!ld be d!e to sampling variation.
D) All of the above can be concl!ded.
01.When a difference between two gro!ps is +statisticall significant', this means that:
A) the difference is statisticall real b!t of little practical significance.
") the difference is probabl the res!lt of sampling variation.
#) the difference is not li(el to be d!e to chance variation.
D) all of the above are tr!e.
03.6o!r best friend critici2es pschological research for being artificial and having no
relevance to behavior in real life. @n defense of pscholog$s !se of laborator
e/periments o! point o!t that:
A) pschologists ma(e ever attempt to avoid artificialit b setting !p e/periments
that closel sim!late real;world environments.
") pschologists who cond!ct basic research are not concerned with the applicabilit of
their findings to the real world.
#) most pschological research is not cond!cted in a laborator environment.
D) pschologists intentionall st!d behavior in simplified environments in order to
gain greater control over variables and to test general principles that help to e/plain
man behaviors.
05.A friend ma-oring in anthropolog is critical of pschological research beca!se it often
ignores the infl!ence of c!lt!re on tho!ghts and actions. 6o! point o!t that:
A) there is ver little evidence that c!lt!ral diversit has a significant effect on specific
behaviors and attit!des.
") most researchers assign s!b-ects to e/perimental and control conditions in s!ch a
wa as to fairl represent the c!lt!ral diversit of the pop!lation !nder st!d.
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#) it is impossible for pschologists to control for ever possible variable that might
infl!ence research participants.
D) even when specific tho!ghts and actions var across c!lt!res' as the often do' the
!nderling processes are m!ch the same.
09.Which statement abo!t the ethics of e/perimentation with people and animals is false?
A) >nl a small percentage of animal e/periments !se shoc(.
") Allegations that pschologists ro!tinel s!b-ect animals to pain' starvation' and
other inh!mane conditions have been proven !ntr!e.
#) )he American 4schological Association and the "ritish 4schological <ociet have
set strict g!idelines for the care and treatment of h!man and animal s!b-ects.
D) Animals are !sed as s!b-ects in almost %0 percent of all pscholog e/periments.
1:.4schologists$ personal val!es:
A) have little infl!ence on how their e/periments are cond!cted.
") do not infl!ence the interpretation of e/perimental res!lts beca!se of the !se of
statistical techni=!es that g!ard against s!b-ective bias.
#) can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data.
D) have little infl!ence on investigative methods b!t a significant effect on
interpretation.
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Answer Key
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1.D
3."
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1:.D
11.A
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1*.A
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15.D
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.0.A
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0:.A
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0*.D
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00.D
01.#
03.D
05.D
09.D
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4age 1%