III.

LOAD EVALUATION
Load classifcation:
a)Permanent loads
-own weight of the structure (slabs, girders,
columns, roof, walls);
-earth pressure
b)Variable loads
-live loads;
-snow;
-wind
c)Exceptional loads
-earthquake.
a) Permanent loads
The permanent loads are the result of the own weight of
the structural elements, of the non-structural elements of the
building and of other loads having a permanent action: earth
pressure.
The own weight of the elements are computed by
multiplying the volume of the element with the specifc weight of
the material they are made of.
1.Superior foor slab
No. Layer
Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
[daN/m
3
]
n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
1 Plaster 0.01 1900 1.35 19 25.65
2 RC slab 0.10 2500 1.35 250 337.5
3 Blinding concrete 0.02 2100 1.35 42 56.7
4 Thermoinsulation 0.12 130 1.35 15.6 21.06
5 Protection layer 0.03 2100 1.35 63 85.05
Total 389.6 524.96
2. Current foor slab
i) warm foor
No. Layer
Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
[daN/m
3
]
n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
1 Parquet 0.01 73 1.35 0.73 0.99
2 Leveling concrete 0.04 2100 1.35 84 113.4
3 RC slab 0.10 2500 1.35 250 337.5
4 Plaster 0.01 1900 1.35 19 25.65
Total 353.73 477.54
ii) cold foor
No. Layer
Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
[daN/m
3
]
n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
1 Tile 0.01 1900 1.35 19 25.65
2 Leveling concrete 0.04 2100 1.35 84 113.4
3 RC slab 0.10 2500 1.35 250 337.5
4 Plaster 0.01 1900 1.35 19 25.65
Total 372 502.2
iii) circulated terrace
No. Layer
Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
[daN/m
3
]
n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
1 Plaster 0.01 1900 1.35 19 25.65
2 RC slab 0.10 2500 1.35 250 337.5
3 Leveling concrete 0.03 2100 1.35 63 85.05
4 Thermoinsulation 0.12 200 1.35 24 32.4
5 Sand 0.03 1600 1.35 48 64.8
6 Mosaic plates 0.03 2000 1.35 60 81
Total 464 626.4
iv) non-circulated terrace
No. Layer
Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
[daN/m
3
]
n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
1 Plaster 0.01 1900 1.35 19 25.65
2 RC slab 0.10 2500 1.35 250 337.5
3 Leveling concrete 0.03 2100 1.35 63 85.05
4 Thermoinsulation 0.12 200 1.35 24 32.4
5 Clay slate 0.06 2800 1.35 168 226.8
Total 524 707.4
3.Stairs
No. Layer Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
n Load value
[daN/m
2
]
[daN/m
3
] characteristic design
1 Tile 0.01 1900 1.35 19 25.65
2 RC steps 0.07 2400 1.35 168 226.8
3 RC ramp 0.10 2500 1.35 250 337.5
4 Plaster 0.015 1900 1.35 28.5 38.48
Total 465.5 628.43
4.Exterior walls
No. Layer
Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
[daN/m
3
]
n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
1 Plaster 0.015 1900 1.35 28.5 38.48
2
Light Weight
Concrete
0.25 600 1.35 150 202.5
3 Thermoinsulation 0.1 200 1.35 20 27
4 Plaster 0.015 1900 1.35 28.5 38.48
Total 227 306.46
5.Dividing walls
No. Layer
Thickness
[m]
Specifc
weight
[daN/m
3
]
n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
1 Plaster 0.015 1900 1.35 28.5 38.48
2 Brick masonry 0.10 1800 1.35 180 243
3 Plaster 0.015 1900 1.35 28.5 38.48
Total 237 319.96
Surface loads transformation into linear distributed loads:
Structural element
Load on
m
2
H
[m]
Load on
m
Exterior walls 306.46 2.85 873.42
Dividing walls 319.96 2.85 911.89
b) Variable loads
1.Live loads
Element n
Load value
[daN/m
2
]
characteristic design
Superior slab 1.5 75 112.5
Current foor 1.5 300 450
Circulated terrace 1.5 400 600
Stairs 1.5 400 600
2.Snow load
=
k i e t 0,k
s c c s
= = 0.811200 160 daN/m
2
; n=1.5;
s
d
=
k
ns 1.5160 240 = =
daN/m
2

i
- shape coefcient;
i
= 0.8;
c
e
- exposure coefcient due to the site of the construction; c
e
=1;
c
t
- thermal coefcient; c
t
=1;
s
0,k
characteristic value of snow load on the soil; s
0,k
= 200
daN/m
2
;
s
k
- characteristic value of snow load;
s
d
- design value of snow load.
c) Exceptional loads
i) Seismic action evaluation according to P100 2006:
In the modal computation, the seismic action si evaluated using
the response spectra corresponding to horizontal unidirectional ground
movements, described by accelerograms. The seismic action is described
using two horizontal components evaluated starting from the same
design response spectrum.
When a spatial model is used, the seismic action is applied on all
relevant horizontal directions, and on the central principal directions.
For the buildings with structural elements on two normal directions,
these directions are considered relevant.
In the computation, only the vibration modes with a signifcant
contribution to the total seismic response will be conisdered. This
condition is fulflled if:
the sum of the efective modal masses for the considered
modes of vibration is at least 90% from the total mass of the
structure;
all modes of vibration with an efective modal mass greater
than 5% of the total mass have been considered.
The shear force applied at the base of the building on the direction
of the seismic action:
b i d
F S(T)m =
where:

i
= 1.00 the building is clasifed as an importance class III;
S
d
(T) the ordinate of the design response spectrum corresponding
to the fundamental period T;
T the fundamental period of vibration in the plane of the
horizontal direction considered;
m the total mass of the building;
= 0.85 the correction factor which takes into account the
contribution of the fundamental mode of vibration through the efective
modal mass associated;
( )
d g
T
S(T) a
q

=
a
g
= 0.28g the ground acceleration;
T
c
= 1.00 s the corner period;
u
1
5
q

=

the behaviour factor of the structure (H ductility class);

u
1
1.35;

(T) elastic normalised response spectrum for T

c
=1.0 s
The mass on each level is computed using the software Robot
Millenium.
ii) Combination of the modal responses
The modal responses for two consecutive vibration modes, k and
k+1 are considered independent if their periods of vibration T
k
and T
k+1
(where T
k+1
T
k
) satisfy the condition: T
k+1
0.9T
k
.
For the maximum independent modal responses, the total
maximum efect is obtained using the modal composition relation:
2
E E,k
E E =
where:
E
E
the efect of seismic action (internal force, displacement);
E
E,k
the efect of the seismic action in mode k.
If the modal responses are not independent, other means of
combining the efects of seismic action for each mode of vibration will be
considered. (complete quadratic composition etc.).
iii) The spatial modal computation
In the case of buildings with a non-uniform distribution structural
elements masses and stifness, the design will be made using a spatial
model of the structure. The seismic movement described in the design
response spectrum must be considered along at least two directions. The
main action directions are defned by the direction of the resultant of the
base seismic force from the frst mode of vibration and the normal to this
direction. The response of the structure may be obtained by composing
the responses along these two directions.
iv) Hypothesis for design of structures with foors undeformable in
their own plane
The infuence of the vertical component of the seismic
movement is neglected;
The seismic action is represented by the ground movement
along one of the principal directions x or y or along any other direction in
the horizontal plane;
For each level, the centres of mass and the centre of stifness
are diferent, and they may or may not be on the same vertical line;
In the centre of mass of each foor, three DDOFs are
considered: two translations, u
x
and u
y
and a rotation about the vertical
axis, u