1

1
Topic 1
Matrix
2
4 5 1
6 8 7
2 5 3
What Is A Matrix?
A matrix is a rectangular collection
of like objects, usually numbers. We
are primarily interested in matrices
because they can be used to solve
systems of linear equations (covered
in week 3 & 4).
A =
3
What Is A Matrix? (cont.)
Other examples:
4
What Is A Matrix? (cont.)
Many notations to represent matrices:
In this class, we will use this notation:
5
4 5 1
6 8 7
2 5 3
The order or size of a matrix is the
number of rows and columns.
the order of this example is 3 X 3
Read 3 by 3
Order Of A Matrix
row
column
row column
6
Square Matrix
A matrix is called a square matrix if
it has the same numbers of rows as
columns.
3 X 3
it is a square matrix
4 X 3
it is NOT a square matrix
4 5 1
6 8 7
2 5 3
1 2 1
9 7 3
9 6 5
2 5 8
2
7
Column and Row Matrix
Column Matrix
A matrix that has only one column.
Row Matrix
A matrix that has only one row.
3
2
8
7 2 6
8
Zero Matrix
A zero matrix is a matrix where all the
elements are zeros.
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
9
Identity Matrix
The identity matrix is a matrix that has
one's on the diagonal, and zeros
everywhere else.
The identity matrix is usually written as
"I".
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
10
Diagonal Of A Matrix
The diagonal of a matrix are the
elements that have identical row and
column numbers
e.g. matrix 2 X 2, 3 X 3, etc.
A diagonal matrix is one that has
non-zero elements only on the
diagonal.
7 0 0
0 6 0
0 0 8
11
* *
* *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* *
* *
*
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Block Diagonal Matrix
A block diagonal matrix is like a diagonal
matrix, except that elements exist in
the positions arranged as blocks.
(Where,
* means a non-zero element.)
12
Band Matrix
A Band Matrix has numbers near the
diagonal of the matrix, and nowhere
else. The width of the band is called
the band width of the matrix.
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
3
13
Transpose Of A Matrix
The transpose of a matrix is
obtained by interchanging the rows
and columns of matrix.
Example:

=
3 1 6
5 3 2
3 5
1 3
6 2
T
A
A

=
2 0 5
6 1 4
1 2 3
2 6 1
0 1 2
5 4 3
T
B
B
14
Orthogonal Matrix
If a matrix M has the property that
M
T
M = I than the matrix is called an
Orthogonal matrix.
15
Symmetric Matrix
A symmetric matrix is a square
matrix equal to it's transpose, A = A
T
.
= B
= B
T
2 0 5
6 1 4
1 2 3
2 6 1
0 1 2
5 4 3
B is not symmetric matrix
6 5 3
5 4 2
3 2 1
6 5 3
5 4 2
3 2 1
-
-
= A
-
-
= A
T

A is a symmetric matrix
16
Triangular Matrix
A matrix with entries only below the
diagonal, or with entries only above
the diagonal, is called a (lower, upper)
triangular matrix.
If the diagonal in those cases
consists only of 1's, then the matrix
is unit triangular.
17
1
0 1
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0
1
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
Triangular Matrix (cont.)
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular
Upper Unit Triangular Lower Unit Triangular
18
Exercise 1
Symmetric matrix means that the matrix
is same with its_________.
Matrix that have the same number of
rows and columns.
Matrix that have ones in the diagonal and
zeros elsewhere.
Matrix that equals to its transpose.
Matrix that have zero value of its
determinant.
4
19
Mathematical Operations
involving a Matrix and a Scalar
We can apply the following operations
where one operand is a scalar (number) and
one is a matrix:
Multiplication (x)
Division (/)
20
Mathematical Operations involving a
Matrix and a Scalar: Multiplication
Just multiply the scalar times each
element in the matrix. This operation
is commutative (the order can be
switched)
21
Mathematical Operations involving a
Matrix and a Scalar : Division
Division only has meaning when a
matrix is divided by a scalar.
Division of a scalar by a matrix is not
defined.
22
Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices
Only three binary mathematical
operations are defined:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
23
Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices : Addition
Addition is only defined for two
matrices with the same order/size.
Add the corresponding elements.
Matrix addition is commutative.
24
Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices : Subtraction
Subtraction is just addition with
unary inversion of the second matrix.
Subtraction is not commutative - the
order matters.
Must be in the same order/size.
5
25
Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices :Multiplication
Matrix multiplication is only defined
when the second matrix has the same
number of rows as the first matrix
has columns.
The resulting matrix has the same
number of rows as the first matrix
and the same number of columns as
the second matrix.
26
Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices :Multiplication (cont.)
Here are some examples with matrices of
various orders.
Loosely speaking, multiplication is defined
when the middle numbers match.
27
Basic Rules for Matrix
Arithmetic
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication & Division:
a and b are scalars and A, B, and C are matrices.
28
Basic Rules for Matrix
Arithmetic (cont.)
Transpose
A and B are matrices and c is any scalar
Zero Matrix
A is a matrix and 0 is the zero matrix sized appropriately for
the indicated operation to be valid.
29
Exercise 2
For the following matrices perform the indicated
operation, if possible
1. A + B
2. B - A
3. A + C
30
Exercise 3
Compute
Given the matrices
6
31
Exercise 4
Compute AC and CA for the following two matrices,
if possible.
32
The Identity Matrix
The identity matrix is a square
matrix with ones along the main
diagonal and zeros everywhere else.
Here are the first few identity
matrices:
33
The Identity Matrix
The identity matrix can be multiplied by any
square matrix and it leaves that matrix unchanged.
Multiplication by the identity matrix is always
commutative.
Here is an example.
34
The Determinant
The determinant is a scalar value
assigned to a square matrix. Matrices
which are not square do not have a
determinant.
The determinant of a (1x1) matrix is
just it's value, e.g. |5| = 5.
35
The Determinant of 2 X 2
The determinants of (2x2)
Example: Find the determinants for the
given matrix.
Solution:
bc - ad A then ,
d c
b a
A = = if
A
2 4
1 2
-
-
=
0
4 4
4 1 2 2


A
=
- =
) ( ) - )(- - ( =
36
The Determinant of 3 X 3
To find determinant of 3 X 3, copy the first and
second columns of matrix to form fourth and fifth
columns.
the formula to calculate the determinant is
aei + bfg + cdh gec hfa - idb
h g
e d
b a

i h g
f e d
c b a
7
37
The Determinant of 3 X 3
Example: Find the determinants for
the given matrix.
Solution:
0 1 3
2 1 1
1 0 2
- = A
1 3
1 1
0 2
0 1 3
2 1 1
1 0 2
- -
0
0 4 3 1 0 0
0 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 0 0 1 2
=
- ) - -(- + + =
) )( ( )- )( ( )- )( (- ) - )( ( ) + )( ( ) + )( (- = A
38
The Determinant & Singular
Matrix
Higher order determinants are
calculated recursively using the
determinants of smaller submatrices.
A matrix with whose determinant has
value zero is called a singular matrix.
If the determinant is not zero, the
matrix is non-singular.
39
The Matrix Inverse
DEFINITION: Assuming we have a
square matrix A, which is non-singular
( i.e. det(A) does not equal zero )
,then there exists an nxn matrix A
-1
which is called the inverse of A, such
that this property holds:
AA
-1
= A
-1
A = I where I is the identity
matrix.
40
The Matrix Inverse of 2 X 2
An inverse of 2 X 2 matrix:

d c
b a
A = if
a c -
b - d

bc - ad
1
=
d c
b a
= A
1 -
1 -
then
41
The Matrix Inverse of 2 X 2
Example: Find the inverse of the given matrix (if
it exists)
Solution:
Find its determinant = ad - bc =1(7) (2)(3)
= 1
A
7 3
2 1
=
1 3
2 7
1 3
2 7
1
1
-
-
=
-
-
=

A
1 -
42
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3
If
Then steps to find A
-1
are:
1. Find determinant of 3X3
2. Find minor
3. Find Cofactor
4. Find Adjoint
5. Replace results in formula
i h g
f e d
c b a
= A
adj(A)
A
1
= A
1 -
8
43
If then
Where
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Find Minor
i h g
f e d
c b a
= A
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor
i h g
f e d
c b a
= A
fh - ei
i h g
f e d
c b a
a
minor
= =
fg - di
i h g
f e d
c b a
b
minor
= =
eg - dh
i h g
f e d
c b a
c
minor
= = ch - bi
i h g
f e d
c b a
d
minor
= =
44
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Find Minor
cg - ai
i h g
f e d
c b a
e
minor
= = bg - ah
i h g
f e d
c b a
f
minor
= =
ce - bf
i h g
f e d
c b a
g
minor
= = cd - af
i h g
f e d
c b a
h
minor
= =
bd ae -
i h g
f e d
c b a
i
minor
= =
45
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Find Cofactor
add ve value to the circled element
in the minor matrix
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor
i h g
f e d
c b a
= A
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
i (h - g
(f - e (d -
c (b - a
Cofactor
)
) )
)
=
46
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Find Adjoint
Transpose the cofactor to obtain the
adjoint matrix
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
i (h - g
(f - e (d -
c (b - a
Cofactor
)
) )
)
=
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
i (f - c
(h - e (b -
g (d - a
Adjoint
)
) )
)
=
47
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Find the inverse of the matrix
Solution: Step 1: Find the Determinant
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
-
-
-
= A
1
3 2 6
3 2 0 0 6 0
1 1 3 1 1 2 0 0 6 2 1 0 6 1 1 3 0 1
2
0
1
6
1
1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= -
+ + =-
) ) - (- -(- - ) + + (- =
) )(- ( ) - )( (- ) - )( )( ) - (- )( ( ) + )(- )(- ) + (- )( ( = A
-

- -
-
-

48
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 2: Find the Minor
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
-
-
-
= A
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor
i h g
f e d
c b a
= A
2 2 0 2 1 3 0
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
) = - (- ) = )( ) -(- ( =
-
-
-
=
minor
a
3 6 3 6 1 3 1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
- - b
minor
) = - ( ) = )( ) -(- ( =
-
-
-
=
9
49
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
2 0 2 6 0 2 1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= - ) = )( ) -( ( =
-
-
-
= - c
minor
3 0 3 2 0 3 1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= - - ) = - )( ) -( ( =
-
-
-
= - d
minor
3 0 3 6 0 3 1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= - ) = )( ) -( ( =
-
-
-
= - e
minor
4 6 2 6 1 2 1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= - - ) = )(- ) -(- ( =
-
-
-
=
minor
f
50
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
1 0 1 0 0
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= - ) = )( ) -( ( =
-
-
-
= 1 - 1 - g
minor
1 0 1 1 0 1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= - - ) = - )( ) -( ( =
-
-
-
= 1 - h
minor
1 0 1 0 1
3 2 6
1 0 1
0 1 1
= ( - ) = )( ) -( ( =
-
-
-
= -1) 1 - i
minor
1 1 - 1
4 - 3 3 -
2 3 - 2

i h g
f e d
c b a

minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor
= = A
51
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 3: Find the Cofactor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
i (h - g
(f - e (d -
c (b - a
Cofactor
)
) )
)
=
1 1 1
4 3 3
2 3 2
1 1 1
4 3 3
2 3 2
=
) -(-
) -(- ) -(-
) -(-
= C ofactor
52
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 4: Find the Adjoint
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
minor minor minor
i (f - c
(h - e (b -
g (d - a
Adjoint
)
) )
)
=
1 4 2
1 3 3
1 3 2
1 1 1
4 3 3
2 3 2
Adjoint
T
= =
53
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 5: Replace results in formula
adj(A)
A
1
= A
1 -
1 4 2
1 3 3
1 3 2
1 4 2
1 3 3
1 3 2
1
1
- - -
- - -
- - -
=

-
= A
1 -
54
Exercise 5
Matrix that have zero determinant is
called_______________ matrix.
Matrix that multiplied with its
inverse will produce _______ matrix.
Any matrix will have inversion if only
it is a___________ matrix.
10
55
Exercise 6
Find the inverse of the given matrix
(if it exists)

=
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
D . 4
7 2 11
9 4 3
8 6 6
C . 3
7 5
8 7
B . 2
6 3
10 5
A . 1