Laboratory calculations and preparation of solutions

Laboratory studies of cells, molecules and cellular processes require the use of
solutions at different concentrations.
Solution concentrations : - based on volume
- based on weight
A. Volume concentrations
i !ased on percent
a. weight " volume percent #w"v $
b. volume " volume percent #v"v $
ii %olar and &ormal solutions
!. 'eight concentrations
- weight " weight percent #w"w $
()amples:
w"v $ gm solute in *++ ml of solution
,repare -++ ml of .$ w"v &a/0 solution
. gm &a/0 in *++ ml of solution
1 gm -++ ml of solution
22222222222222222222222222222222
13 *+ gm &a/0 dissolved in 0-/ and final volume
completed to -++ ml with distilled 0-/.
v"v $ ml solute in *++ ml of solution. Solutions are
composed of - liquids.
,repare * L of .$ acetic acid solution
. ml acetic acid in *++ ml of solution
1 ml *+++ ml of solution
22222222222222222222222222222222
13 .+ ml acetic acid diluted with d.0-/ to a final volume of * L.
%/LA4 S/L567/&
number of moles of solute
%olarity #% 3
L of solution
8efine mole: * mole of any compound is the molecular weight of that compound.

gm of solute
number of moles of solute 3
%' of solute
(): %' of &a/0 3 9+ gm, so * mole &a/0 contains 9+ gm &a/0
6herefore moles per liter is e)pressed as %olarity #%. So one molar #* %
solution contains one mole of solute per liter of solution.
gm of solute *
% 3 )
%' of solute L of solution
(): 'hat is the number of moles of :+ gm of &a/0; %'&a/0 3 9+
* mole &a/0 9+ gm
1 mole :+ gm
222222222222222222222222

13 - moles /4 from formula:
number of moles 3 gm " %' 3 :+ " 9+ 3 - moles
and 7f :+ gm of &a/0 dissolved in 0-/ and volume completed to .++ ml,
what will be the molarity;
% 3 number of moles " L of solution 3 - " +.. L 3 9 %
m% for dilute solutions
)*+
<
+.- % -++ m%
)*+
<
m% =%
* % 3 * mole " L 3 * mmole " ml
&/4%AL S/L567/&
number of equivalents of solute
&ormality #& 3
L of solution
* & solution contains one equivalent of a substance in one liter of solution.
gm of solute
number of equivalents 3
eq. wt.
6he gram equivalent weight of a substance is defined as the weight of that substance
that combine with or displace *.+ gm of hydrogen.
()planation:
6he eq. wt. of the substance depends on the nature of the molecule and reaction.
(): >/0 one mole of >/0 can combine with one mole of 0
?
,
6hus eq. wt. 3 mol. wt. and & 3 %
0
-
S/
9
has - replacable #ioni@able 0
?
group
0
<
,/
9
has < replacable #ioni@able 0
?
group
So eq. wt. 3 mol. wt. " -#<
mol. wt.
7n general : eq. wt. 3
n

where n is the number of 0
?
or electrons
gm of solute *
&ormality 3 )
eq. wt. L of solution
7n the case of redo) reaction, eq. wt. depends on the number of electrons
transferred.
?*e
-
Ae
<?
Ae
-?

(): 0ow many gm of pure &a/0 #%': 9+ is required for preparation of .++ ml of
+.* & solution; Solve the same problem for both +.* % and +.* & 0-S/9 #%'3 B:
&umber of equivalents 3 +.* & ) +.. L 3 +.+. equivalent
* equivalent &a/0 9+ gm
+.+. equivalent 1 gm
222222222222222222222222222222
1 3 - gm &a/0 dissolved in 0-/ and volume completed to .++ ml.
/4 gm of solute 3 & ) eq. wt. ) L of solution 3 +.* ) 9+ ) +.. L 3 - gm

Concentrations based on weight:
w " w $ gm of solute " *++ gm of solution
,reparation of solution from commercially available stocD acid solution
(): ,repare -++ ml of - % 0Cl solution from stocD bottle containing <E$ w"w 0Cl
and d 3 *.- #gm"ml. %'
0Cl
3 <F.. gm
i number of moles 3 - % ) +.- L 3 +.9 moles
ii * mole 0Cl <F.. gm
+.9 mole 0Cl 1 gm
2222222222222222222222222
1 3 *9.F gm 0Cl is needed
iii StocD 0Cl contains <E gm pure 0Cl in *++ gm 0Cl solution
*9.F gm pure 0Cl 1 gm
222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
1 3 <E gm 0Cl solution
iv d 3 wt " vol, volume 3 wt " d 3 <E " *.- 3 <- ml
So <- ml 0Cl solution #stocD is diluted to -++ ml with d.0-/ to obtain - % 0Cl.
,roblem: Calculate % of <E$ w"w 0Cl solution; d3 *.-, then solve the above problem
%olality #m: number of moles of solute " * Dg of solvent
(): 7f a solution contains -:$ w"w 0Cl, what is the molality; %'
0Cl
3 <F.. gm
-: gm 0Cl in E- gm 0-/
1 gm in *+++ gm 0-/
2222222222222222222222222222
1 3 <:B gm 0Cl " *+++ gm 0-/
&umber of moles 3 <:B gm " <F.. gm 3 *+.F. mole 0Cl " * Dg 0-/
&ote:
& 3 n% and V
*
) C
*
3 V
-
) C
-
(): - % 0<,/9 3 ..;.. &
F & 0-S/9 3 ..;.. %
(): ,repare -++ ml of - % 0-S/9 from *+ % 0-S/9

,repare -++ ml of - % 0-S/9 from *+ & 0-S/9
,repare *++ ml of *$ glucose from *. % glucose #%'3 *:+