PART 1-Elec Buk

PART 1
BASIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

BASIC ELECTRICITY
I. Electricity
A phenomenon that is associated with the presence and motion
of electrons and other charged particles
1. Atomic Structure

Substances
Matter
composed of atoms which are made up of nucleus around which
an infinitesimal charge revolves
Atom
a substance consisting of electrons, protons and neutrons
Element
substances consisting of atoms of only one kind
Compound
Combination of 2 or more different atoms or elements.
Molecule
smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the
compound
Particles of an Atom
Electron
basic quantity for a negative charge
can be valence electron being the electrons of the outermost
shell
can be bound electrons being the electrons of the inner bands
can be free or conduction electrons being electrons that are free
to move
Proton
basic quantity for positive charge
Neutron
neutral particle in atom
Macro Integrate Training an Re!ie" Center El#c$r%ni&
1'2 BASIC ELECTRICITY ANG MAGNETISM
Particle Charge,Coulomb Mass, ilogram
electron -1.!2"1!
-1#
#.1!#"1!
-$1
proton %1.!2"1!
-1#
1.&$"1!
-2&
neutron none 1.&$"1!
-2&
'able1. (lementary )articles
Bo(r Moel
- planetary-like structure of representing an atom
)* +n
+
) * no. of electrons in each orbit
n * +rbital number 1 for ,-shell, 2 for --shell,
$ for .-shell and so on.
+. Electrical Classifications of Material
Conuctors
materials with less than / valence electrons
allows electrical current to flow easily
("ample0 Cu, Al, Au, Ag..
Insulators
.aterials with more than / valence electrons
prevents the flow of electrical current
Conductor insulation serves as physical shield of wire against
heat, or moisture,
)lastics, glass, ceramics, rubbers etc
Semiconuctor
with e"actly / valence electrons
have electrical characteristics in between conductor and
insulator
El#c$r%ni& Macro Integrate Training an Re!ie" Center
Basic Electricit! a"# Mag"etism 1'3
,. Energy bans
Energy -a.
energy difference between the valence and conduction band
1.1e1 for 2i 3 !.&e1 for 4e
/alence Ban
region of the valence shell and valence electrons
Conuction Ban
region where free electrons are said to be present
0orbien Ban
region where no electron e"ist
II. Basic Electrical 1uantities
1. C(arge 56 or q7
static electricity at rest, without any motion
the result of work done in separating electrons to its atoms
coulomb5C7, unit for electrical charge named after Charles
Coulomb
1 coulomb * .28" 1!
19
electrons 5e
-
7
Laws of Electric Charges
a. :nlike or dissimilar charges attract each other
b. -ike or similar charges repel each other
Coulomb$s La%
;The force between charges is proportional to the amount of
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between charges<
0 *
2
2 1
r
1 21

here!
6
1
and 6
2
* point charges
k * 9.#9 " 1!
#
=m
2
>C
2
52?7
r * distance or separation
+. Current 5I or i7
rate of charge in motion
a continuous flow of free electrons
? * 6 > t 0i.e., 1 ampere * 1 coulomb>second
Ampere5A7 is the base unit of current, named in honor to the
@rench physicist Andre Marie Ampere
"C current flows only in 1 direction
AC current flows in alternate direction periodically
,. Electromoti!e 0orce 5emf or e7
force that is used to move the charged particles such as
electrons
Electric Potential
the ability of a charged body to do work on charged particles
such as electrons
#oltage $#%
A potential energy difference 5or simply, ).A.7 that e"ists across
two points which tend to cause a flow of electrons.
1olt 517 is the unit of potential difference and named after ?talian
physicist Alessandro #olta. 1 volt will push 1 ampere of current
through 1 ohm resistance
1 * B > 6
i.e., 1olt * 1 Coule > Coulomb or
1 =ewton D meter > Coulomb
3. Resistance 5E or r7
a property of electric circuit, material, and substance that0
1. tends to limit the amount of current that can be produced
by the applied voltage
2. converts electrical energy into heat energy
+hm5F7, the basic unit of resistance named after &eorge 'imon
(hm
1F* 11>1A
Resistance La"
;'he resistance of a conducting material is directly proportional to its
length 5E -7 and inversely proportional to its cross D sectional
area 5E ?>A7.<
R *
A
L

Resistance "it( Tem.erature
R
+
* R
1
41 5
1
6T
+
7 T
1
89
R
+
*
8 T : T 6:
8 T : T 6: R
1 0
2 0 1
+
+

+
*
1
41 5
1
6T
+
7 T
1
89
here!
E2 * resistance at temperature '1
E1 * resistance at temperature '2
1
* temperature coefficient of resistance*1> 6 ?'
o
?%'
1
8
'o * inferred absolute Gero temperature coefficient
* - 2$/.8C Annealed copper
* - 2/2C Hard drawn copper
* - 2$C Aluminum

'emperature Coefficients
1. )ositive 'emperature Coefficient
Eesistance increases as temperature increases
)ure metals
2. =egative 'emperature Coefficient
Eesistance decreases as its temperature increases
2emiconductors and .etal o"ides
$. Iero 'emperature Coefficient
Eesistance remains constant even there is change in
temperature.
here0 E * wire resistance in F
J * resistivity in F-cm
51!
-
F-cm for copper7
- *length of the wire
A *cross-sectional area
Alloys
;. Conuctance 647
Conductivity 57 is the reciprocal of resistivity.
2iemen 527, unit of conductance formerly known as mho
<. Im.eance= Amittance= Reactance an Susce.tance
Im.eance 6>8
Combination of resistance and reactance in AC circuit
Amittance 6Y8
Eeciprocal of impedance
Reactance 6&8
+pposition to current offered by capacitive and inductive
elements
Susce.tance 6B8
Eeciprocal of reactance
?. @or2= Po"er an Energy
@or2 6@8
'he accomplishment of motion against the action of a force
which tends to oppose the motion.
Coule, 2? unit of work or energy
1 Coule * 1 =ewton-meter * 1 Coulomb > 1olt
(lectronvolt 5e17, unit of energy for single electron
1e1*1."1!
-1#
C
Po"er 6P8
rate of producing work or consuming energy
P * @ A t * /I * I
+
R * /
+
A R
Batts D the 2.?. unit of electric power named after )ames att
Horsepower 5Hp7 D power rating of electric motor
1 Hp * &/ Batts or !.&/ ,B

Energy
Ability to do work
@or heat energy0 1 ,cal*/19! C , 1K':*&&9.1 ft-lb
1 * mCBT where! 6 * heat
. * mass
C * specific heat
L'* change in temperature
III. Basic Electrical A Electronic Com.onents
1. Resistor
device having known specific values of resistance in ohms5F7
that limits the amount of current flowing through it
can divide the voltage in a circuit
with power rating that show how much power can be safely
dissipated
Ty.esC
0ine tungsten "ire
the resistor in an incandescent lamp
)ic2el'C(romium Alloy
used as heating elements in toasters, flat irons, and other
heating resistance heating elements
0iDe Resistors!
*+ Nichrome ire
offers few ohms of resistance
resistance wire
,+ Carbon Composition
1>9 B to 2B in rating, and its ohmic rating can be determined by
its color code.
-+ ire . ound
they are very accurate and its ohmic and wattage 5above 2B7 is
painted on its covering. Can be made from a nichrome wire
wound around a ceramic core.
- Battage ranges from 8B to 1!! B
/+ Metal 0ilm
use a thin film of metal or a metal particle mi"ture to achieve
various resistances.
/ariable Resistors
*+ 1heostat
two terminal variable resistor
in series with the load to vary current
,+ Potentiometer $2pot3%
three terminal variable resistor
Connected in a circuit to vary the voltage.
Taper of a potentiometer refers to the way in which the
resistance changes in relation to the position of its slider
-+ Trimmer4 Trimpots
a potentiometer equipped with a plastic thumbwheel, or a slot for
a screwdriver, for occasional adMustment.
)on'Linear or )on'E(mic Resistors
*+ Thermistors
'emperature sensitive resistors.
:ses0 protective device, temperature measurement or control.
,+ #aristors5 or #oltage "ependent 1esistors $#"1%
1oltage sensitive resistors.
uses0 voltage limiter
-+ Photoresistors5 or Light "ependent 1esistors $L"1%
-ight sensitive resistors.
:se0 sensing light, sense people or items passing a point, adMust
television picture brightness to match room light.
Carbon Resistor Color Coing
@irst significant digit
2econd 2ignificant Aigit
'olerance .ultiplier
CELER BA)F1 BA)F+ Multi.lier Tolerance
Klack ! ! 1!
!
--
Krown 1 1 1!
1
1N
Eed 2 2 1!
2
2N
+range $ $ 1!
$
$N
Oellow / / 1!
/
/N
4reen 8 8 1!
8
--
Klue 1!
--
1iolet & & 1!
&
--
4ray 9 9 1!
9
--
Bhite # # 1!
#
--
4old -- -- !.1 8N
2ilver -- -- !.!1 1!N
=o Color -- -- 2!N
Table +C Resistor Color Coe

+. I)FGCTER
opposes change in current
allows AC but blocks AC
stores energy by concentrating the magnetic field of current
also known as choke
termed as solenoid for coil with more than one turn
Inuctance 6L8
property of a circuit that opposes the change in current
e"pressed in Henries5H7
for a =-turn coil wound around a certain core, it is defined as the
amount of flu" linkage of the coil per unit current through the coil
1H*1Beber>A
L*
L
A)
r
2
0

here! P
r
* relative permeability
Q
!
* material permeability

A * area
= * no. of turns
- * length
Time Constant 6H8
+ne time constant is the amount of time for an inductor to
energiGe and de-energiGe up to $.2 N
H*
R
L
where! -- inductance
E- resistance
Instantaneous Current of an inuctor
'he amount of current flowing through the inductor at certain
time instant
I 6t8 *
R
E
615e
' 6tAH8
8
/oltage across an inuctor
/
inuctor
* L6
t
i
8 ! di>dt * rate of change in current
/
inuce
* )6
t
8 where! = * number of turns

dR>dt * rate of change in flu"

Energy store in an inuctor
@* ILI
+
where! B- stored energy
? D current
Inucti!e Reactance
&
L
* +JfL where! S
-
* inductive reactance
f * frequency
Total Inuctance
L
series
* L
1
5 L
+
5K 5L
n
L
.arallel
* 6
1
1
L
5
2
1
L
5 K5
n
L
1
8
'1

ith mutual inductance!
L
aiing
* L
1
5 L
+
5 +M
L
o..osing
* L
1
5 L
+
' +M
M * 2
2
1
L L
here! . * mutual inductance
, * coefficient of coupling
Ty.es of inuctorC
Air'core Inuctor
:sed for radio frequency applications
?nductance in PH to mH
'ypical coefficient of coupling from !.!8 to !.$
Iron'Core Conuctor
:sed for !-HG and audio frequency applications
?nductance from 1H to 28H
'ypical coefficient of coupling equals 1
,. CAPACITER
2tores electric energy
)reviously called as condenser 5deprecated7
(ssentially consists of two conducting plates called electrodes
separated by a layer called dielectric.

Ca.acitance 6C8 an Elastance 6S8
Ca.acitance6C8
'he electrical siGe of the capacitor
A measure of how much electric energy a capacitor can store
e"pressed in @arads 5@7
)reviously called capacity 5deprecated7 and permittance
5obsolete7
)ermittivity5T7 is a measure of how well a dielectric will permit
the establishment of flu" lines within the dielectric
---dU dielectric material
C *
E
1
where!
C * capacitance in farad, @
6 * charge stored in Coulomb, C
( * voltage across the capacitor in volt, 1
C *
A
r

0
where!
T
o
* absolute permittivity
* 9.98/ " 1!
-12
@>m
T
r
* dielectric constant
A * area of parallel plates, m
2
d * plate separation, m
Fielectric Fielectric Constant
Air or 1acuum 1
)olyvinyl $.$
Aluminum +"ide &
4lass 9
'antalum 28
)aper 2 to
.ica $ to 9
Ceramic 9! to 12!!
'able $0 Aielectric constants of material
@or multi-plate construction of capacitor0
C * 6n'18
A
r

0
where! n * no. of plates
Elastance 6S8
'he reciprocal of capacitance
Has a unit of daraf
S *
C
1
Gses of Ca.acitor
Klocks AC
Couples AC
@ilter
'uning
2ignal 4eneration
(nergy 2torage
Time Constant 6H8
+ne time constant is the amount of time for an inductor to
energiGe and de-energiGe up to $.2 N
H* RC where! C * capacitance
E * resistance
C(arging an Fisc(arging ELuations
/
c(arging
* E 61'e
'tARC
8 where! ( * source voltage
/
isc(arging
* E 6e
'tARC
8 t * time instant

Current t(roug( Ca.acitor
I
c
* C 6
t
!
8 where! ?
c
* current in a capacitor
dv>dt * rate of change in voltage
Energy store in an inuctor
@* IC/
+
where! B * stored energy
1 * voltage
Ca.aciti!e Reactance
&
c
*
fC 2
1
where! S
c
* inductive reactance
f * frequency

Total Ca.acitance
C
series
* 6
1
1
C
5
2
1
C
5 K5
n
C
1
8
'1
C
.arallel
* C
1
5 C
+
5K 5C
n

Ty.es of ca.acitorC
0iDe Ca.acitors
a+ Mica
Capacitance values range appro"imately 1p@ to !.1P@
:sed over a wide temperature range 5-88 to %18!VC7
b+ Paper
)ackaged as a ;rolled sandwich<
1ariety of values, 8!!p@ to 8!Q@
+perating ambient temperatures is as high as 128VC
c+ Plastic 0ilm
)lastics used include polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyester
5.ylar7
Available in typical ranges 8!!p@ to 1!P@
d+ Ceramic
-ow-k ceramic capacitor is widely used in temperature
compensation network
High-k ceramic capacitor change their value appreciably with
temperature, dc voltage and frequency
e+ Electrolytic
Can be aluminum and tantalum and either polariGed or non-
polariGed
:sed where large value of capacitance in a small volume is
required.
/ariable Ca.acitors
a+ Air variable
Capacitance values ranges from a few picofarads up to 8!!p@
.a"imum voltage rating is #k1
b+ Trimmer
:tiliGed for fine tuning an din hybrid microelectronics circuit
C(i. Ca.acitors
=o larger than a match head
1olumetric efficient
Ca.acitor 0ailures
Catastropic
A short circuit caused by dielectric breakdown or an open circuit
caused by connection failure
"egradation
Eesults in a gradual decrease in leakage resistance and hence
gradual increase in leakage current
Et(er Parameters
#oltage 1ating
2pecifies the ma"imum AC voltage that can be applied without
the risk of damage
Temperature Coefficient
?ndicates the amount and direction of a change in capacitance
value with temperature
Lea6age Current
'he current that result in the total discharge of a capacitor if the
capacitor is disconnected from the charging network
or6ing #oltage
'he voltage that can be applied across a capacitor for long
period of time
MA-)ETISM
I. Magnetism
A natural phenomenon in which some material 5ferromagnetic7
can be attached by a magnet but not other material 5non-
magnetic7.
1. T(e Atomic T(eory of Magnetism
.agnetism is the effect of moving charged particles such as the
motion of electrons in an atom
?n atoms in most elements, the magnetic forces produced by its
charged particles, electrons and protons cancel its other. 'hey
are called nonmagnetic material.
'he common elements whose magnetic forces do not cancel
completely are called magnetic material.
Aomains are completely magnetiGed.
+. Magnet
A substance that attracts pieces of iron 5and its compound7,
steel, nickel, cobalt.
Natural magnet e"hibits permanent magnetism
Lodestone5 a natural magnet
Artificial magnets produce by e"posing or subMecting a magnetic
material into a magnetiGing force
Alnico, permanent magnet often used in speakers
7iperni6 is used in high power transformers
8eeper5 placed across poles to maintain strength during storage
Air gap, air space between poles of magnet
"egaussing, another name of demagnetiGation
Curie temperature, temperature where materials lose magnetism
!!V C - ferrite
29!V C D broadline
1!!V C D O?4 5Ottrium-?ron-4arnet7
II. Magnetic 1uantities
I Magnetic 0iel fluD

1. 0luD 6%8
,nown as the magnetic lines of force
Eepresent the lines which seem to emanate from north and
terminates to 2outh )ole.
.a"well 5."7, cgs unit of flu" named after 2cottish physicist,
)ames Cler6 Ma9well519$1-19&#7
Beber 5Bb7, 2? unit of flu" and named after 4erman physicist
ilhelm eber519!/-19#17
Characteristic of .agnetic -ines of @orce0
- 'hey possess a positive direction
- 'hey always form a complete loop
- 'hey tend to become as short as possible
- 'hey repel one another
- -ike poles repel one another
- 'hey arrange to set up their ma"imum number
+. 0luD ensity 6M8
2pecifies the amount of magnetic lines per unit area5A7
4auss 547, cgs unit and name after )ohann 8arl 0reidrich
&auss51&&&-19887
'esla5'7, 2? unit and named after Croatian engineer Ni6ola
Tesla5198-1#/$7
M * % A A
,. Magnemoti!e 0orce 6mmf8
Amount of magnetiGing force or magnetic potential
Coercive force, needed to reduce flu" density to Gero
Aomain, arrangement of atoms under mmf
4ilbert54b7, cgs unit and named after illiam &ilbert518/!-1!$7
Ampere-turn, 2i unit
mmf * I) where0 ? * current , = * no. of turns
3. Magnetic 0iel Intensity 6N8
Amount of magnemotive force per unit length
+ersted 5+e7, cgs unit and named after Aanish physicist 7ans
Christian (ersted51&&&-19817
Ampere-turn per meter, 2? unit
N *
lengt(
mmf
Magnetic units Con!ersion
1uantity SI cgs Relation
@lu"
5R7
Beber
5Bb7
.a"well
5."7
1 Bb *1!
9
."
@lu" Aensity
5W7
'esla
'5Bb>m
2
7
4auss
45.">cm
2
7
1'* 1!
/
4
.agnetomotive
force 5mmf7
Ampere-turn
5A-t7
4ilbert
54b7
1A-t*1.218& 4b
@ield 2trength
5H7
Ampere-
turn>meter
+ersted
+e54b>cm7
1A-t>m*!.!128& 4b
cm
'able $0 :nits Conversion
;. Permeability
Permeance 6P8
)roperty that concentrates the magnetic flu"
A measure of the ability of a magnetic circuit to permit the setting
up of flu".
Counterpart of Conductance in an electric circuit.
Eeluctance, reciprocal of permeance which is the limiter of the
magnetic circuit to the establishment of a magnetic flu".

Materials Accoring to Permeability
0erromagnetic
Bith very high relative permeability from 8! to 8!!!
2trongly magnetiGed in the same direction as magnetiGing force
("amples0 alnico, cobalt, iron, nickel, steel, ferrites
Paramagnetic
Bith relative permeability slightly greater than 1
Beakly magnetiGed in the same direction as the magnetiGing
force
("amples0 aluminum, chromium, manganese, platinum
)on' Magnetic
Bith permeability equals to space or vacuum permeability which
is equals to /X " 1!
-&
H>m
Bith relative permeability equals to 1
do allow magnetism to pass through them, but they never
become magnetiGed to any noticeable degree
Fiamagnetic
with relative permeability slightly less than 1
weakly magnetiGed in opposite direction as magnetiGing force
e"amples0 antimony, bismuth, copper, gold, mercury, silver, Ginc
III. Magnetic Nysteresis
1. Nysteresis
the delayed reaction of the magnetiGation of a ferromagnetic
material with the change of the magnetiGing force
Plot of magnetic field : as magneti;ing force 7 is applied

+. Magnetic Analysis
Bhen ferromagnetic material is completely demagnetiGed, there
is no magnetic field within its surroundings
Bhen a magnetiGing force H is applied into a demagnetiGed
ferromagnetic material, magnetic field or flu" density rises. As H
is continuously increased, K also increases until the material
saturates.
Bhen saturation is reached, further increase in H will have very
little increase in K. )ractically this is the point of ma"imum flu"
density or magnetic field.
'he magnetic field of flu" density K left after the removal of the
magnetiGing force 5H*!7 is called remanence or residual
magnetism.
'o complete demagnetiGing the material, the residual magnetism
must be counteracted by the opposite magnetiGing force. 'he
amount of force that can bring the residual magnetism to Gero is
called the coersive force+
'he material with higher residual magnetism is said to have a
good retentivity or remanence, the ability to retain magnetism
when magnetiGing force is removed.
)ermanent magnets are constructed from material with good
retentivity, while temporary magnets, with low retentivity.
,. La"sAPrinci.les on Electromagnetic Inuction
0araayOs La"
;The amount of induced voltage is directly dependent on the
number of turns of a coil and on the rate a flu9 cuts the conductor3
Kroken into two -aws0
0araayOs 0irst La" of Electromagnetic Inuction
;'tates that electromotive force is induced whenever a
conductor cuts a magnetic flu9<
0araayOs Secon La" of Electromagnetic Inuction
;The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the
relative rate of change of flu9<, mathematically e"pressed as0
/
inuce
* )6
t
8 where! = * number of turns

dR>dt * rate of change in flu"
LenPO La"
;'tates that the direction of the induced current produces
magnetic field that opposes the action that produced the induced
current<
Nall Effect
the concept whereby a small voltage is generated whenever a
conductor with current in an e"ternal magnetic field is known
@iegan Effect
the effect that describes the ability of a mechanically stressed
ferromagnetic wire to recogniGed rapid switching of
magnetiGation when subMected to a AC magnetic field
TEST YEGRSEL0 1
Re!ie" 1uestions
1. Bhat composes all matter whether a liquid, solid or gas 5November5 *<<=7
a. Atoms
b. (lectrons
c. )rotons
d. =eutrons
2. )rotons are aboutYYYY heavier than electrons 5November5 *<<>7
a. 19!! times
b. -ess than thrice
c. -ess
d. 'wice
$. ?n the periodic table, all elements are arranged in the order according to
their 5April5 ,??/7
a. Atomic number
b. 1alence
c. =ucleus
d. Characteristics
/. Bhat do you call the subatomic particle that has a mass appro"imately
equal to that of the proton, but it has no electrical chargeZ 5April5 ,??/7
a. Atom
b. )roton
c. (lectron
d. =eutron
8. 'he nucleus of an atom is made up ofYYYYY 5April5 ,??/7
a. )rotons and electrons
b. (lectrons only
c. (lectrons and neutrons
d. )rotons and neutrons
. Eefers to the atom that losses an electron $November5 ,??-7
a. )ositive ion
b. =egative ion
c. (mf
d. =eutron
&. Bhat is the symbol for carbon dio"ideZ 5November5 ,??=%
a.
C+
b.
C
2
+
c.
C+
2
d.
Co
2
9. 'he definite discrete amount of energy required to move an electron from
lower shell to another shell 5November5 *<<<%
a. =egative energy
b. )ositive energy
c. 6uantum
d. 6uanta
#. 'he force between two magnetic poles in relation to their pole strength
isYYYYYYYY 5November5 *<<<%
a. =ot related
b. ?nversely proportional
c. Airectly proportional
d. ?ndependent
1!. How are static charges createdZ 5November5 ,??-%
a. Ky motion
b. Ky friction
c. Ky immersion
d. Ky conduction
11. 1ery few metals are now used in their pure state. A mi"ture of two or
more metals or a mi"ture of metal and another material is calledZ
5November5 ,??-%
a. Alloy
b. Colloid
c. Compound
d. Amalgam
12. Bhich of the following statement is trueZ 5November5 ,??-7
a. An increase in the temperature does not affect the resistance
b. An increase in temperature lowers the resistance
c. An increase in temperature increases the resistance
d. An increase in temperature doubles the resistance
1$. ?t e"hibits positive temperature coefficient 5April5 ,??/%
a. Conductor
b. 4lass
c. 2emiconductor
d. 2uperconductor
1/. Bhich material has more free electronsZ 5November5 *<<<7
a. .ica
b. Aielectric
c. ?nsulators
d. conductor
18. Bhich of the following is not a good conductor of electricity $April5 ,??/%
a. 2ilver
b. Copper
c. Aluminum
d. .ica
1. An insulator is a substance that
a. +ffers a resistance to current flow
b. +ffers a low resistance to current flow
c. Absorbs electricity
d. @orms a condenser
1&. 'he total resistance of two similar wire conductors connected in parallel
is YYYYY. 5November5 *<<<7
a. 2ame resistance of 1 wire
b. Aouble the resistance of 1 wire
c. +ne half the resistance of 1 wire
d. Eesistance of 1 wire multiplied by /
19. A rheostat is a device that regulates the strength of an electric current by
$November5 ,??-7
a. ?ncreasing the magnetic field in the circuit
b. 1arying the voltage in the circuit
c. 1arying the resistance in the circuit
d. 1arying the current in the circuit
1#. 'he reciprocal of capacitance is calledYYYYYYYY5November5*<<=7
a. (lastance
b. )ermitivitty
c. )ermeability
d. Conductance
2!. Bhich of the following describes the action of capacitor 5April5 *<<@%
a. Converts AC to AC
b. Creates a AC resistance
c. 2tores electrical energy
d. +pposes change in current flow
21. 'he following are the factors that affect the inductance of a coil 5April5
,??/7
1. 'he number of turns in a coil
2. 'he diameter of a coil
$. 'he coil length
/. 'he number of layers of windings in the coil
8. 'he type of core material
a. 1,2,$ and / only
b. 1,2,$ and 8 only
c. 1,2,$,/ and 8
d. 1,2,/ and 8 only
22. ?nserting a soft iron core into a coil has what effect on the inductance of
the coilZ 5November5 ,??-7
a. ?ncrease inductance
b. Aecrease inductance
c. Aoes not affect the inductance
d. =one of these
2$. Bhich of the following characteriGes inductanceZ 5April5 *<<@7
a. 'ends to oppose AC
b. 'ends to oppose change in current
c. 'ends to oppose change in voltage
d. +pposes all frequencies equally
2/. Bhat law in electronics where an induced current will be in such a
direction that its own magnetic field will oppose the magnetic field that
produces the sameZ
a. (lectromagnetic law
b. =orton[s law
c. -enG[s law
d. .a"well[s law
28. Bhat is the unit of magnetic flu" in 2? systemZ
a. Beber
b. .a"well
c. 'esla
d. 4auss
2. .aterials with permeabilities slightly less than that of free space are
referred to as
a. Aiamagnetic
b. @erromagnetic
c. =on-magnetic
d. )aramagnetic
2&. 2olve for flu" density 5in gauss7 from a magnetic flu" of 8,!!! ." through
a perpendicular area of 2 cm " 8 cm.
a. 8,!!! 4
b. 8!! 4
c. 1!,!!! 4
d. 8! 4
29. Bhat is the law that determines polarity of an induced voltageZ
a. =orton[s law
b. 'hevenin[s law
c. -enG[s law
d. @araday[s law
2#. 'he natural magnet refers to 5November5*<<<%
a. 2teel
b. 2oft iron
c. .agnesia
d. -odestone
$!. ?t is the air space between poles of magnet 5April5 *<<@7
a. Air gap
b. 1acuum
c. @ree Gone
d. @ree space
$1. Bhere do you classify hydrogen as a materialZ 5November5 *<<<7
a. Aiamagnetic
b. )aramagnetic
c. =on-magnetic
d. @erromagnetic
$2. Bhat is the law whereby the attraction or repulsion between two
magnetic poles is directly proportional to their strengthZ 5April5 *<<@7
a. Coulomb[s law
b. =ewton[s law
c. Coulomb[s first law
d. =orton[s law
$$. YYYYYYYYY is the property of magnetic materials which retain magnetism
after magnetiGing force is withdrawn.
a. Eeluctivity
b. Eesistivity
c. Eetentivity
d. Conductivity
$/. )ermeability is the YYYYYYYYY 5April5 ,??/%
a. )ower found in the electromagnet
b. )ower found in the magnetic field
c. (ase with which metals maybe magnetiGed or demagnetiGed
d. )ower found in the transformer
$8. (lectric energy refers to YYYYYYYYYY.
a. Coules divided by time
b. 1olt-Coulomb
c. 1olt-Ampere
d. Batt
$. (lectric power refers toYYYYYYYY 5November5 *<<A%
a. Coule
b. 1olt-ampere
c. Batt-second
d. 1olt-coulomb
$&. 'he current of electric circuits is analogous to YYYYYYYYYY parameter of
a magnetic circuit.
a. @lu" density
b. Eeluctivity
c. .mf
d. @lu"
$9. Bhich of the following refers to the point where the intensity of magnetic
lines of force is ma"imumZ
a. .agnetic pole
b. Beak pole
c. =orth pole
d. 4reat circle
$#. Bhich one is the paramagnetic materialZ 5November5 *<<A7
a. Copper
b. +"ygen
c. Carbon
d. Kismuth
/!. Bhat is the term used to e"press the amount of electrical energy stored
in an electrostatic fieldZ
a. 1olts
b. Batts
c. Coulombs
d. Coules
/1. Bhen you demagnetiGe properly by applying an AC field and then
gradually reduced it to Gero, it is calledYYYYYY 5November5 *<<A7
a. Aamping
b. Aecaying
c. Aegaussing
d. 4aussing
/2. Bhat is the flu" density in gauss 547 having a flu" of 12,!!! ." through
a perpendicular area of cm squaredZ
a. 2!!! 4
b. &2!!! 4
c. &2 4
d. 2!! 4
/$. Bhat is another term for magnetic lines of forceZ
a. @lu"
b. .agnetic pole
c. Armature
d. -odestone
//. A magnet that is heated will YYYYY 5November5 ,??-%
a. ?ncrease in magnetism
b. Aecrease in magnetism
c. =ot change in magnetism
d. Kecome demagnetiGed
/8. Bhat is the name of the effect of some of the magnetic field leaking off
due to less than 1!! percent couplingZ
a. (ddy currents
b. (lectromagnetic effect
c. -eakage reactance
d. 2elf inductance
/. 'he difference between the charges in the conductor is equal to the
difference in potential. 'his voltage caused in the moving magnetic field is
called 5November5,??-%
a. (lectromagnetic force
b. ?nduced voltage
c. (lectromotive force
d. Counter-electromotive force
/&. 'he basic unit of measuring electrical power $November5 ,??-7
a. Batt
b. Batt-hour
c. 1olt
d. Ampere
/9. Bhich of the following does not refer to electric energyZ
a. Coule
b. Batt second
c. 1olt coulomb
d. 1olt ampere
/#. ?t is composed of a series of energy levels containing the valence
electrons.5November5*<<<%
a. Conduction band
b. @orbidden band
c. 2ide band
d. 1alence band
8!. ?t has a unit of electronvolt
a. Charge
b. (nergy
c. Current
d. )otential difference
\
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PART 1-Elec Buk

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PART 1-Elec Buk

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PART 1

BASIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

8 where! = * number of turns

8 where! = * number of turns

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